Correlation Between the Responses to Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment During Childhood and Adulthood in a Monocentric Cohort of GH-Deficient Patients.

Our aim was to analyze a cohort of patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency (GHD) to evaluate if there is some correlation between the response to GH treatment during childhood and adulthood, respectively. This was an observational retrospective monocentric cohort study of 47 patients treated with GH during childhood and adulthood. Changes in growth parameters during childhood were compared with the increase of IGF-I z-score and other indexes of GH response (body composition, lipid profile) after 1 year of treatment in adulthood. The only significant positive correlation was observed between final growth velocity during the last year of childhood GH treatment and increase in IGF-I z-score in GH-treated adults (r=0.592, p=< 0.01). No correlation was observed between growth-promoting effects of GH as child and metabolic changes induced by GH as adult. We also observed a negative correlation between weight at the end of childhood GH treatment and the IGF-I response during first year of treatment in adults (r=- 0.335, p <0.05). No significant positive correlation could be observed between the main parameters that evaluate response to GH treatment in children and adults. However, the final growth velocity, which may be considered as one of the main criteria of end of GH treatment in children, was identified as parameter that could predict future response to GH treatment in adulthood.

Outcome of prolactinoma after pregnancy and lactation: a study on 73 patients.

CONTEXT: Prolactinoma is the most frequent pituitary tumour among women of child-bearing age. Only a few studies have addressed the outcome of prolactinoma after pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To study remission, defined as prolactin normalization without medical treatment, after pregnancy and lactation in women with prolactinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study conducted in 2 Belgian academic centres including 73 patients (54 microprolactinomas and 19 macroprolactinomas) with 104 pregnancies continuing beyond first trimester. Dopamine agonists were stopped in early pregnancy in all treated cases. Prolactin level and adenoma size at pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were recorded before pregnancy and throughout follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty of 73 women (41%) were in remission after a median follow-up of 22 months after delivery or cessation of lactation. Adenoma size at diagnosis was smaller in women in remission (5 vs 8 mm). There was a nonsignificant higher rate of remission for microprolactinomas than for macroprolactinoma (46% vs 26%). The first pituitary MRI after pregnancy and lactation showed no tumour and a decreased adenoma size in 23% and 39% of women, respectively. MRI normalization was associated with remission. The number of pregnancies per woman as well as breastfeeding and its duration did not influence remission rate. CONCLUSION: More than 40% of women with previous diagnosis of prolactinoma have normal PRL level without medical treatment for a median follow-up of 22 months after pregnancy and lactation. The likelihood of remission is associated with a smaller initial adenoma size and normalization of pituitary MRI after pregnancy.

Prevalence and risk factors of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus at diagnosis of acromegaly: a study in 148 patients.

Acromegaly is frequently associated with alterations of glucose metabolism but factors predisposing these patients to exhibit impaired glucose tolerance or overt diabetes at diagnosis are poorly understood. This study included 148 patients with newly diagnosed acromegaly (80 men; mean age: 45 ± 20 year). All patients underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), unless already treated for diabetes. Insulin sensitivity (S) and ß-cell function (B) were also evaluated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was observed in 67 patients (46 %), impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) or glucose tolerance (IGT) were found in 39 (26 %), and diabetes mellitus (DM) in 42 (28 %). NGT patients were 10 years younger than patients with abnormal glucose metabolism (p < 0.001) and diabetic patients had a higher BMI (p < 0.05). While HOMA-S was similar, HOMA-B was reduced in the IFG/IGT group (p < 0.05) and further in the DM group (p < 0.001). IGF-I z-score was higher in IFG/IGT (5.2 ± 1.4) and DM patients (5.4 ± 1.3) than in NGT patients (4.4 ± 1.3; p < 0.05), but fasting and post-OGTT GH levels were not different between groups. In multivariate analyses, family history of diabetes and IGF-I were associated with hyperglycaemia, BMI and IGF-I predicted insulin resistance, and age was inversely correlated with ß-cell function. Impaired glucose metabolism is present in more than 50 % of patients at diagnosis of acromegaly, and is associated with an older age, a higher BMI, a family history of diabetes and a higher IGF-I z-score, but not with fasting or post-OGTT GH levels.

