Frequency, location, and diameter of the anastomosis between the posterior superior alveolar artery and the infraorbital artery in imaging studies: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The anastomosis between the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and the infraorbital artery (IOA) courses along half of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. Risk of injury to the anastomosis between PSAA and IOA during surgical procedures has been reported. The aim of the present study was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the frequency, location, and diameter of the anastomosis between PSAA and IOA in imaging studies (cone-beam computed tomography, spiral cone-beam computed tomography, and computed tomography). A search was carried out in the PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS. Original works were included reporting imaging studies to analyze the frequency, location, and diameter of the anastomosis in humans. The risks of bias were analyzed using the AQUA tool. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the frequency and the 95% CI in the meta-analysis. The variance in prevalence estimates was stabilized by logit transformation. The qualitative analysis included 49 studies with 10,837 patients. The frequency of the anastomosis between PSAA and IOA was 74% (prediction interval 0.20-0.97%). The anastomosis was most frequently located in the intraosseous region (60.0%), followed by the submembranous region (33.0%), and least frequently in an extraosseous location (5.0%). Arteries with diameter of 1.0-1.9 mm were most frequent (32.0%), followed by arteries with diameter less than 1 mm (23.0%); a small number with diameter greater than 2 mm was recorded (4.0%). These data can be used as a reference to help surgeons when planning interventions in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. Registration number: INPLASY, number 202120071.

Maxillary Labial Frenum in Preschool Children: Variations, Anomalies and Associated Factors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of morphological and attachment variations of the maxillary labial frenum (MLF) and associated factors in preschool children. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,313 children aged between zero and five years of age attending public nurseries in the city of Canoas in southern Brazil. Data were collected through a questionnaire addressing demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral characteristics and a clinical examination of the MLF. Assessments of MLF morphology and attachment were based on the classification systems proposed by Sewerin and Mirko et al., respectively. RESULTS: The most prevalent patterns were simple MLF (63.8%) and gingival attachment (51.1%). Morphological abnormalities were found in 21.6% of the preschoolers and 25.4% exhibited abnormal frenal attachment. Abnormalities in MLF morphology were more prevalent among girls (p = 0.003) and a significant reduction was found with the increase in age (p < 0.001). Attachment abnormalities were significantly more prevalent among girls (p < 0.001), the white ethnic group (p = 0.005), and children who used a pacifier (p = 0.007) and also reduced significantly with the increase in age (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Demographic and behavioral characteristics were associated with MLF morphology and attachment. The reduction in the prevalence of the outcomes with the increase in age suggests that surgical interventions in the first years of life may constitute overtreatment.

Frequency and location of the zygomaticofacial foramen and its clinical importance in the placement of zygomatic implants.

PURPOSE: Anatomical knowledge of the zygomatic region is important, because the zygomatic nerve and its branches may suffer lesions during surgical procedures in the periorbital region. The position and frequency of zygomaticofacial foramina (ZFF) may vary between individuals, and between one side and the other in the same individual. In the present study, we analysed the presence and location of ZFF, as well as the distance between them and the orbital cavity, in macerated skulls of adult individuals. METHODS: We examined 287 macerated skulls, of individuals of both sexes, analysing the frequency and location of ZFF and the distance from the ZFF to the margin of the orbital cavity (OC). RESULTS: Zygomaticofacial foramina are very frequent structures which tend to appear singly. They are generally located in the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, but in many cases, they may be located in the mid portion of the bone. They also tend to appear at the same distance from the OC when left and right sides are compared. Sex was an important factor in determining differences in ZFF; the distance from the ZFF to the margin of the OC was greater in males than in females. Sex, age, side and skin colour did not affect the frequency and location of the ZFF. CONCLUSION: We consider that the mid portion of the zygomatic bone is the safest place to anchor zygomatic implants (ZI), since ZFF are less frequently located there than in the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.

Morphometric study of mandibular foramen in macerated skulls to contribute to the development of sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) technique.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to provide morphometric data, obtained from macerated mandibles, which might facilitate the topographic location of the mandibular foramen, considering aspects such as gender, age and ethnicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eighty-five macerated mandibles of adult black and white individuals of both sexes were analyzed. Initially, 5 points were established: MF, the lowest point of the mandibular foramen; S, greatest concavity of the mandibular notch; A, anterior margin of the ramus of mandible; P, posterior margin of the ramus of mandible; and Go, gonion. Then the following measurements were performed bilaterally: MF-S, MF-A, MF-P and MF-Go. RESULTS: The following mean values were found: MF-S: 21.02 mm for white females (WF) and 22.00 mm for black females (BF); 24.40 mm for white males (WM) and 24.35 mm for black males (BM); MF-A: 17.05 mm for WF and 18.09 mm for BF; 17.18 mm for WM and 18.11 mm for BM; MF-P: 11.11 mm for WF and 12.24 mm for BF; 13.10 mm for WM and 14.15 mm for BM; MF-Go: 19.00 mm for WF and 19.44 mm for BF; 23.13 mm for WM and 22.12 mm for BM. CONCLUSIONS: The values found in this study, considering gender, age and ethnic group, can be used as a parameter to carry out the sagittal split ramus osteotomy technique, making it more predictable and with less risk of complications.

