[Comparative analysis of genetic variability of White Sea Cod (Gadus morhua marisalbi) at allozyme and microsatellite markers].

Variability of cod spawning and feeding schools from Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, was examined at six allozyme and eight microsatellite loci. The degree of genetic differentiation at allozyme loci constituted 0 = 0.36% [95% bootstrap interval 0.0458; 0.6743]. The differentiation estimates obtained using microsatellite markers were higher, 0 = 1.33% [0.057; 3.11]. It was demonstrated that the level of genetic diversity in the White Seacod was lower than that established for the Atlantic cod from Barents Sea using the same set of al- lozyme and microsatellite markers. The genetic data obtained support the opinion that the White Sea cod is a reproductively independent group formed as a result of the Holocene dispersal of Atlantic cod.

[Analysis of microsatellite loci variations in herring (Clupea pallasii marisalbi) from the White Sea].

The genetic diversity among spawning groups of herring from different parts of the White Sea was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. All loci were polymorphic with the expected heterozygosity estimates varying in the range of 12.7-94.1% (mean was 59.5%). The degree of genetic differentiation displayed by White Sea herring was statistically significant (theta = 2.03%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation F(ST) was 0-0.085, and it was statistically significant in most of the comparison pairs between the herring samples. A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed the statistically significant differentiation of White Sea herring. 96.59% genetic variation was found within the samples and 3.41% variation was found among the populations. The main component of interpopulation diversity (1.85%) falls at the differences between two ecological forms of herring, spring- and summer-spawning. Within the spring-spawning form, the presence of local stocks in Kandalaksha Gulf, Onega Bay, and Dvina Bay was demonstrated.

[Preliminary data on variation of four microsatellite loci in Pacific herring Clupea pallasii].

Variation of microsatellite loci Cpa 10, Cpa 113, Cpa4, and Cpa7 was for the first time examined in Pacific-type herring Clupea pallasii from the White Sea (CI. pallasii marisalbi), the Kara Sea (CI. pallasii suworowi), the Sea of Okhotsk, and Lake Nerpich'e, Kamchatka Bay, northwestern Pacific (CI. pallasiipallasii). All loci exhibitedhigh genetic diversity. The estimates of expected heterozygosity varied from 41.5 to 95.6% (mean, 82%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation Fst at all microsatellite loci varied from 0.005 to 0.076 (0.019, on average) and t was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in most of the pairs of herring samples. Estimates of genetic differentiation among the herring of one subspecies were lower than between the groups belonging to different subspecies.

Investigation on the role of viral antibodies in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

An attempt was made to elucidate the role of antibodies to measles, rubella and mumps viruses in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis by correlating their levels in the blood of patients with clinical manifestations of the disease. Antibody titres to measles and rubella viruses were higher during exacerbations of the process and decreased during remissions. No correlation was found between the level of viral antibodies and the duration of the disease, features of its course (rapidly or slowly progressing), or the phase of the disease. The rise of viral antibody titres in multiple sclerosis appears to be a secondary process not associated with the disease aetiologically and playing no role in its pathogenesis.

[Mobility of collagen structure and temperature adaptation of animals]. / Podvizhnost' struktury kollagena i temperaturnaia adaptatsiia zhivotnykh.

The method of hydrogen exchange is used to determine the mobility of acid-soluble collagen molecules from animals with different physiological temperature in terms of equilibrium constants of the formation of micro-unfolding or fluctuating defects of the structure. It has been shown that mobility of the collagen structure correlates with the physiological temperature of the animal from whose tissue collagen was isolated and is mainly determined by the amino acid content of the collagen. It has been shown also that at physiological temperatures characteristic for a particular species the level of collagen mobility is of the same order despite their different thermostability. The conclusion has been drawn that the level of mobility is the main criterion at the natural selection of the amino acid composition of collagens in different animals.

[Structural differences in the collagens of Rana frog species with dissimilar temperature ecology. The contribution of carbohydrate components to collagen molecular thermostability]. / Strukturnye razlichiia kollagenov u nekotorykh vidov liagushek roda Rana s neodinakovoi temperaturnoii ékologiei. Vklad uglevodnykh komponentov v termostabil'nost' molekul kollagena.

Skin procollagens in two species groups of frogs of the genus Rana - brown frogs (4 species) and green frogs (3 species) distributed in European and Asiatic parts of the USSR have been compared. A geographic intraspecific variation in collagen characteristics (two geographic populations of the pond frog Rana nigromaculata) is revealed. Intergroup differences in the thermal denaturation of collagens established by means of methods of circular dichroism and microcalorimetry are significant. Such differences within both the groups are not so visible. With the species studied, carbohydrate components contents in procollagen vary. Interspecific differences in the procollagen thermostability correlate with the thermal ecology of frogs and seem to be associated with the availability of carbohydrates.

[The size of non-helical regions in collagen I from the skin of cold-blooded animals]. / Razmer nespiralizovannykh uchastkov v kollagene I iz kozhi kholodnokrovnykh zhivotnykh.