Long-term hypothyroidism in patients started on levothyroxine during pregnancy.

Background: Current guidelines recommend different postpartum approaches for patients started on levothyroxine (LT4) during pregnancy. Objective: We studied the postpartum management of these patients and determined factors associated with long-term hypothyroidism. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary center between 2014 and 2020, with LT4 initiation according to 2014 ETA recommendations. We performed multivariate logistic regression (MVR) and a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine variables associated with long-term hypothyroidism and their optimal cutoffs. Results: LT4 was initiated in 177 pregnant women, and 106/177 (60%) were followed at long-term (at least 6 months post partum) (28.5 (9.0-81.9) months). LT4 could have been stopped in 45% of patients who continued it immediately after delivery. Thirty-six out of 106 (34%) patients were long-term hypothyroid. In them, LT4 was initiated earlier during pregnancy than in euthyroid women (11.7 ± 4.7 vs 13.7 ± 6.5 weeks, P = 0.077), at a higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (4.1 (2.2-10.1) vs 3.5 (0.9-6.9) mU/L, P = 0.005), and reached a higher dose during pregnancy (62.8 ± 22.2 vs 50.7 ± 13.9 µg/day, P = 0.005). In the MVR, only the maximal LT4 dose during pregnancy was associated with long-term hypothyroidism (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.05, P = 0.003). The optimal cutoffs for predicting long-term hypothyroidism were an LT4 dose of 68.75 µg/day (87% specificity, 42% sensitivity; P = 0.013) and a TSH level ≥ 3.8 mU/L (68.5% specificity, 77% sensitivity; P = 0.019). Conclusion: One-third of the patients who started on LT4 during pregnancy had long-term hypothyroidism. The TSH level at treatment initiation and the LT4 dose during pregnancy could guide the decision for continuing long-term LT4.

Performance of glycated hemoglobin A1c for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Belgium (2020-2021).

OBJECTIVES: During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, health care access was restricted. To reduce the risk of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, simplified screening recommendations for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been suggested, leading to glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) being proposed as an alternative to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This study aimed to assess the optimal HbA1c cutoff to confirm GDM diagnosis according to IADPSG/WHO2013 guidelines. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 3361 pregnancies were followed at the hospital of Mouscron and the Cliniques Universitaires St Luc in Brussels (2020-2021). GDM was universally screened in the third trimester of gestation. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of HbA1c with OGTT as the reference. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios for different HbA1c thresholds were calculated. RESULTS: In total, 312 women were selected due to HbA1c analysis in addition to OGTT, and 149 had GDM. The area under the ROC curve for GDM detection by HbA1c was 0.73 (95% CI 0.68-0.79, p < 0.0001). The cutoff value chosen as a possible threshold was HbA1c 5.5% (37 mmol/mol). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios for this cutoff were 12.0%, 99.4%, 20 and 0.88, respectively. The Fagan nomogram test showed a posttest GDM probability of approximately 70%, corresponding to a 10-fold higher pretest probability. An HbA1c ≥ 5.5% (37 mmol/mol) would have avoided OGTT in 18% of women with GDM. These women with an HbA1c ≥ 5.5% had significantly higher rates of family history of diabetes, older age, higher BMI and higher blood glucose levels (fasting, 1 h and 2 h) at OGTT. CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with the literature concerning the diagnostic ability of GDM through HbA1c ≥ 5.5%.

Natural history and surgical outcome of incidentally discovered clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas.