Root Canal Disinfection in Permanent Molars with Apical Lesion by Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Protocol for a Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: The proposed study aims to compare the effectiveness of conventional endodontic treatment (ET) with that of ET associated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in patients with apical lesion. Methods: Controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (RCT); superiority study with three parallel arms. Randomization will be conducted in exchange blocks of six, with allocation 1:1:1. The control group will receive conventional ET, while experimental group 1 (EG1) will receive conventional ET + aPDT with laser at 660 nm, fluence of 600 J/cm2; EG2 will receive conventional ET + aPDT with laser at 660 nm, fluence of 1200 J/cm2. The primary outcome will be canal disinfection before treatment, measured by analysis of colony formation (CFU/mL) and the success rate measured after 6 months on the clinical and radiographic evaluations. The mean and standard deviation will be calculated for continuous outcomes, and the CFU/mL mean between groups will be evaluated by ANOVA test. The Chi-squared test will be calculated for binary outcomes. A logistic regression analysis will be performed to assess differences in the success rate between groups, adjusted for the covariates. The Stata 18 software will be used, with a significance threshold of 5%. Conclusions: Few RCTs have evaluated the effectiveness of aPDT in root canal disinfection in patients with permanent dentition presenting apical lesion. New RCTs with larger numbers of participants are needed to support using aPDT as an adjuvant to conventional ET in root canal disinfection for routine use in clinical practice. The trial was registered prospectively in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05916859).

Wound contraction rate in excised and unexcised burn wounds with laser photobiomodulation: Systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

INTRODUCTION: Laser photobiomodulation (laser PBM) is an effective means of accelerating burn wound contraction, however it is still unclear whether laser PBM produces greater benefit when applied directly to excised and unexcised burn wounds . The aim of this systematic review of preclinical studies was to determine the effectiveness of laser PBM in the wound contraction rate in excised and unexcised burn wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the EMBASE, MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Preclinical studies were included that analysed the effectiveness of laser PBM in burn wound contraction, and assessed wound closure. The SYRCLE risk of bias tool was used. Random effects models were used to estimate the pooled effect. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included in the qualitative analysis and six in the quantitative analysis. Two weeks after the lesion, laser PBM favoured the wound contraction percentage, increasing the closure rate in excised burn wounds (SMD= 1.34, CI 95% 0.41 to 2.27, 0.41-2.27, I2=0%, =0%, low certainty of evidence. In unexcised burns, it was uncertain whether laser PBM increased or diminished the wound contraction rate (SMD=1.22(SMD=1.22 CI 95% -0.05 to 2.49, I2=68%; =68%; very low certainty of evidence). CONCLUSIONS: In the animal model, laser PBM is effective in increasing the wound contraction rate in excised burns. However, due to the low certainty of the evidence, uncertainty remains about the true magnitude of the effect of laser on wound contraction in animals; our results should therefore be interpreted with caution.

Biodegradable Plates for Mandibular Fracture Fixation in Young Children.

Mandibular fractures are rare in children and normally result from high-impact trauma. Clinical protocols have evolved in recent years, especially after the introduction of rigid internal fixation methods and the development of novel resorbable materials. The purpose of this report is to present the case of a three-year-old toddler who fell from a bunk bed at home, resulting in a unilateral fracture of the mandibular parasymphysis and a joint fracture on the left side. The patient was treated under general anesthesia with rigid internal fixation with biodegradable plates and screws. Pediatric patients can benefit from resorbable materials, especially their faster mobilization and avoidance of secondary removal operations. Self-reinforced fixation devices are safe and efficient for the treatment of pediatric mandible fractures. However, further clinical investigations are needed to evaluate long-term reliability.

Photobiomodulation Therapy in Burn Wound Healing: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies.

