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The introduction of thrombolytic therapy in the 1990s has transformed acute ischemic stroke treatment. Thus far, intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) also known as alteplase is the only thrombolytic proven to be efficacious and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. But the thrombolytic agent tenecteplase (TNK) is emerging as a potential replacement for rt-PA. TNK has greater fibrin specificity, slower clearance, and higher resistance to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 than rt-PA. Hence, TNK has the potential to provide superior lysis with fewer hemorrhagic complications. Also, easier bolus-only administration makes TNK a very practical rt-PA alternative. In several clinical trials, TNK has shown similar efficacy and safety to rt-PA, and the potential to be at least noninferior to rt-PA in some settings. TNK may be superior to rt-PA for reperfusing large vessel occlusions in patients with salvageable penumbra, although this has not yet translated to improved clinical outcomes. Further phase 3 studies are in progress comparing rt-PA with TNK for acute ischemic stroke during the first 4.5 hours. Studies are also in progress to evaluate the use of TNK for extended applications, such as wake-up stroke.
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Isquemia Encefálica , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Tenecteplase/uso terapêutico , Terapia Trombolítica , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
As the human population continues to age, an increasing number of people will exhibit significant deficits in cognitive function and dementia. It is now recognized that cerebrovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases all play major roles in the evolution of cognitive impairment and dementia. Thus with our more recent recognition of these relationships and our need to understand and more positively impact on this world health problem, "The Leo and Anne Albert Charitable Trust" (Gene Pranzo, Trustee with significant support from Susan Brogan, Meeting Planner) provided generous support for this inaugural international workshop that was held from April 13-16, 2015 at the beautiful Ritz Carlton Golf Resort in North Naples, Florida. Researchers from SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY organized the event by selecting the present group of translationally inclined preclinical, clinical and population scientists focused on cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk and its progression to vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementia. Participants at the workshop addressed important issues related to aging, cognition and dementia by: (1) sharing new data, information and perspectives that intersect vascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, (2) discussing gaps in translating population risk, clinical and preclinical information to the progression of cognitive loss, and (3) debating new approaches and methods to fill these gaps that can translate into future therapeutic interventions. Participants agreed on topics for group discussion prior to the meeting and focused on specific translational goals that included promoting better understanding of dementia mechanisms, the identification of potential therapeutic targets for intervention, and discussed/debated the potential utility of diagnostic/prognostic markers. Below summarizes the new data-presentations, concepts, novel directions and specific discussion topics addressed by this international translational team at our "First Leo and Anne Albert Charitable Trust 'Think Tank' VCI workshop".
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Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/complicações , Transtornos Cognitivos/complicações , Demência/complicações , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Camundongos , RatosRESUMO
In microarray studies alterations in gene expression in circulating leukocytes have shown utility for ischemic stroke diagnosis. We studied forty candidate markers identified in three gene expression profiles to (1) quantitate individual transcript expression, (2) identify transcript clusters and (3) assess the clinical diagnostic utility of the clusters identified for ischemic stroke detection. Using high throughput next generation qPCR 16 of the 40 transcripts were significantly up-regulated in stroke patients relative to control subjects (p<0.05). Six clusters of between 5 and 7 transcripts were identified that discriminated between stroke and control (p values between 1.01e-9 and 0.03). A 7 transcript cluster containing PLBD1, PYGL, BST1, DUSP1, FOS, VCAN and FCGR1A showed high accuracy for stroke classification (AUC=0.854). These results validate and improve upon the diagnostic value of transcripts identified in microarray studies for ischemic stroke. The clusters identified show promise for acute ischemic stroke detection.