Objectives: The incidental diagnosis of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFPMAs) is becoming more prevalent with the spread of modern brain imaging techniques. We sought to uncover new data about their natural history and surgical outcome. Design: This is a retrospective single-center observational study. Methods: Among 210 patients seen for a NFPMA between 2010 and 2019, 70 (33%) were discovered incidentally (i-NFPMA). We analyzed outcomes in a total of 65 patients with available follow-up data. Results: Mean age at diagnosis (± s.d.) was 60 ± 14 years and mean maximal diameter was 20.0 ± 7.3 mm. At diagnosis, 29 patients (45%) had pituitary hormone deficits (LH/FSH 41%, TSH 29%, ACTH 15%) and 12% had visual field deficits. 26 patients underwent initial surgery, while 12 had delayed surgery after initial surveillance. In the surveillance group, the risk of tumor growth was estimated at 10%/year. Patients with hormonal deficits at diagnosis experienced earlier growth at 24 months (P < 0.02). Overall, surgical resection of the i-NFPMA led to stable or improved endocrine function in 91% of patients, with only 6% postoperative permanent diabetes insipidus. Moreover, surgery was more effective in preserving intact endocrine function (10/12) than restoring altered endocrine function to normal (6/22, P = 0.03). Conclusion: About one-third of NFPMAs are now discovered incidentally and a significant subset may be responsible for unrecognized endocrine and visual deficits. Under surveillance the risk of further tumor growth is significant (10%/year) and seems to occur faster in patients already harboring an endocrine deficit. Early surgical removal before onset of endocrine deficits appears to lead to better endocrine outcome.

Significance of thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies in medically treated Graves' disease.

Background: Thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies are highly prevalent in Graves' disease (GD), but their significance is controversial. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed TPOAb and TgAb levels and evolution in 136 patients with newly diagnosed GD between 2000 and 2022, treated with anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) in a block-and-replace (B+R) regimen for at least 12 months and followed up for at least 1 year after ATD discontinuation or until disease relapse. Results: At diagnosis, 98 out of 136 (72%) patients were TPOAb positive and 73 out of 136 (54%) patients were TgAb positive. The presence of TPOAb or TgAb antibodies at diagnosis was generally not related to GD presentation and did not influence the risk of relapse (P = 0.304 and P = 0.348, respectively). There was less TED (thyroid eye disease) in TgAb-positive patients than TgAb-negative patients at diagnosis (11 out of 73 (15.1%) versus 21 out of 63 (33.3%) P = 0.012). In contrast, the presence of TPOAb at diagnosis was not associated with TED (P = 0.354). The absence of TgAb at diagnosis (P = 0.05) and time to euthyroidism (P = 0.009), but not smoking or TRAb levels, were associated with TED in multivariate logistic regression. TPOAb and TgAb levels during treatment and after its discontinuation were not predictive of relapse, except for lower titers of TgAb at 18 months in patients who relapsed (P = 0.034). Conclusion: In GD patients treated with a first course of ATD in a B+R regimen we observed lower titers of TgAb at the end of treatment in patients who relapsed and a significant protection against TED in patients with positive TgAb at diagnosis, irrespectively of TPOAb.

PAI-BEL: a Belgian multicentre survey of primary adrenal insufficiency.

Objective: Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare disease with an increasing prevalence, which may be complicated by life-threatening adrenal crisis (AC). Good quality epidemiological data remain scarce. We performed a Belgian survey to describe the aetiology, clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, comorbidities and frequency of AC in PAI. Methods: A nationwide multicentre study involving 10 major university hospitals in Belgium collected data from adult patients with known PAI. Results: Two hundred patients were included in this survey. The median age at diagnosis was 38 years (IQR 25-48) with a higher female prevalence (F/M sex ratio = 1.53). The median disease duration was 13 years (IQR 7-25). Autoimmune disease was the most common aetiology (62.5%) followed by bilateral adrenalectomy (23.5%) and genetic variations (8.5%). The majority (96%) of patients were treated with hydrocortisone at a mean daily dose of 24.5 ± 7.0 mg, whereas 87.5% of patients also received fludrocortisone. About one-third of patients experienced one or more AC over the follow-up period, giving an incidence of 3.2 crises per 100 patient-years. There was no association between the incidence of AC and the maintenance dose of hydrocortisone. As high as 27.5% of patients were hypertensive, 17.5% had diabetes and 17.5% had a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Conclusion: This study provides the first information on the management of PAI in large clinical centres in Belgium, showing an increased frequency of postsurgical PAI, a nearly normal prevalence of several comorbidities and an overall good quality of care with a low incidence of adrenal crises, compared with data from other registries.

