Unraveling the non-fitness status of NK cells: Examining the NKp30 receptor and its isoforms distribution in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.

BACKGROUND: HIV/HCV coinfection is associated with a rapid progression to liver damage. Specifically, NK cell population dysregulation is of particular interest, as these cells have been shown to block HCV replication effectively and have an anti-fibrogenic activity. The NKp30 receptor is linked to tumor cell lysis and has a crucial role during viral infections. In the present study, we determined the subpopulations of NK cells based on CD56 and CD16 expression, NKp30 receptor expression, its isoforms A, B, and C, along with the cytotoxicity molecules in patients with HIV/HCV. RESULTS: evidenced by the APRI and FIB-4 indices, the HCV-infected patients presented greater liver damage than the HIV and HIV/HCV groups. The HCV group presented a decreased expression of NKp30 isoform A, and NK cell frequency was not different between groups; however, CD56brigth subpopulation, NKp30 receptor, and CD247 adaptor chain were decreased in HIV/HCV patients; further, we described increased levels of soluble IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 in the serum of HIV/HCV patients. CONCLUSIONS: HCV and HIV/HCV patients have multiple parameters of non-fitness status in NK cells; awareness of these dysfunctional immunological parameters in HIV/HCV and HCV patients can elucidate possible novel therapeutics directed towards the improvement of NK cell fitness status, in order to improve their function against liver damage.

La candidiasis bucal como marcador clínico de falla a la terapia antirretroviral altamente efectiva en pacientes infectados con VIH/sida / Oral candidiasis as a clinical marker of highly active antiretroviral treatment failure in HIV-infected patients

Introducción: La candidiasis bucal es una infección oportunista fácilmente detectable en la clínica, por lo que se ha utilizado para valorar tanto el estado inmunológico de los pacientes con VIH como la efectividad de la terapia antirretroviral, altamente efectiva debido a que se encuentra sujeta a diversos factores para lograr el éxito terapéutico. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de candidiasis bucal entre indicadores asociados al éxito de la terapia antirretroviral. Material y método: Estudio transversal, analítico en donde inicialmente se realizaron grupos de acuerdo al uso o no de la terapia antirretroviral para proseguir con un interrogatorio que incluía preguntas sobre otros factores relacionados con la infección por cándida, así como la medición del flujo salival y la evaluación clínica de la cavidad bucal para determinar la frecuencia de la candidiasis. Resultados: La diferencia en la frecuencia de la candidiasis bucal entre los grupos con y sin terapia antirretroviral fue significativa, además de obtener una OR = 2,6 (1,58-4,48) y la asociación con la disminución en el conteo de linfocitos de CD4. Discusión: La resistencia a la terapia antirretroviral constituye uno de los problemas fundamentales en el éxito del tratamiento, en los pacientes infectados con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, al igual que las toxicidades y los problemas de adherencia. Los sensores clínicos como la candidiasis bucal son parámetros de fácil acceso para la detección temprana de falla en la terapia.

Introduction: Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection that is readily detectable in the clinic. It has been used to assess the immune status of HIV patients as well as the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Objective: To determine the frequency of oral candidiasis infection among various indicators associated with antiretroviral therapy effectiveness. Material and methods: Cross-sectional and analytical study, in which groups were initially created based on the use or not of antiretroviral therapy. Participants were subjected to questions on factors related to Candida infection, salivary flow measurements and a clinical examination of the oral cavity to determine the frequency of candidiasis Results: The difference in the frequency of oral candidiasis between groups with and without antiretroviral therapy was significant (OR 2.6 IC95% 1.5-4.4). There were also a significant association with decreased number of CD4 lymphocytes.. Discussion: Resistance to anti-retroviral therapy constitutes one of the fundamental barriers to a successful treatment in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, as do toxicities and adherence problems. Clinical markers such oral candidiasis is an easily and accesible parameter for the early detection of treatment failure.