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Isquemia Encefálica/genética , Família Multigênica , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/genética , Transcriptoma , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase/genética , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase/metabolismo , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fosfatase 1 de Especificidade Dupla/genética , Fosfatase 1 de Especificidade Dupla/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/genética , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Glicogênio Fosforilase Hepática/genética , Glicogênio Fosforilase Hepática/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fosfolipase D/genética , Fosfolipase D/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/genética , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/metabolismo , Versicanas/genética , Versicanas/metabolismoRESUMO
We report the design and performance of a polymer microfluidic device that can affinity select multiple types of biological cells simultaneously with sufficient recovery and purity to allow for the expression profiling of mRNA isolated from these cells. The microfluidic device consisted of four independent selection beds with curvilinear channels that were 25 µm wide and 80 µm deep and were modified with antibodies targeting antigens specifically expressed by two different cell types. Bifurcated and Z-configured device geometries were evaluated for cell selection. As an example of the performance of these devices, CD4+ T-cells and neutrophils were selected from whole blood as these cells are known to express genes found in stroke-related expression profiles that can be used for the diagnosis of this disease. CD4+ T-cells and neutrophils were simultaneously isolated with purities >90% using affinity-based capture in cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) devices with a processing time of â¼3 min. In addition, sufficient quantities of the cells could be recovered from a 50 µL whole blood input to allow for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) following cell lysis. The expression of genes from isolated T-cells and neutrophils, such as S100A9, TCRB, and FPR1, was evaluated using RT-PCR. The modification and isolation procedures demonstrated here can also be used to analyze other cell types as well where multiple subsets must be interrogated.
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Subpopulações de Linfócitos/química , Microfluídica/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , 2-Propanol/química , Alcenos/química , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/química , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/metabolismo , Separação Celular/métodos , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Indicadores e Reagentes , Neutrófilos/química , Polímeros , Polimetil Metacrilato/química , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/isolamento & purificação , Hidróxido de Sódio/química , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologiaRESUMO
AIM: To test whether the number of teeth, an inverse proxy for composite oral infection scores is associated with better survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Kuopio Oral Health and Heart study initiated a case-control study in 1995-1996 consisting of 256 consecutive coronary artery disease patients and 250 age and gender-matched controls. We appended the mortality data and formulated a longitudinal study. By May 31st, 2011, 124 mortalities had occurred and 80 of which were of cardiovascular origin. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we assessed the association of the teeth group (Teethgrp) - consisting of 10 teeth - with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality after 15.8 years of median follow-up. RESULTS: In multivariate models, with the edentulous state as reference, one level increase in Teethgrp was associated with significantly increased survival from cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality with a Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.73, p-value = 0.02 but not with all-cause mortality (HR = 0.87, p = 0.13). The findings were not mediated by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels ≥3 mg/L or by median fibrinogen levels, but were mediated by CRP levels >5 mg/L. CONCLUSION: Each increment of 10 teeth from the edentulous state was associated with a 27% improved CVD survival, independent of low-grade systemic inflammation.
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Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/mortalidade , Dentição , Fibrinogênio/análise , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Cálculos Dentários/epidemiologia , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Finlândia/epidemiologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Boca Edêntula/epidemiologia , Doenças Periapicais/epidemiologia , Pericoronite/epidemiologia , Doenças Periodontais/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fumar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Associations between the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) gene A1166C polymorphism and hypertension, aortic abdominal aneurysms (as a risk factor) as well as cardiovascular disorders (as a risk factor and an outcome predictor) have been demonstrated. We aimed to investigate the role of this polymorphism as risk factors and outcome predictors in primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH) and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We have prospectively recruited 1078 Polish participants to the study: 261 PICH patients, 392 aSAH patients, and 425 unrelated control subjects. The A1166C AGTR1 gene polymorphism was studied using the tetra-primer ARMS-PCR method. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared with other ethnically different populations. The A1166C polymorphism was not associated with the risk of PICH or aSAH. Among the aSAH patients the AA genotype was associated with a good outcome, defined by a Glasgow Outcome Scale of 4 or 5 (p<0.02). The distribution of A1166C genotypes in our cohort did not differ from other white or other populations of European descent. In conclusion, we found an association between the A1166C AGTR1 polymorphism and outcome of aSAH patients, but not with the risk of PICH or aSAH.