Background and objective: To determine the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the burn wound healing compared with the control or with the use of antibiotics, in animal models. Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases. Preclinical studies were included that analyzed the effectiveness of PBMT in the burn wound healing, which assessed wound contraction, angiogenesis, proliferation of fibroblasts, and collagen deposition. SYRCLE risk of bias tool was used. Random effects models were used to estimate the pooled effect. Results: Thirty-eight studies were included. PBMT favored wound contraction (mean difference = -11.47, 95% confidence interval -19.87 to -3.08, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty of evidence). PBMT also favored angiogenesis at doses between 11 and 20 J/cm2, and increased the collagenization rate. Conclusions: In animal models, PBMT favored wound contraction, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition in second- and third-degree burn wounds.

Influence of Body Dissatisfaction on the Self-Esteem of Brazilian Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the influence of body dissatisfaction (BD) on the self-esteem of Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1011 students at public and private schools in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. The body shape questionnaire and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale were applied. Chi-square test, Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation, the odds ratio and binary logistic regression were used. RESULTS: The rate of low self-esteem was 33.8% in the adolescents; 27.8% of the adolescents presented some degree of BD, with severe BD in 5.8%. A significant low negative correlation was found between self-esteem and BD in all the adolescents. In the Odds Ratio analysis, it was observed that the odds of having low self-esteem increased in adolescents with BD as compared to adolescents without BD, being 3.85 times higher in females (CI 95%, 2.12-6.99), 2.83 times higher in males (CI 95%, 1.22-6.58), 5.79 times higher in adolescents attending public schools (CI 95% 2.06-16.26), and 2.96 times higher in adolescents attending private schools (CI 95%, 1.79-4.88). CONCLUSIONS: Low self-esteem affected one-third of the adolescents, both male and female. BD and education in public schools are predictor variables of low self-esteem in adolescents.

Increased Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Postsynergistic Treatment with Ultrasound and Photobiomodulation Therapy in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders.

Background and objective: The object of this study was to analyze the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) who were treated simultaneously with ultrasound (US) and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). Materials and methods: This study included 13 patients of both genders, with diagnosis of TMD according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. The patients were treated with equipment consisting of US and PBMT in the same system. The treatment was applied to the left and right sides of the face in the masseter muscle, anterior temporalis muscle, and temporomandibular joint, two sessions per week for a total of eight sessions. The OHRQoL was assessed by the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) at three moments: pretreatment (T0), after the eight treatment sessions (T1), and 30 days after termination of treatment (T2). The Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskall-Wallis, and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests were applied, with a significance threshold of 5%. Results: Psychological discomfort, physical pain, and psychological limitation were the domains where the highest scores were obtained at T0. The total OHIP-14 scores at T1 and T2 were significantly lower than at T0. No statistical differences were observed between T1 and T2. Conclusions: We conclude that synergistic treatment was effective in improving the OHRQoL of patients with TMDs, and that its beneficial effects persisted at 1 month after termination of treatment.

Scapulohumeral Spaces: Concordance and Proposal for Terminologia Anatomica / Espacios Escapulohumerales: Concordancia y Propuesta a la Terminologia Anatomica

SUMMARY: The updating of anatomical terms is essential to facilitate teaching and learning as well as international communication through publications and presentations at scientific events. In the posterior wall of the axilla, the teres major, teres minor and triceps brachii muscles form three spaces through which neurovascular structures of clinical significance run. The current study seeks to define and propose terms for these spaces which have been omitted by Terminologia Anatomica. The definition of the Latin term 'Spatium' was investigated using A Latin Dicionary, while the term 'Espacio' was analyzed using Diccionario panhispánico de términos médicos (Real Academia Nacional de Medicina de España, 2023), as well as the lexemes of the words 'scapula' and 'humerus', for which the Diccionario Médico-Biológico, Histórico y Etimológico de la Universidad de Salamanca was consulted. The presence of the term 'Spatium' in the Terminologia Anatomica was also investigated. Finally, 10 anatomy textbooks in Spanish were reviewed to identify the terms used for these spaces. In reviewing the latest edition of Terminologia Anatomica, it was found that the term 'Spatium' appears 25 times in different chapters and it was evident that no terms for scapulohumeral spaces appear in the chapters on upper limb structures. Moreover, in 100 % of the anatomy textbooks reviewed, at least one term is used to describe the scapulohumeral spaces. We believe that the proposed terms: 'Spatium humerotricipitale', 'Spatium scapulotricipitale' and 'Spatium teretricipitale' more accurately describe both the location and their association with the bone/muscle structures that form them. We therefore suggest that these terms be revised for inclusion in future editions of Terminologia Anatomica.