Impact of growth hormone (GH) treatment on circulating Nt-proBNP concentrations and on cardiac function in adult GH-deficient patients.

Severe adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We have therefore investigated levels of amino terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), a well established biomarker for cardiac failure, in adult GHD patients before and after GH replacement therapy, and potential parallel variations in cardiac function. Nt-proBNP concentrations were determined at baseline and after GH treatment in two studies including 28 and 12 patients with severe AGHD, respectively. In the second study, a maximal exercise test and a doppler echocardiography were performed to assess cardiac functional parameters. At baseline, Nt-proBNP levels were higher in AGHD patients than in controls (median: 7.8 vs. 3.7 pmol/L; p < 0.01 in study 1; 8.4 vs. 4.1 pmol/L; p < 0.01 in study 2). Following GH treatment, Nt-proBNP levels decreased significantly in both studies. None of the AGHD patients had signs of cardiac dysfunction at baseline and no significant effect of GH replacement therapy was observed on cardiac functional parameters, independent of changes in Nt-proBNP. In conclusion, GH treatment markedly reduces Nt-proBNP concentrations in adult GHD patients without obvious parallel changes in cardiac functional parameters. These results suggest that Nt-proBNP may appear as a biomarker of GH status and GH treatment efficiency.

Characteristics and treatment responsiveness of patients with acromegaly and a paradoxical GH increase to oral glucose load.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the clinical, biochemical, histological and radiological characteristics as well as the response to somatostatin analogs (SSA) in a large cohort of acromegaly patients with a paradoxical GH response (PR) to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Of 110 patients with acromegaly included in our study, 30 (PR+; 27%) had a paradoxical GH increase of more than 25% relative to basal GH levels during OGTT. RESULTS: At diagnosis, PR+ patients were older than PR- patients (52 ± 16 years vs 44 ± 14 years, P < 0.05) and had smaller pituitary tumors (40% microadenomas vs 19%, P < 0.05), which were less often invasive (17% vs 35%, P < 0.05), overall more secreting (insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/tumoral surface: 2.35 ULN/cm2 (0.28-9.06) vs 1.08 (0.17-7.87), P = 0.011), and more often hypointense on T2-weighted MRI (92% vs 48%, P = 0.001). While the rate of remission after surgery was similar in the two groups (69%), a better response to SSA treatment was observed in PR+ patients, either before (IGF-1 reduction of > 50% after 3-6 months in 77% vs 49%, P = 0.023) or after surgery (normalization of IGF-1 in 100% vs 44%, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that in acromegaly, a paradoxical GH increase during OGTT is associated with particular features of somatotroph adenomas and with a better prognosis in terms of response to SSA.

Outcome of pituitary hormone deficits after surgical treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas.