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Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/genética , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/epidemiologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Background: Rapid and accurate acute ischemic stroke (AIS) diagnosis is needed to expedite emergent thrombolytic and mechanical thrombectomy treatment. Changes in blood-based protein biomarkers during the first 24 h of AIS, the time window for treatment, could complement imaging techniques and facilitate rapid diagnosis and treatment. Methods: We performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies comparing levels of blood-based protein biomarkers in AIS patients with levels in healthy controls and stroke mimics. Protein biomarkers from the following pathophysiological categories were included: neurovascular inflammation (MMP-9, TNF-alpha), endothelial integrity (VCAM-1, ICAM-1), cell migration (E-Selectin, P-Selectin, L-Selectin), markers of glial and neuronal origin (GFAP, S100, S100B, NSE), and cardiac dysfunction (BNP, NT-proBNP). The literature search was limited to English-language publications before November 7th, 2023. Results: A total of 61 studies from 20 different countries were identified, which included in total, 4,644 AIS patients, 2,242 stroke mimics, and 2,777 controls. Studies investigating TNF-alpha, MMP-9, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-Selectin, L-Selectin, GFAP, NSE, and S100B showed pronounced methodological heterogeneity, making between-study comparisons difficult. However, in 80% of NT-proBNP and BNP studies, and all P-selectin studies, higher biomarker levels were observed in AIS patients compared to healthy controls and/or patients with stroke mimics. Conclusion: None of the biomarkers included showed sufficient evidence for additional diagnostic benefit for AIS. Comprehensive standardized global multicenter studies are needed to (1) permit comparability, (2) enable valid statements about protein-based biomarkers, and (3) reflect real-world scenarios.
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Expression analysis of mRNAs transcribed from certain genes can be used as important sources of biomarkers for in vitro diagnostics. While the use of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) can provide excellent analytical sensitivity for monitoring transcript numbers, more sensitive approaches for expression analysis that can report results in near real-time are needed for many critical applications. We report a novel assay that can provide exquisite limits-of-quantitation and consists of reverse transcription (RT) followed by a ligase detection reaction (LDR) with single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (spFRET) to provide digital readout through molecular counting. For this assay, no PCR was employed, which enabled short assay turnaround times. To facilitate implementation of the assay, a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) microchip, which was fabricated using hot embossing, was employed to carry out the LDR in a continuous flow format with online single-molecule detection following the LDR. As demonstrators of the assay's utility, MMP-7 mRNA was expression profiled from several colorectal cancer cell lines. It was found that the RT-LDR/spFRET assay produced highly linear calibration plots even in the low copy number regime. Comparison to RT-qPCR indicated a better linearity over the low copy number range investigated (10-10,000 copies) with an R(2) = 0.9995 for RT-LDR/spFRET and R(2) = 0.98 for RT-qPCR. In addition, differentiating between copy numbers of 10 and 50 could be performed with higher confidence using RT-LDR/spFRET. To demonstrate the short assay turnaround times obtainable using the RT-LDR/spFRET assay, a two thermal cycle LDR was carried out on amphiphysin gene transcripts that can serve as important diagnostic markers for ischemic stroke. The ability to supply diagnostic information on possible stroke events in short turnaround times using RT-LDR/spFRET will enable clinicians to treat patients effectively with appropriate time-sensitive therapeutics.
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Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Calibragem , Metaloproteinase 7 da Matriz/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Recent developments of new direct oral anticoagulants that target specific clotting factors necessitate understanding of coagulation biology. The objective of this tutorial is to offer dental professionals a review of coagulation mechanisms and the pharmacodynamics of the conventional and new oral anticoagulants. Also, we summarized the dental implications of the conventional and new anticoagulants. METHOD: We searched Medline using search terms "antithrombotic", "antihemostasis" or "anticoagulation" and combined them with the search results of "dental", "oral surgery" or "periodontal". We restricted the results to "human" and "English". RESULTS: The early coagulation cascade, the new cell-based coagulation model, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of conventional antithrombotics, and new oral anticoagulants were reviewed. The new direct factor Xa inhibitors and the direct thrombin inhibitor (s), called direct oral anticoagulants (DOAs) have rapid onset of action, fast elimination on cessation, and fewer drug-drug or drug-food interactions than warfarin. However, the lack of antidotes raises concerns that some dental procedures may trigger serious hemorrhagic events. Additionally, careful perioperative withdrawal and resumption protocols for the DOAs are reviewed, because DOAs' blood levels are dependent on renal function. Also, various reversal strategies in the event of excessive bleedings are summarized. Perioperative management of dental patients taking new DOAs and conventional oral anticoagulants are also discussed. However, the perioperative strategies for DOAs are yet to be validated in randomized trials.