The portion of non-spiralized peptide chain in collagen 1 molecules from the skin of cold-blooded animals, such as Arenicola marina, Gadus morhua marisalbi, Eleginus navaga, Rana amurensis, Rana temporaria, Rana semiplicata, Rana ridibunda, Rana dolmatina, Rana graeca, Bombina variegata was determined by recombination-kinetic method. It has been shown that the portion of non-spirilized part of collagen I molecule changes in the animals studied from 2 to 11% and correlates with the temperature of their habitat. There exist also substantial interspecies differences in the collagen I molecule structure.

[The incidence of epidemic mumps and the rate of antibody detection in different age groups of Moscow population]. / Zabolevaemost' epidemicheskim parotitom i chastota obnaryzheniia antitel v razlichnykh vozrastnykh grupakh naseleniia Moskvy

Sera from Moscow residents of different ages were studied by the HI test for antibody to mumps virus. In newborn babies antibody was found in 94%. The number of subject possessing antibody decreased with age and was minimal among children of 3-4 years (40%) but then increased and reached 94% among adults (20 years or more).

[Measles antibody in patients with multiple sclerosis at different stages of the disease]. / Korevye antitela u bol'nykh rasseiannym sklerozom v razlichnye fazy bolezni

Sixty-nine patients with multiple sclerosis from 12 to 53 years of age were examined. The titre of measles antibody in the blood serum (geometric mean) was 9.0 log2 in the patients and 5.1 log2 in normal subjects of the control group. The antibody titre was found to depend upon the stage of the disease: the sera collected in the period of remission had a titre of 7.3 log2, and those collected in the exacerbation stage 10.7 log2. Nineteen patients were examined both during remission and at the time of exacerbation: their antibody titres were 6.8 and 10.7 log2, respectively. The antibody titre did not depend upon duration of the disease, sex or age of the patients. Antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid was detected in 3 out of 8 patients in the stage of remission and in 6 out of 9 patients in the stage of exacerbation. In 4 out of 11 patients, measles immunoglobulins of the M class were found by means of serum fractionation in sucrose density gradient.

[Incidence of epidemic parotitis in different countries]. / Zabolevaemost' épidemicheskim parotitom v razlichnykh stranakh

The authors analyzed the incidence of epidemic parotitis in various countries in 1960--1969 on the basis of the data published by the WHO. It can be supposed that there was no significant difference in the morbidity in various countries and that discrepancy in the official data of individual countries was apparently caused by the errors in recording. In the majority of the countries morbidity curve was fluctuating in character with a 4--5-year periodicity. In the countries of the northern hemisphere the greatest number of cases occurred in spring, and in the southern--in autumn. Monthly distribution of cases during the years with a high and low morbidity level displayed no significant changes.

[The role of subclinical forms of epidemic parotitis in the formation of collective immunity]. / Rol' subklinicheskikh form épidemicheskogo parotita v formirovanii kollektivnogo immuniteta

A study was made of the outbreaks of epidemic parotitis in kindergartens and schools. Of 276 children aged from 2 to 13 years 58 (21%) sustained clinically manifest infection and 48 (17.4%)--a subclinical one. The clinically manifest process mostly developed in children aged from 3 to 5 years: the ratio of the clinical and subclinical forms in them constituted 1:0.5. With the progress of age there was an increase in the proportion of the subclinical forms (in 10--13-year-old children this ratio was 1:1.3). The presence of blood antihemagglutinins in the titre of up to 1:64 before the infection failed to prevent the development of the infectious process. There was no correlation between the antibody titre and the severity of the infectious process. Subclinical cases of parotitis were accompanied by less intensive antibody production than the clinically manifest ones.

[L-asparatic acid synthesis from ammonium fumarate by free and immobilized Escherichia coli cells]. / Sintez L-asparaginovoi kisloty fumarata ammoniia svobodnymi i immobilizirovannymi kletkami Escherichia coli.

E. coli 85 cells with a high aspartate-ammonia-lyase activity were immobilized through polyacrylamide gel incorporation. Proper conditions to assay aspartase activity of E. coli cells were developed. Kinetic patterns of aspartate-ammonia-lyase reaction catalyzed by free and immobilized E. coli 85 cells were studied. The synthesis of L-aspartic acid from ammonium fumarate had the following characteristics: specific activity of (4--6) . 10(-5) mmole/mg.sec for free cells and (6--8) . 10(-5) mmole/mg.sec for immobilized cells with their content in polyacrylamide gel of 5--10 mg protein per g wet gelm pH 8.3--10.0.

[Role of quaternary structure in the antigenic specificity of amino acid derivatives of hemoglobin]. / Znachenie chetvertichnoi struktury v antigennoi spetsifichnosti aminokislotnykh proizvodnykh gemoglobina.

Immunochemical properties of isolated alpha- and beta-chains of aminoenanthyl- and phenylalanyl-hemoglobins were studied by fixation of the complement as compared with the corresponding chains of the native hemoglobin. In spite of the immunochemical differences between Phe-Hb and hemoglobin, the complement fixation ability was shown to be the same in Phe-Hb, AE-Hb and hemoglobin; this phenomenon suggests that formation of the antigenic determinant in Phe-Hb occurs at the level of quaternary structure.