OBJECTIVES: Nonfunctionning pituitary macroadenomas (NFPMA) are benign tumors that cause symptoms of mass effects including hypopituitarism. Their primary treatment is transsphenoidal surgery. We aimed to determine the outcome of pituitary hormone deficits after surgical treatment of NFPMA and to identify factors predicting hormonal recovery. DESIGN: We retrospectively included 246 patients with NFPMA diagnosed and operated in one of the two participating centers. All hormonal axes were evaluated except growth hormone (GH). Postoperative improvement of pituitary endocrine function was considered if at least one hormonal deficit had recovered and a lower total number of deficits was observed 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: 80% (n = 197) of patients had one or more pituitary deficits and 28% had complete anterior hypopituitarism. Besides GH, the gonadotropic and thyrotropic axes were the most commonly affected (68% and 62%, respectively). The number of hypopituitary patients dropped significantly to 61% at 1 year (p < 0.001) and a significant improvement was observed for all hormonal axes, except central diabetes insipidus. Among patients with preoperative hypopituitarism, 88/175 (50%) showed improved pituitary function at 1 year. Both hyperprolactinemia at diagnosis and a lower tumor diameter independently predicted favorable endocrine outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Hypopituitarism is present in 80% of patients with NFPMA and nearly half of them will benefit from sustained improvement after surgery. Hyperprolactinaemia at diagnosis and lower tumor dimensions are associated with favorable endocrine prognosis. This supports the option of early surgery in NFPMA patients with pituitary deficits independent of the presence of visual disturbances.

Central diabetes insipidus and pituitary stalk thickening in adults: distinction of neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions.

CONTEXT: Association of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and pituitary stalk thickening (PST) may have several etiologies (including malignancies) and differential diagnosis remains often difficult. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify which clinical, biochemical or radiological features could help clinicians to make an etiological diagnosis, especially distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic pituitary stalk lesions. DESIGNS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical, biochemical, radiological and histological data of 38 adult patients diagnosed with CDI and PST of proven etiology. RESULTS: Of the 38 pituitary stalk lesions included, 11 (29%) were neoplastic. A histopathological diagnosis was obtained in 22/38 (58%) patients. The three most frequently observed etiologies of PST were neuroinfundibulitis (34%), germinoma (21%) and histiocytosis (18%). Pituitary stalk thickness was larger for neoplastic lesions, particularly germinomas. Male gender and a very young age were statistically associated with a risk of germinoma. At least one anterior pituitary deficit was observed in nearly 60% of patients. Patients with neoplastic PST were more affected by multiple anterior pituitary dysfunction than patients with benign PST. A high serum prolactin level was individually the best predictor of a neoplastic origin (90% sensitivity and 60% specificity for a serum prolactin level 1.27-fold above the normal upper limit (ULN)). CONCLUSION: We confirm a relatively high risk of malignancy in adult patients presenting with the association of CDI and PST. Young age, male gender, a very large thickening of the stalk, multiple anterior pituitary deficits and prolactin above 1.3× ULN increase the likelihood of a neoplastic origin.

Divergence between growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-i concentrations in the follow-up of acromegaly.

CONTEXT: Divergence between GH and IGF-I values is regularly observed in treated acromegalic patients, and its significance is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to explore the frequency and identify potential determinants of discordant serum GH and IGF-I concentrations in noncured acromegalic patients. PATIENTS: Two hundred twenty-nine noncured acromegalic patients of the Belgian acromegaly registry (AcroBel) were grouped according to their mean GH level (< or = or > 2 microg/liter) and IGF-I z-score (< or = 2 or > 2). Clinical and metabolic parameters were compared between groups with active disease (high GH and IGF-I; n=81),high GH (with normal IGF-I; n=25), high IGF-I (with normal GH; n=55), and controlled disease (GH and IGF-I normal; n=68). RESULTS: Compared with the high IGF-I group, the high GH group was characterized by younger age (52 vs. 58 yr, P < 0.05), female predominance (72 vs. 36%, P < 0.01), and lower body mass index (25 vs. 31 kg/m(2); P < 0.001), fasting glucose (91 vs. 99 mg/dl; P < 0.05), and glycated hemoglobin levels (5.7 vs. 6.1%; P < 0.01). There was no difference among the groups regarding baseline characteristics of pituitary adenoma, current medical treatment, or symptom score. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty-five percent of noncured acromegalic patients exhibit a discordant GH and IGF-I pattern. The high GH phenotype was found predominantly in younger estrogen-sufficient females, implying a possible role for age, gender, and estrogens in this biochemical divergence. The high IGF-I phenotype was associated with a worse metabolic profile, suggesting that high IGF-I, rather than high GH, is indicative of persistently active disease.