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Fibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Bucais , Administração Oral , Fibrinolíticos/efeitos adversos , Hemorragia/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Aim(s) We tested the following hypotheses: would better oral hygiene self-care (OHS) influence cardiovascular (CVD) mortality? Will using mouthwash in addition to OHS affect CVD mortality? How does mouthwash usage impact the oral microbes?Design and methods Among 354 dentate subjects from the Kuopio Oral Health and Heart study, the association of OHS with CVD mortality was assessed using Cox regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension and education. Additionally, whether using mouthwash would affect this relationship was evaluated.Results In the multivariable-adjusted models, OHS was associated with a 51% reduction in the risk of CVD mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.49 [0.28-0.85]; p = 0.01). Even those who had coronary artery disease at baseline showed a marginally significant benefit (0.50 [0.24-1.06]; p = 0.07). However, mouthwash usage did not change OHS effects (HR = 0.49 [0.27-0.87]; p = 0.01), indicating no additional benefits nor detriments. All tested microbes trended to decrease with mouthwash usage in the short term, but none were statistically significant.Conclusion Good OHS significantly lowered the risk of CVD mortality relative to poor OHS. Mouthwash usage did not show any long-term harm or benefit on CVD mortality beyond the benefits rendered by brushing and flossing.
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The most prevalent symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition are pulmonary dysfunction, fatigue and muscle weakness, anxiety, anosmia, dysgeusia, headaches, difficulty in concentrating, sexual dysfunction, and digestive disturbances. Hence, neurological dysfunction and autonomic impairments predominate in post-COVID-19 condition. Tachykinins including the most studied substance P are neuropeptides expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems, and contribute to many physiopathological processes in the nervous, immune, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital, and dermal systems and participate in inflammation, nociception, and cell proliferation. Substance P is a key molecule in neuroimmune crosstalk; immune cells near the peripheral nerve endings can send signals to the brain with cytokines, which highlights the important role of tachykinins in neuroimmune communication. We reviewed the evidence that relates the symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition to the functions of tachykinins and propose a putative pathogenic mechanism. The antagonism of tachykinins receptors can be a potential treatment target.
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COVID-19 , Neuropeptídeos , Humanos , Substância P/fisiologia , Taquicininas/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeos/fisiologia , Receptores de TaquicininasRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although low levels of adiponectin are associated with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors, it is unclear whether adiponectin levels are related to the risk of developing ischemic stroke. METHODS: We examined the relationship between baseline high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin levels and incident ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women using data and specimens from the Hormones and Biomarkers Predicting Stroke Study, a case-control study nested within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Included were 855 incident ischemic stroke cases and 855 control subjects matched for age, race-ethnicity, date of entry into the cohort, and follow-up time. ORs of incident ischemic stroke associated with baseline HMW adiponectin levels were calculated using conditional logistic regression modeling adjusting for body mass index, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, smoking, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, physical activity, C-reactive protein, and aspirin use. RESULTS: Lower levels of HMW adiponectin were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, higher body mass index, waist circumference, glucose, and insulin levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The distribution of incident stroke cases by HMW adiponectin quartiles was 49.9%, 50.5%, 50.7%, and 48.9%, respectively (P=0.96). Multivariable-adjusted ORs of stroke associated with the top 3 quartiles of HMW adiponectin versus the first quartile were 0.99 (95% CI, 0.71 to 1.37), 1.37 (0.99 to 1.91), and 1.25 (0.88 to 1.79), respectively (P trend=0.14). CONCLUSIONS: Despite moderate associations between HMW adiponectin and cardiovascular disease risk factors, we found no evidence of an association between HMW adiponectin levels and incident ischemic stroke in these postmenopausal women.
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Adiponectina/sangue , Isquemia Encefálica/sangue , Isquemia Encefálica/epidemiologia , Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/sangue , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
Stroke remains the third most important cause of mortality in industrialized countries; this has prompted research for improvements in both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with signs of acute cerebral ischemia. Over the last decade, there has been a parallel in progress in techniques in both diagnostic and therapeutic options. While previously only used for excluding hemorrhage, imaging now has the possibility to detect ischemia, vascular occlusion, as well as detect tissue at risk in one setting. It should also allow to monitor treatment and predict/exclude therapeutic complications. Parallel to advances in magnetic resonance imaging of stroke, computed tomography has improved immensely over the last decade due to the development of CT scanners that are faster and that allow to acquire studies such as CT perfusion or CT angiography in a reliable way. CT can detect many signs that might help us detect impending signs of massive infarction, but we still lack the experience to use these alone to prevent a patient from benefitting from possible therapy.