La actualización de términos anatómicos es esencial para facilitar la enseñanza-aprendizaje y comunicación internacional a través de publicaciones y presentaciones en eventos científicos. En la pared posterior de la axila, los músculos redondo mayor, redondo menor y tríceps braquial, forman tres espacios por donde discurren estructuras neurovasculares relevantes en la clínica. El estudio tuvo como objetivo definir y proponer términos para estos espacios omitidos por Terminologia Anatomica. En el diccionario A Latin Dictionary se investigó la definición en latín del término 'Spatium' y 'Espacio' en el Diccionario panhispánico de términos médicos (Real Academia Nacional de Medicina de España, 2023), además de los lexemas de las palabras 'escápula' y 'húmero' en el Diccionario Médico-Biológico, Histórico y Etimológico de la Universidad de Salamanca. También se investigó la presencia del término 'Spatium' en la Terminologia Anatomica. Por último, se revisaron 10 libros-textos de anatomía en español para identificar los términos utilizados para estos espacios y su relevancia clínica. Al revisar la última edición de Terminologia Anatomica, se observó que el término 'Spatium' aparece 25 veces en distintos capítulos y se evidenció que no aparecen términos para los espacios escapulohumerales en los capítulos de miembro superior. Además, en el 100 % de los libros-textos de anatomía revisados, se utiliza al menos un término para describir a los espacios escapulohumerales. Consideramos que los términos propuestos: 'Spatium humerotricipitale', 'Spatium scapulotricipitale' y 'Spatium teretricipitale' aluden con mayor precisión a la ubicación, ya que relaciona a las estructuras óseas y/ o musculares que lo forman. Por lo que sugerimos que estos términos sean revisados para incluirlos en futuras ediciones de Terminologia Anatomica.

Influence of the Mass Media and Body Dissatisfaction on the Risk in Adolescents of Developing Eating Disorders.

Media influence may lead adolescents to internalize patterns of physical beauty, resulting in dissatisfaction with their own bodies when they are unable to match up to these patterns. In the constant search for an 'ideal body', adolescents may begin to develop risk behaviors for the development of eating disorders (ED). The object of this study was to analyze the influence of the mass media on body dissatisfaction (BD) and on ED in adolescents, comparing genders. We also analyzed the influence of BD on the risk of developing unsuitable eating behaviors, with risk of ED, comparing genders. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1011 adolescents: 527 girls and 484 boys. The BMI of each adolescent was determined, and the instruments EAT-26, Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and body shape questionnaire (BSQ), were applied. For statistical analysis, we used Student's t-test, the chi-square test, Pearson's correlation test, the odds ratio, and hierarchical multiple linear regression. The influence of the mass media is associated with a greater probability of adolescents presenting BD. An increase in BD is associated with an increased risk of developing ED in adolescents of both genders but is greater in girls than in boys. Furthermore, the influence of the MM and BMI are predictors of BD in both genders; and BD is a predictor of ED risk in both girls and boys.

Mandibular Canal Course and the Position of the Mental Foramen by Panoramic X-Ray in Chilean Individuals.

The object of this study was to analyse the morphology and morphometry of the mandibular canal (MC) course and the mental foramen (MF) position in relation to the inferior teeth by panoramic X-ray (PAN). Vertical linear measurements were taken of each hemimandible to obtain the length of the distances analysed. We studied the MF position in relation to inferior premolar roots and the relation between the MC and mandibular teeth roots (MCR). The MF was usually located between the apices of the first and second premolars in younger individuals and immediately below the apex of the inferior second premolar in older individuals. The MC evinced proximity to the third molar, and this relation was not affected by sex or age group. The distances analysed in this study presented a marked difference between gender, with larger values in males than in females. The variations which may occur between individuals and different populations make it essential for dentists and surgeons to plan carefully before procedures involving this region.

Study of Digastric Muscle in Brazilian Individuals / Estudio del Músculo Digástrico en Individuos Brasileños