Recurrent pituitary abscess: case report and review of the literature.

A 26-year-old woman presented with severe postpartum headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a symmetric, heterogeneous enlargement of the pituitary gland. Three months later, she developed central diabetes insipidus. A diagnosis of postpartum hypophysitis was suspected and corticosteroids were prescribed. Six months later, the pituitary mass showed further enlargement and characteristics of a necrotic abscess with a peripheral shell and infiltration of the hypothalamus. Transsphenoidal surgery was performed, disclosing a pus-filled cavity which was drained. No bacterial growth was observed, except a single positive blood culture for Staphylococcus aureus, considered at that time as a potential contaminant. A short antibiotic course was, however, administered together with hormonal substitution for panhypopituitarism. Four months after her discharge, severe headaches recurred. Pituitary MRI was suggestive of a persistent inflammatory mass of the sellar region. She underwent a new transsphenoidal resection of a residual abscess. At that time, the sellar aspiration fluid was positive for Staphylococcus aureus and she was treated with antibiotics for 6 weeks, after which she had complete resolution of her infection. The possibility of a pituitary abscess, although rare, should be kept in mind during evaluation for a necrotic inflammatory pituitary mass with severe headaches and hormonal deficiencies. LEARNING POINTS: The possibility of a pituitary abscess, although rare, should be kept in mind during evaluation for a necrotic inflammatory pituitary mass with severe headaches and hormonal deficiencies.In a significant proportion of cases no pathogenic organism can be isolated.A close follow-up is necessary given the risk of recurrence and the high rate of postoperative pituitary deficiencies.

T2-weighted MRI signal predicts hormone and tumor responses to somatostatin analogs in acromegaly.

GH-secreting pituitary adenomas can be hypo-, iso- or hyper-intense on T2-weighted MRI sequences. We conducted the current multicenter study in a large population of patients with acromegaly to analyze the relationship between T2-weighted signal intensity on diagnostic MRI and hormonal and tumoral responses to somatostatin analogs (SSA) as primary monotherapy. Acromegaly patients receiving primary SSA for at least 3 months were included in the study. Hormonal, clinical and general MRI assessments were performed and assessed centrally. We included 120 patients with acromegaly. At diagnosis, 84, 17 and 19 tumors were T2-hypo-, iso- and hyper-intense, respectively. SSA treatment duration, cumulative and mean monthly doses were similar in the three groups. Patients with T2-hypo-intense adenomas had median SSA-induced decreases in GH and IGF-1 of 88% and 59% respectively, which were significantly greater than the decreases observed in the T2-iso- and hyper-intense groups (P < 0.001). Tumor shrinkage on SSA was also significantly greater in the T2-hypo-intense group (38%) compared with the T2-iso- and hyper-intense groups (8% and 3%, respectively; P < 0.0001). The response to SSA correlated with the calculated T2 intensity: the lower the T2-weighted intensity, the greater the decrease in random GH (P < 0.0001, r = 0.22), IGF-1 (P < 0.0001, r = 0.14) and adenoma volume (P < 0.0001, r = 0.33). The T2-weighted signal intensity of GH-secreting adenomas at diagnosis correlates with hormone reduction and tumor shrinkage in response to primary SSA treatment in acromegaly. This study supports its use as a generally available predictive tool at diagnosis that could help to guide subsequent treatment choices in acromegaly.

Greater Efficacy of Total Thyroidectomy versus Radioiodine Therapy on Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin Levels in Patients with Graves' Disease Previously Treated with Antithyroid Drugs.