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Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Doença Aguda , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia Cerebral/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Salivary lysozyme (SLZ) is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by oral leucocytes and contains a domain that has an affinity to advanced glycation end products (AGE). Thus, we hypothesized that SLZ would be associated with metabolic syndrome (metS), a pro-inflammatory state. METHODS: Utilizing cross-sectional data from 250 coronary artery disease (CAD) and 250 non-CAD patients, the association of SLZ with metS was tested by logistic regression analyses controlling for age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The analyses were stratified by CAD status to control for the possible effects of CAD. RESULTS: MetS was found in 122 persons. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for metS associated with the highest quartile of SLZ was 1.95 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-3.12, p-value=0.007, compared with the lower three quartiles combined. Among the 40 subjects with metS but without CAD, the OR was 1.63 (CI: 0.64-4.15, p=0.31), whereas in the CAD group, SLZ was significantly associated with metS [OR=1.96 (1.09-3.52), p=0.02]. In both subgroups, CRP was not significantly associated with metS. CONCLUSION: SLZ was significantly associated with metS (OR=1.95) independent of CRP level. Future longitudinal research is warranted.
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Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Muramidase/análise , Saliva/enzimologia , Proteínas e Peptídeos Salivares/análise , Fatores Etários , Glicemia/análise , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/metabolismo , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Fumar/sangue , Fumar/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: There is a short time window (4.5 h) for the effective treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which uses recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Unfortunately, this short therapeutic timeframe is a contributing factor to the relatively small number of patients (~7%) that receive rt-PA. While neuroimaging is the major diagnostic for AIS, more timely decisions could be made using a molecular diagnostic. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we survey neuroimaging techniques used to diagnose stroke and their limitations. We also highlight the potential of various molecular/cellular biomarkers, especially peripheral blood-based (i.e. liquid biopsy) biomarkers, for diagnosing stroke to allow for precision decisions on managing stroke in a timely manner. Both protein and nucleic acid molecular biomarkers are reviewed. In particular, mRNA markers are discussed for AIS and hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis sourced from both cells and extracellular vesicles. EXPERT OPINION: While there are a plethora of molecular markers for stroke diagnosis that have been reported, they have yet to be FDA-cleared. Possible reasons include the inability for these markers to appear in sufficient quantities for highly sensitive clinical decisions within the rt-PA therapeutic time.
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Biomarcadores , Biópsia Líquida/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Células Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Gerenciamento Clínico , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imagem Multimodal/métodos , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Transcriptoma , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Currently there is no in vitro diagnostic test for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), yet rapid diagnosis is crucial for effective thrombolytic treatment. We previously demonstrated the utility of CD8(+) T-cells' mRNA expression for AIS detection; however extracellular vesicles (EVs) were not evaluated as a source of mRNA for AIS testing. We now report a microfluidic device for the rapid and efficient affinity-enrichment of CD8(+) EVs and subsequent EV's mRNA analysis using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The microfluidic device contains a dense array of micropillars modified with anti-CD8α monoclonal antibodies that enriched 158 ± 10 nm sized EVs at 4.3 ± 2.1 × 109 particles/100 µL of plasma. Analysis of mRNA from CD8(+) EVs and their parental T-cells revealed correlation in the expression for AIS-specific genes in both cell lines and healthy donors. In a blinded study, 80% test positivity for AIS patients and controls was revealed with a total analysis time of 3.7 h.
