Serum levels of immunoglobulin and complement in UTI of patients caused by Proteus mirabilis and using AgNPs as antiswarming.

The use of plant extracts represents a promising approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This study reports the low-cost, green synthesis of AgNPs using the extract of clove and black seeds. The biosynthesized AgNPs were confirmed and characterized by analysis of the spectroscopy profile of the UV-visible spectrophotometer. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect concentration (MIC) of AgNPs, clove, and black cumin seed extracts on the growth and swarming of P. mirabilis. Clinical isolates of P. mirabilis were isolated from patients suffering from urinary tract infections. Thirteen types of antibiotics were used in the present study to detect their ability to inhibit P. mirabilis's resistance. Immunological findings included the determination of serum levels of IgG, IgM, IgA and complement protein C3 and C4. Results showed that IgG and IgA concentrations significantly increased (1311.13 ± 72.54 and 279 ± 21.31) respectively in UTI patients in comparison to the healthy control group which was 1089.88 ± 37.33 and 117.611 ± 4.19 respectively, While IgM concentrations were increased non significantly in UTI patients (153.331 ± 6.45) in comparison to healthy control (145.2 ± 13.49). Complement components C3 showed a significant increase in UTI patients with mean values of 125.95 ± 6.22 compared to the control group with mean values of 55.191 ± 9.64, while C4 showed statically non-significant among UTI patients in comparison with the control group (35.195 ± 2.34 and 34.371 ± 1.22) respectively.

Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study.

BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHODS: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULTS: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHODS: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.