Circadian regulation of the GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN gene by the master clock protein CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1 is important for plant innate immunity.

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of temporal regulation of pathogen defense by the circadian clock. However, our understanding of the molecular basis underlying this role of the circadian clock is still in its infancy. We report here the mechanism by which the Arabidopsis master clock protein CCA1 regulates an output target gene GRP7 for its circadian expression and function in pathogen defense. Our data firmly establish that CCA1 physically associates with the GRP7 promoter via the predicted CCA1-binding motif, evening element (EE). A site-directed mutagenesis study showed that while individual EE motifs differentially contribute to robust circadian expression of GRP7, abolishing all four EE motifs in the proximal GRP7 promoter disrupts rhythmicity of GRP7 expression and results in misalignment of defense signaling mediated by GRP7 and altered pathogen responses. This study provides a mechanistic link of the circadian regulation of an output gene to its biological function in pathogen defense, underscoring the importance of temporal control of plant innate immunity.

LUX ARRHYTHMO mediates crosstalk between the circadian clock and defense in Arabidopsis.

The circadian clock is known to regulate plant innate immunity but the underlying mechanism of this regulation remains largely unclear. We show here that mutations in the core clock component LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) disrupt circadian regulation of stomata under free running and Pseudomonas syringae challenge conditions as well as defense signaling mediated by SA and JA, leading to compromised disease resistance. RNA-seq analysis reveals that both clock- and defense-related genes are regulated by LUX. LUX binds to clock gene promoters that have not been shown before, expanding the clock gene networks that require LUX function. LUX also binds to the promoters of EDS1 and JAZ5, likely acting through these genes to affect SA- and JA-signaling. We further show that JA signaling reciprocally affects clock activity. Thus, our data support crosstalk between the circadian clock and plant innate immunity and imply an important role of LUX in this process.

Relación de la evolución preingreso e iniciación del consumo en adictos al alcohol y cocaína / Relation of the evolution before entering the hospital and starting consumption in alcohol and cocaine addicts

Todas las culturas y sociedades han consumido y utilizado las drogas con fines muy distintos. El alcoholismo constituye la más relevante toxicomanía de nuestros días, y la cocaína es la sustancia psicoactiva más frecuente consumida tras el alcohol, el tabaco y el Cannabis. Esto motivó a realizar una investigación en la que se pueda determinar el comportamiento de la evolución preingreso e iniciación del consumo a la droga en alcohólicos y cocainómanos, y la manera en que se relacionan comparativamente, porque los autores experimentaron la relevancia de estas variables en la aparición de las adicciones.En el estudio se incluyeron 172 pacientes masculinos, 37 cocainómanos y 135 alcohólicos ingresados en el Hospital Psiquiátrico de La Habana Comandante Dr Eduardo Bernabé Ordaz Ducungé. Se aplicaron instrumentos específicos y entrevistas estructuradas validadas, y se utilizó en el análisis estadístico la prueba t, Chi-cuadrado y Odds Ratio, con un nivel de significación del 5 por ciento. Las variables seleccionadas fueron: evolución preingreso de la toxicomanía actual, factores inductores en la iniciación del consumo, factores inductores en el lugar de la iniciación y factores proveedores en la iniciación al consumo. La evolución preingreso de los pacientes de ambas toxicomanías presentó características diferentes extremadamente significativas; los pacientes cocainómanos presentaron un deterioro bio-psico-social muy rápido, y los alcohólicos presentaron el deterioro más lentamente. Los factores inductores al consumo de la sustancia, el lugar de iniciación de la toxicomanía y los factores proveedores, presentaron características muy distintas en las dos toxicomanías estudiadas.

All the cultures and societies have consumed and used the drugs with very different objectives. Nowadays, the alcoholism is the most relevant drug addiction, and the cocaine is the most frequently consumed psycho-active substance after the alcohol, the tobacco and the cannabis. These motivated the authors to carry out a research in which they could determine the behavior of the evolution before entering the hospital and the beginning of the drug consumption in alcoholics and cocaine consumers, and the way they comparatively relate, because the authors experimented the relevance of these variables in the beginning of these addictions.There were included 172 male patients in the research, 37 cocaine addicted and 135 alcoholics who entered La Habana Psychiatric Hospital Comandante Dr Eduardo Bernabé Ordaz Ducungé. They applied specific instruments and validated structured interviews, and used the t test, Chi-squared and Odd ratios, with a signification level of 5 per cent. The selected variables were: evolution of the current addiction before entering the hospital, factors leading to the consumption beginning, inducing factors in the place where consumption began, and providing factors in the consumption beginning. The evolution of the patients of both addictions before entering the hospital showed different and extremely significant characteristics; the cocaine addicted patients had a very fast bio-psycho- social decline, and the alcoholics had a slower decline. The factors inducing the drug addiction, the place where the addiction began and the providing factors had very different characteristics in both studied addictions.