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Vesículas Extracelulares/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , AVC Isquêmico/diagnóstico , Dispositivos Lab-On-A-Chip , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Linfócitos TRESUMO
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health problem in the United States and around the world. Evidence accumulated over decades convincingly demonstrates that family history in a parent or a sibling is associated with atherosclerotic CVD, manifested as coronary heart disease, stroke, and/or peripheral arterial disease. Although there are several mendelian disorders that contribute to CVD, most common forms of CVD are believed to be multifactorial and to result from many genes, each with a relatively small effect working alone or in combination with modifier genes and/or environmental factors. The identification and the characterization of these genes and their modifiers would enhance prediction of CVD risk and improve prevention, treatment, and quality of care. This scientific statement describes the approaches researchers are using to advance understanding of the genetic basis of CVD and details the current state of knowledge regarding the genetics of myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic CVD, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. Current areas of interest and investigation--including gene-environment interaction, pharmacogenetics, and genetic counseling--are also discussed. The statement concludes with a list of specific recommendations intended to help incorporate usable knowledge into current clinical and public health practice, foster and guide future research, and prepare both researchers and practitioners for the changes likely to occur as molecular genetics moves from the laboratory to clinic.
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Aterosclerose/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Genética Médica , Genoma Humano , American Hospital Association , Doenças Cardiovasculares/terapia , Humanos , Infarto do Miocárdio/genética , Fenótipo , Sociedades Médicas , Sociedades Científicas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Accurate diagnosis of the degree of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis is needed for decisions regarding optimal stroke prevention. Noninvasive magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is being proposed and used as a replacement for the gold standard, intra-arterial angiography. Our purpose was to perform a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis to determine the sensitivity and specificity of time-of-flight (TOF) MRA and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA for the detection of (1) high-grade (> or = 70% to 99%) ICA stenoses; (2) ICA occlusions; (3) moderately severe (50% to 69%) ICA stenoses; and (4) compare the overall accuracy of the 2 MRA techniques. METHODS: The medical literature on MRA and the diagnosis of ICA steno-occlusive disease was reviewed through the PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases. All publication years were included through to November 2006. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they compared the accuracy of TOF or CE MRA for the detection of ICA disease against intra-arterial angiography and reported sufficient data. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of TOF MRA for the detection of > or = 70% to 99% ICA stenoses was 91.2% (95% CI: 88.9% to 93.1%) with a specificity of 88.3% (86.7% to 89.7%), whereas the sensitivity of CE MRA was 94.6% (92.4% to 96.4%) with a specificity of 91.9% (90.3% to 93.4%). For the detection of ICA occlusions, the sensitivity of TOF MRA was 94.5% (91.2% to 96.8%) and the specificity was 99.3% (98.9% to 99.6%), whereas the sensitivity and specificity values for CE MRA were 99.4% (96.8% to 100%) and 99.6% (99.2% to 99.9%), respectively. For moderately severe (50% to 69%) stenoses, TOF MRA had a sensitivity of only 37.9% (29.3% to 47.1%) and a specificity of 92.1% (89.6% to 94.1%); for CE MRA, the pooled sensitivity value was somewhat better at 65.9% (57.0% to 74.0%), whereas the specificity was 93.5% (91.3% to 95.3%). CONCLUSIONS: TOF MRA and CE MRA showed high accuracy for the detection of high-grade ICA stenoses and occlusions with CE MRA having the edge over TOF MRA, but had only poor (TOF MRA) to fair (CE MRA) sensitivity for the detection of moderately severe stenoses.
Assuntos
Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/patologia , Artéria Carótida Interna/patologia , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Walking speed is a simple, reliable, and valid measure of functional status that has been shown to be strongly correlated with age-related outcomes and may be an indicator of subclinical cerebrovascular disease. However, few studies have investigated the association of walking speed with risk of incident ischemic stroke. METHODS: The present analyses included 13,048 postmenopausal women (mean age 65 years) from the Women's Health Initiative free of stroke at baseline, 264 of whom had incident ischemic strokes on follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the relationship between performance on a timed walk and risk of incident ischemic stroke. Multivariate adjustment included age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, depression, arthritis, hypertension, smoking, systolic blood pressure, treated diabetes, hormone use, NSAID use, aspirin use, self-reported general health, and history of coronary heart disease. RESULTS: Slower walking speed was a significant predictor of incident ischemic stroke. After multivariate adjustment, the hazard for incident ischemic stroke was increased for the slowest walking speed tertile compared to the fastest walking speed tertile (HR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.36). Additional adjustment for other physical function variables (grip strength and chair stands) did not change the association significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Slow walking speed was found to be a strong predictor of increased risk of incident ischemic stroke among postmenopausal women independent of other established risk factors for stroke.