SUMMARY: Correct detailed description of the anatomy of the digastric muscle (DM) in different populations should be carried out to improve the teaching of anatomy, avoid misinterpretations and help to avoid intercurrences during surgical procedures in the region. The aim of this study was to carry out a study of the DM in adult Brazilian individuals. The sample consisted of 50 DM from adult individuals (22 right side and 28 left side) fixed in 10 % formaldehyde. The morphology of the DM was observed, identifying possible anatomical variations; these were characterized and classified according to the number of the muscle bellies, direction of the fibre, and points of origin and insertion. The morphometric measurements were performed using a digital calliper. Student's t-test for dependent samples was used to measure differences between sides; one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the different classifications, and the chi-squared test to analyse qualitative variables, with significance threshold of 5 %. The anterior belly of the DM was classified as Type I in 28 samples (56 %), Type II in 20 (40 %) and Type III in 2 (4 %). The mean length was 37.8 mm, width 12.1 mm and thickness 5.39 mm, with no statistically significant differences found for these variables. The intermediate tendon of the DM was classified as Type I in 31 samples (62 %), Type II in 10 (20 %) and Type III in 9 (18 %); its mean total length was 45.1 mm. The posterior belly of the DM was Type I in 50 samples (100 %), with mean length 70.8 mm and width 8.15 mm. Anatomical variations of the DM, particularly its anterior belly, in Brazilian adults are very frequent. They must therefore be carefully identified to help avoid intercurrences during surgical procedures in the region, and to help correct evaluation of swollen lymph nodes in the submental triangle.

Con el propósito de ayudar en la enseñanza de la Anatomía se debe realizar una descripción correcta y detallada del músculo digástrico (MD), evitando malas interpretaciones y contribuyendo a evitar intercurrencias durante procedimientos quirúrgicos en la región. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un estudio del MD en individuos brasileños. Fueron utilizadas 50 muestras de MD de individuos adultos (22 del lado derecho y 28 del lado izquierdo) fijadas en formaldehido al 10 %. Se analizó la morfología del MD, identificando las posibles variaciones anatómicas, que fueron clasificadas según el número de vientres musculares, dirección de las fibras y lugar de origen e inserción. Para el análisis estadístico las medidas fueron realizadas con un paquímetro digital. Para el análisis estadístico fueron utilizadas las pruebas de t de Student, ANOVA de una vía para variables continuas y la prueba de chi-cuadrado con ajuste de Bonferroni para las variables categóricas. Se utilizó el software SPSS v. 28.0, considerándo umbral de significación de 5 %. El vientre anterior del MD se clasificó como Tipo I en 28 muestras (56 %), como Tipo II en 20 (40 %) y como Tipo III en 2 (4 %). El promedio de longitud fue de 37,8 mm, la anchura de 12,1 mm y el espesor de 5,39 mm, no siendo encontradas diferencias estadísticas significativas para estas variables. El tendón intermedio del MD fue Tipo I en 31 muestras (62 %), Tipo II en 10 (20 %) y Tipo III en 9 (18 %). El promedio de su longitud total fue de 45,1 mm. El vientre posterior del MD fue de Tipo I en 50 muestras (100 %), con promedio de longitud de 70,8 mm y de ancho de 8,15 mm. Las variaciones anatómicas del MD, particularmente de su vientre anterior, son muy frecuentes en brasileños adultos, por lo que deben ser identificadas detalladamente contribuyendo a evitar intercurrencias durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos en la región y también para propiciar la correcta evaluación de las adenopatías del espacio submentoniano.

Sex Determination in the Contemporary Chilean Population by Mandible Analysis in Panoramic Radiographies / Estimación Sexual de la Población Chilena Contemporánea Mediante Análisis de la Mandíbula en Radiografías Panorámicas

SUMMARY: Sex identification of a deceased human individual by means of the mandible is very important for forensic dentistry. The aim of the present study was to determine the sex of Chilean individuals by mandible analysis in panoramic radiographies. Linear and angular parameters of the mandible were analyzed from panoramic radiographies (PR). The study included PR of adult Chilean individuals, of both sexes, with optimum solution and contrast, and which allowed the angles and rami of the mandible to be viewed. Sex was determined by univariate and bivariate discriminant function analysis. The sample consisted of 594 PR of individuals aged between 18 and 84 years. The best sex predictor using univariate discriminant function analysis was the mandibular ramus height (MRH) (74.1 %), followed by the distance from the mental foramen - mandibular base (DMF-MB) (69.1 %) and the bicondylar breadth (BC) (66.7 %). The parameters that presented the lowest sex prediction were the angle of the mandible (AM) with 55.0 % and the distance between mental foramina (DMF) with 53.7 %. The best sex prediction was obtained by the step model of discriminant function analysis (80.2 %), including only three parameters: MRH, BC and DMF-MB. The parameters height of the mandibular ramus, bicondylar breadth and distance from the mental foramen - base of the mandible are good predictors of sex in Chilean individuals when used in conjunction; they are therefore indicated for sex determination in the contemporary Chilean population.