[Pathogenetic mechanisms of the so-called astronauts' anemia]. / Mekhanizmy patogeneza tak nazyvaemoi anemii astronavtov.

The authors analyze the literature data published in the last 20 years on clinical, laboratory, physiological, hematological and biochemical evidence obtained at preflight and postflight examinations of astronauts and experimental animals who spent 5-12 months in space. After space flights the astronauts exhibited a noticeable decrease in red cell mass, in reticulocyte count, hemoglobin and erythropoietin levels (associated with hypochromia and hyposideremia). This condition of erythron in microgravity is termed astronauts' anemia. The authors consider such anemia as an adaptive erythrocytopenic microgravity syndrome with complicated pathogenesis and suggest its model in the form of acquired transitory thalassemia.

[The main indicators of the erythrocyte system in infants in the Baikal region]. / Vazhneishie pokazateli éritrotsitarnoi sistemy u detei rannego vozrasta v Zabaikal'e.

A total of 440 clinically normal children aged from 1 month to 1 year, whose parents are indigenes of the Zabaikalye, were investigated to elucidate the influence of the climatic conditions of the Zabaikalye on the erythrocytic system state. It has been found that the total number of red blood cells, the mean volume of cells containing fetal hemoglobin and methemoglobin, and the number of highly-resistant, i.e. young, red cells, are increased in the children of the Zabaikalye, as compared to those living under conditions of a moderate climate. Methemoglobin reductase activity in them is decreased. The data obtained have evidenced that under conditions of chronic hypoxia erythropoiesis in children living in the Zabaikalye is in the state of high tension.

[Iron metabolism in anemia patients with no deficiency of iron reserves]. / Osobennosti obmena zheleza u bol'nykh s anemiei, protekaiushchei bez defitsita zapasov zheleza.

Iron metabolism was studied in anemia patients with no iron deficiency. The data obtained have suggested that iron transport to blood-synthesizing cells i disturbed in such patients with normal iron reserves. Basing on the study of iron metabolism and red blood parameters in the patients after the treatment by hypoxic hypoxia it is shown that this method combined with iron therapy can be successfully used for the treatment of this form of iron deficiency anemia.

[Hereditary cyanosis caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin M in the blood: its detection, identification and properties]. / Nasledstvennye ysianozy, obuslovlennye prisutstviem v krovi anomal'nykh Hb gruppy M: vyiavlenie, identifikatsiia, svoistva.

A total of 17 cases of anomalous hemoglobin M (Hb M) were detected among subjects of varying nationalities in different regions of the USSR. The methods used for identification of Hb M Saskatoon, Hb M Boston, Hb M Iwate, Hb M Hyde Park have been described, among them--electron paramagnetic resonance. Spectral characteristics, electrophoretic mobility of these Hb in pH gradient, reaction with cyanides, thermal stability, in vitro reduction with methemoglobin reductase, isolated from donor's red blood cells, have been investigated. The functional parameters (log P50 and n) have been determined for hemolysates containing anomalous hemoglobin, as well as for chromatographically pure fractions of anomalous hemoglobins. The importance of the proper diagnosis of hemoglobinosis M has been stressed.

[Biochemical and functional characteristics of erythrocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. / Biokhimicheskie i funktsional'nye osobennosti éritrotsitov pri paroksizmal'noi nochnoi gemoglobinurii.

Hb composition in varying populations of red blood cells as well as the oxygen-transport function of hemolysates and blood were studied in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinurea (PNH). The dissociation curves obtained for oxyhemoglobin of blood and hemolysates were diphase, that denoted heterogeneity of Hb content and appearance of Hb with high O2 affinity in the blood of PNH patients. Isoelectrofocusing permitted detection of two additional fractions X1 and X2. The immunochemical method was used to show that X1 fraction was semi-Hb, and X2 fraction, by its physicochemical properties, was affined to Hb conformer--Hb precursor during its biosynthesis. The data obtained have shown that in PNH patients a pathologic population of red blood cells with incomplete process of hemoglobin formation appears in the blood flow.

[Indicators of iron metabolism in pregnant women and infants]. / Pokazateli metabolizma zheleza u beremennykh zhenshchin i detei rannego vozrasta.

Iron metabolism parameters were studied in pregnant women in time course of trimesters depending on the pregnancy character and in newborns and infants in relation to the antenatal period. The dynamic study of serum and erythrocytic ferritins has confirmed the expediency of iron therapy during pregnancy for prevention of iron deficiency in infants. Differences detected in the rate of using iron reserves by infants of the first year of life depending on the antenatal period character have necessitated an individual approach to preventive iron therapy.

[Transferrin iron-binding capacity in hypersideremia]. / K voprosu ob obshchei zhelezosviazyvaiushchei sposobnosti transferrina pri gipersideremiiakh.

Three methods for evaluation of serum iron-binding capacity have been described: biochemical, immunological based on transferrin assay, and biophysical based on electron-paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of transferrin. Interrelation has been shown between transferrin and general serum iron-binding capacity. Basing on the data presented it is suggested that in secondary hemochromatosis plasma contains an iron pool that is not specifically bound with transferrin, while in primary hemochromatosis such pool was not detected.