AIMS: We compared the effects of total thyroidectomy (TTx) and radioiodine (RAI) administration on the course of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in patients with Graves' disease. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 80 patients initially treated with antithyroid drugs and requiring either RAI (8.3 ± 1.7 mCi of (131)I; n = 40) or TTx (n = 40) as second-line therapy. RESULTS: The TTx and RAI groups were not different, except for larger goiter, higher FT3 and more frequent Graves' orbitopathy at diagnosis in the surgery group (p < 0.05). A persistent remission of hyperthyroidism was observed in 97% of operated patients versus 73% of the RAI patients at 3 years (p < 0.01). TTx was followed by a rapid and steady decrease in TSI during the first 9 months, while a surge of antibodies was observed during the first 6 months after RAI, followed by a slow decrease over the next 18 months. At the last visit, high TSI levels were still observed in 18 and 60% of patients in the surgery and RAI groups, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TTx is more efficient than RAI to induce a rapid and permanent correction of hyperthyroidism and TSI decrease in patients previously treated with antithyroid drugs.

Evaluation of the respective influence of thyroid hormones and TSH on blood coagulation parameters after total thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Several hemostatic abnormalities have been described in hypothyroidism, such as modification of coagulation proteins and bleeding tendency. Although thyroid hormone deficiency is considered to be responsible for these changes, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the respective influence of peripheral thyroid hormones (free thyroxine) and TSH on blood clotting by assessing coagulation parameters in patients with a history of total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, under three different conditions: induced hypothyroidism, euthyroid state, and following recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) administration. METHODS: Coagulation parameters (platelet count, fibrinogen, international normalized ratio, prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), factor VIII activity ((FVIII:C), as well as von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) and VWF activity using collagen binding assay (VWF:CBA)) were measured in patients with severe hypothyroidism following withdrawal of thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and in the same patients with euthyroidism after restoring replacement treatment (group A), and before and after administering rhTSH (group B). RESULTS: FVIII:C, VWF:Ag, and VWF:CBA were significantly decreased (P<0.001), whereas APTT was significantly increased (P<0.001) in patients with severe hypothyroidism compared with patients in the euthyroid state. No changes in clotting parameters were observed in patients who received rhTSH therapy. CONCLUSION: This prospective study shows that severe short-term hypothyroidism is associated with significantly lower levels of VWF:Ag, VWF:CBA, and FVIII:C. Administration of exogenous TSH has no effect on coagulation parameters. These findings suggest that thyroid hormone deficiency is likely to be the main cause of coagulation alterations in patients with hypothyroidism.

Factors predicting relapse of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas after neurosurgery: a study of 142 patients.

CONTEXT: Adequate postoperative management of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMAs) remains a challenge for the clinician. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictive factors of NFMA relapse after initial surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 142 patients operated for an NFMA in two academic centers (CHU Bicêtre in France and UCL St Luc in Belgium). The rate of tumor relapse, defined as recurrence after total surgical resection or regrowth of a surgical remnant, as well as predictive factors was analyzed. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 6.9 years, 10 out of 42 patients (24%) who had complete macroscopic resection of their tumor had recurrence, and 47 out of 100 patients (47%) with a surgical remnant experienced regrowth. The overall relapse rates were 25, 43, and 61% at 5, 10, and 15 years respectively. Invasion of the cavernous sinus, absence of immediate radiotherapy after the first neurosurgery, and immunohistochemical features of the tumor (mainly positive immunostaining for several hormones or for hormones other than gonadotropins) were independent risk factors for tumor relapse. Incomplete excision was only associated with relapse when invasion was withdrawn from the analysis, suggesting that these two factors are closely linked. CONCLUSION: NFMAs frequently recur/regrow after initial surgery, particularly when tumor is invasive, precluding complete removal. Immunohistochemical features such as positive immunostaining for several hormones or for hormones other than gonadotropins could help to predict undesirable outcomes.