La identificación humana de un individuo fallecido a través de la mandíbula es muy relevante para la odontología forense. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el sexo de individuos Chilenos a través del análisis de la mandíbula, utilizando radiografías panorámicas. Fueron analizados parámetros lineales y angulares de la mandíbula, a través de radiografías panorámicas (RP). Se incluyeron RP de individuos chilenos adultos, ambos sexos, con solución y contraste óptimos, y que permitían la visualización de los ángulos y ramas de la mandíbula. Se realizó análisis por función discriminante univariada y bivariada para estimación del sexo. Fueron incluidas 594 RP de individuos entre 18 y 84 años. Para el análisis de función discriminante univariado, la altura de la rama mandibular (ARM) fue el parámetro más predictivo (74,1 %), seguido de la distancia foramen mentoniano - base de la mandíbula (DFM-BM) (69,1 %) y el ancho bicondilar (ABCo) (66,7 %). Los parámetros que presentaron menor predicción sexual fueron el ángulo de la mandíbula (AM) con un 55,0 % y la distancia inter-forámenes mentonianos (DIFM), con el 53.7 %. El análisis por pasos fue el modelo de análisis de función discriminante que presentó la mayor predicción sexual (79,5 %), en el cual fueron incluidos sólo tres parámetros: ARM, ABCo y DFM-BM. Los parámetros altura de la rama de la mandíbula, ancho bicondilar y distancia desde el foramen mentoniano hasta la base de la mandíbula son buenos predictores del sexo en individuos Chilenos cuando utilizados en conjunto y están indicados para estimar el sexo en la población chilena contemporánea.

Cone Beam CT in Diagnosis and Surgical Planning of Dentigerous Cyst.

Diagnosis and preoperative planning are critical in the execution of any surgical procedure. Panoramic radiography is a routine method used in dentistry to assist clinical diagnosis; however, with this technique 3D anatomical structures are compressed into 2D images, resulting in overlapping of structures which are of interest in the diagnosis. In this study we report the case of a patient who presented with a dentigerous cyst of expressive dimensions in the body of the mandible region. The surgery was planned and executed after observing the margins of the lesion by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). We conclude that CBCT is a precise method to help diagnosis; it provides greater accuracy in surgical treatment planning through 3D image display, allowing more effective results.

Anastomosis between the posterior superior alveolar artery and the infra-orbital artery: a review of current terminology / Anastomosis entre la arteria alveolar superior posterior y la arteria infra-orbital: una revisión de la terminología actual

SUMMARY: The posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and the infra-orbital artery (IOA) present intraosseous and extraosseous rami which form an anastomosis in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. This anastomosis is always present, however it has not yet been included in anatomical terminology (AT), and different terms are used in scientific communication to refer to it. The aim of this study was to carry out a review of the different terms used to name this vascular structure. A literature review was carried out on the terms used to name the anastomosis between the PSAA and IOA in imaging studies and human cadavers that assessed the presence/frequency of this anatomical structure. The search was carried out in the Medline, EMBASE and LILACS databases, in Portuguese, Spanish and English, with no date restrictions. Qualitative analysis was applied to the studies selected, analysing the terminology used to refer to the anastomosis between the PSAA and IOA. Of the 2108 original articles found, 60 were selected as potentially relevant and 54 studies were finally included for qualitative analysis. Sixteen terms were found to refer to the anastomosis between the PSAA and IOA, the most frequent being Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery (PSAA), followed by Alveolar Antral Artery (AAA). Many terms are used in the medical literature to designate the anastomosis between the PSAA and IOA, the most frequent being PSAA and AAA. There is a need to unify the terms used to designate this vascular structure, and to incorporate the selected term into anatomical terminology, in order to avoid confusion in scientific communication.

RESUMEN: La arteria alveolar superior posterior (AASP) y la arteria infra-orbital (AIO) tienen ramas intra y extra óseas que forman una anastomosis en la pared lateral del seno maxilar. Esta anastomosis está siempre presente, sin embargo, aún no ha sido incluida en la terminología anatómica (TA), por lo que en la comunicación científica se utilizan diferentes términos para referirse a ella. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sobre los diferentes términos utilizados para nombrar esta estructura vascular. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre los términos utilizados para nombrar la anastomosis entre AASP y AIO en estudios imagenológicos y en cadáveres humanos que evaluaron la presencia/frecuencia de esta estructura anatómica. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datosMedline, EMBASE y LILACS, en los idiomas portugués, español e inglés, sin restricción de fecha. Los estudios seleccionados fueron evaluados de forma cualitativa, analizando la terminología empleada para referirse a la anastomosis entre AASP y AIO. Fueron encontrados 2108 artículos originales, siendo seleccionados 60 artículos potencialmente relevantes y finalmente fueron incluidos 54 estudios para análisis cualitativo. Fueron encontrados 16 términos para referirse a la anastomosis entre AASP y AIO, siendo AASP el más frecuente seguido de arteria alveolo-antral (AAA). Son muchos los términos utilizados en la literatura médica para designar la anastomosis entre AASP y AIO, siendo AASP y AAA los más usados. La unificación de los términos utilizados para designar esta estructura vascular y su incorporación en la Terminología Anatómica contribuiría a evitar equívocos en la comunicación científica.

Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Reducing Orthodontic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in reducing orthodontic pain after the application of orthodontic force (OF). METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost databases. The study included randomized clinical trials (RCT) which analysed the effectiveness of LLLT in reducing orthodontic pain assessed at 24 and 72 hrs after the application of OF. The risk of bias of the eligible trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Standard mean difference was calculated and pooled by meta-analysis using random effect models. RESULTS: Of 467 identified articles, 20 RCT were finally included. In the risk of bias assessments, 13 studies presented a high risk, 5 an unclear risk, and 2 a low risk. The meta-analysis showed that in patients treated with laser versus placebo there was a difference in favour of LLLT in spontaneous pain 24 and 72 hrs after the installation of light archwires and spontaneous pain and chewing pain 24 and 72 hrs after the installation of elastomeric separators. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT proved to be effective in promoting a reduction in spontaneous and chewing pain after the application of OF; however, the poor quality of the evidence requires these results to be treated with caution.

Sex estimation by metric analysis of the angle of mandible and the mandibular ramus: a systematic review / Estimación sexual mediante análisis métrico del ángulo de la mandíbula y de la rama mandibular: revisión sistemática

SUMMARY: Sex estimation is the first step in human identification. The mandibular ramus and the condyle have been widely used as indicators for sexual diagnosis because they are regions that undergo important morphological changes which increase sexual dimorphism. The object of the present study was to carry out a systematic review to determine the metric parameters of the mandibular ramus that present the greatest sexual dimorphism, and to sex estimation from the angle of mandible (MA). We included documents in English, Spanish and Portuguese which analysed sex estimation or sex diagnosis by metric analysis of the mandibular ramus in humans. The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, up to December 2020. The risks of bias were analysed using the AQUA tool. The search identified 538 studies. After exclusion of duplicates and irrelevant articles, 39 studies were included for qualitative analysis. Of these, 18 studies were carried out on dry mandibles and 21 by imaging techniques, totalling 7270 participants of 14 different nationalities. We found 14 sex-estimation parameters in the mandibular ramus, plus the MA. Sex estimation by the MA is variable; it is a good predictor only for some populations. The height of the mandibular ramus, the angle of mandible, the bicondylar angle and the height of the coronoid process were the estimation parameters cited in the greatest number of studies. The mandibular ramus presents great sexual dimorphism and can be used as a sex predictor in different populations. Although some parameters of the mandibular ramus can present accuracy of almost 80 % when analysed in isolation, more accurate sex estimation is achieved when the parameters are analysed in conjunction.

RESUMEN: La estimación sexual es el primer paso en la identificación humana. La rama mandibular y el cóndilo se han utilizado ampliamente como indicadores para el diagnóstico sexual debido a que son regiones que sufren cambios morfológicos importantes, aumentando el dimorfismo sexual. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática a fin de determinar los parámetros métricos de la rama mandibular que presentan mayor dimorfismo sexual, bien estimar el sexo a través del ángulo de la mandíbula (AM). Se incluyeron artículos en Inglés, Español y Portugués que analizaron la predicción sexual o el diagnóstico sexual mediante análisis métrico de la rama mandibular en humanos. La búsqueda fue realizada a través de PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, con límite hasta Diciembre 2020. El análisis de los riesgos de sesgos se realizó con la herramienta AQUA. Fueron identificados 538 estudios. Tras la exclusión de duplicados y estudios fuera del tema fueron incluidos 39 estudios para análisis cualitativa. De estos, 18 estudios fueron realizados en mandíbulas secas y 21 en exámenes de imagen, totalizando 7270 participantes de 14 nacionalidades distintas. Fueron encontrados 14 parámetros predictores del sexo en la rama mandibular más el AM. La predicción sexual a través del AM es variable, siendo un buen predictor solamente para algunas poblaciones. La altura de la rama mandibular, ángulo bigoníaco, ángulo bicondilar y la altura del proceso coronoides fueron los parámetros predictivos citados en mayor número de estudios. La rama mandibular presenta gran dimorfismo sexual y puede ser utilizada como predictor del sexo en diferentes poblaciones. A pesar que algunos parámetros de la rama mandibular pueden presentar una precisión de casi 80 % cuando analizadas de forma aislada, una mayor predicción sexual es alcanzada cuando los parámetros son analizados en conjunto.

Macroscopic analysis of the insertion points of the lateral pterygoid muscle in adult individuals / Análisis macroscópico de los lugares de inserción del músculo pterigoideo lateral en individuos adultos

SUMMARY: The lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is intimately related with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), playing an important role in its physiology. This makes it of interest to researchers who investigate temporomandibular disorders. The literature indicates that anatomical variations exist in the insertion of the superior fascicle of the LPM. Imaging and cadaver studies have revealed that the LPM may present an accessory fascicle. The study object was to carry out macroscopic analysis of the LPM, examining the origin and insertion of its superior and inferior fascicles. The study used 38 half-heads of adult individuals fixed in formaldehyde 10 %. To carry out macroscopic analysis of the LPM, an initial incision was made along the lower margin of the zygomatic arch; the origin of the masseter muscle was then dissected, separating its insertion on the lateral face of the mandibular ramus and retracting the muscle to posteroinferior. Two incisions were made on the zygomatic arch and the insertion of the temporal muscle on the coronoid process was identified with dissection pincers; it was dissected to gain access to the infratemporal fossa and the two fascicles of the LPM. The superior fascicle (SF) originated on the infratemporal face of the greater wing of the sphenoid, and on the superior third of the lateral face of the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid in 26 samples. In 12 samples, it originated on the greater wing of the sphenoid and the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid. Type I insertion was found in 20 samples, Type II in 6 samples and Type III in 12 samples. In all the samples analysed, the inferior fascicle (IF) originated on the inferior two thirds of the lateral face of the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process and on the lateral face of the pyramidal process of the palatine, with insertion on the pterygoid fovea. The accessory fascicle (AF) of the LPM was present in 6 samples. The AF originated on the greater wing of the sphenoid in 2 cases and inferior to the superior fascicle in 4 cases; its insertion was on the capsular disc complex in all cases. The results obtained in our study contribute anatomical data on the LPM in Brazilian adult individuals, with evaluation of its insertion points.

El músculo pterigoideo lateral (MPL) presenta íntima relación con la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) y desempeña un rol importante en la fisiología de esta articulación, despertando el interés de investigadores que se dedican al estudio de los trastornos temporomandibulares. La literatura señala que existen variaciones anatómicas del MPL, con respecto a la inserción del fascículo superior. Los estudios cadavéricos e imagenológicos han revelado que el MPL puede presentar un fascículo accesorio. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis macroscópico del MPL, examinando el origen e inserción de sus fascículos superior e inferior. Se utilizaron 38 hemicabezas de individuos adultos fijadas en formaldehído al 10 %. Para realizar el análisis macroscópico del MPL se realizó inicialmente una incisión a lo largo del margen inferior del arco cigomático, luego se seccionó el origen del músculo masétero separando su inserción en la cara lateral de la rama de la mandíbula, retrayendo al músculo en sentido posteroinferior. Se hicieron dos cortes en el arco cigomático y con pinzas de disección se identificó la inserción del músculo temporal en el proceso coronoides, el cual se seccionó para ingresar a la fosa infratemporal y acceder a ambos fascículos del MPL. El fascículo superior (FS) del MPL se originó en la cara infratemporal del ala mayor del esfenoides y en el tercio superior de la cara lateral de la lámina lateral del proceso pterigoides del esfenoides en 26 muestras. En 12 muestras se originó en el ala mayor del esfenoides y cresta infratemporal del esfenoides. Con relación a su inserción, se encontró el Tipo I en 20 muestras; el Tipo II en 6 muestras y el Tipo III en 12 muestras. En todas las muestras analizadas el origen del fascículo inferior (FI) del MPL fue en los dos tercios inferiores de la cara lateral de la lámina lateral del proceso pterigoides y en la cara lateral del proceso piramidal del palatino insertándose en la fóvea pterigoidea. El fascículo accesorio (FA) del MPL estuvo presente en 6 muestras. El FA se originó en el ala mayor del esfenoides en 2 casos e inferior al fascículo superior en 4 casos y su inserción, en el complejo disco capsular en todos los casos. Mediante los resultados obtenidos en nuestro estudio estamos aportando datos anatómicos en relación al MPL en individuos brasileños adultos, evaluándolo con respecto a sus lugares de inserción.