Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization.

Two-dimensional Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (2D FTICR) mass spectrometry is a developing form of data-independent acquisition that allows for the simultaneous fragmentation and correlation of fragment ions to their precursors across a range of m/z values. The modern usage of 2D FTICR is performed using electrospray ionization (ESI) as the dried droplet preparation for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) does not produce a consistent packet of ions over a number of scans. This work uses pneumatic spray techniques from mass spectrometry imaging to create a homogeneous surface for use with MALDI as an ionization source for 2D FTICR. A mixture of peptides and matrix was deposited onto a glass slide using an HTX pneumatic sprayer. MALDI was then used to ionize the peptide mixture for use with a standard 2D FTICR pulse sequence. The generated 2D spectrum reveals comparable structural information to spectra collected in a 1D experiment. Artifacts observed in the collected 2D MALDI spectra do not significantly differ from those expected from 2D ESI spectra.

Are we ready to track climate-driven shifts in marine species across international boundaries? - A global survey of scientific bottom trawl data.

Marine biota are redistributing at a rapid pace in response to climate change and shifting seascapes. While changes in fish populations and community structure threaten the sustainability of fisheries, our capacity to adapt by tracking and projecting marine species remains a challenge due to data discontinuities in biological observations, lack of data availability, and mismatch between data and real species distributions. To assess the extent of this challenge, we review the global status and accessibility of ongoing scientific bottom trawl surveys. In total, we gathered metadata for 283,925 samples from 95 surveys conducted regularly from 2001 to 2019. We identified that 59% of the metadata collected are not publicly available, highlighting that the availability of data is the most important challenge to assess species redistributions under global climate change. Given that the primary purpose of surveys is to provide independent data to inform stock assessment of commercially important populations, we further highlight that single surveys do not cover the full range of the main commercial demersal fish species. An average of 18 surveys is needed to cover at least 50% of species ranges, demonstrating the importance of combining multiple surveys to evaluate species range shifts. We assess the potential for combining surveys to track transboundary species redistributions and show that differences in sampling schemes and inconsistency in sampling can be overcome with spatio-temporal modeling to follow species density redistributions. In light of our global assessment, we establish a framework for improving the management and conservation of transboundary and migrating marine demersal species. We provide directions to improve data availability and encourage countries to share survey data, to assess species vulnerabilities, and to support management adaptation in a time of climate-driven ocean changes.

Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry of N-Linked Glycopeptides.

Glycosylation is a common modification across living organisms and plays a central role in understanding biological systems and disease. Our ability to probe the gylcome has grown exponentially in the past several decades. However, further improvements to the analytical toolbox available to researchers would allow for increased capabilities to probe structure and function of biological systems and to improve disease treatment. This article applies the developing technique of two-dimensional Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to a glycoproteomic workflow for the standard glycoproteins coral tree lectin (CTL) and bovine ribonuclease B (BRB) to demonstrate its feasibility as a tool for glycoproteomic workflows. 2D infrared multiphoton dissociation and electron capture dissociation spectra of CTL reveal comparable structural information to their 1D counterparts, confirming the site of glycosylation and monosaccharide composition of the glycan. Spectra collected in 2D of BRB reveal correlation lines of fragment ion scans and vertical precursor ion scans for data collected using infrared multiphoton dissociation and diagonal cleavage lines for data collected by electron capture dissociation. The use of similar techniques for glycoproteomic analysis may prove valuable in instances where chromatographic separation is undesirable or quadrupole isolation is insufficient.

Applications of chromatographic methods in metabolomics: A review.

Chromatography is a robust and reliable separation method that can use various stationary phases to separate complex mixtures commonly seen in metabolomics. This review examines the types of chromatography and stationary phases that have been used in targeted or untargeted metabolomics with methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. General considerations for sample pretreatment and separations in metabolomics are considered, along with the various supports and separation formats for chromatography that have been used in such work. The types of liquid chromatography (LC) that have been most extensively used in metabolomics will be examined, such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography. In addition, other forms of LC that have been used in more limited applications for metabolomics (e.g., ion-exchange, size-exclusion, and affinity methods) will be discussed to illustrate how these techniques may be utilized for new and future research in this field. Multidimensional LC methods are also discussed, as well as the use of gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography in metabolomics. In addition, the roles of chromatography in NMR- vs. MS-based metabolomics are considered. Applications are given within the field of metabolomics for each type of chromatography, along with potential advantages or limitations of these separation methods.

Portal vein embolization versus dual vein embolization for management of the future liver remnant in patients undergoing major hepatectomy: meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis aimed to compare progression to surgery, extent of liver hypertrophy, and postoperative outcomes in patients planned for major hepatectomy following either portal vein embolization (PVE) or dual vein embolization (DVE) for management of an inadequate future liver remnant (FLR). METHODS: An electronic search was performed of MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed databases using both medical subject headings (MeSH) and truncated word searches. Articles comparing PVE with DVE up to January 2022 were included. Articles comparing sequential DVE were excluded. ORs, risk ratios, and mean difference (MD) were calculated using fixed and random-effects models for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eight retrospective studies including 523 patients were included in the study. Baseline characteristics between the groups, specifically, age, sex, BMI, indication for resection, and baseline FLR (ml and per cent) were comparable. The percentage increase in hypertrophy was larger in the DVE group, 66 per cent in the DVE group versus 27 per cent in the PVE group, MD 39.07 (9.09, 69.05) (P = 0.010). Significantly fewer patients failed to progress to surgery in the DVE group than the PVE group, 13 per cent versus 25 per cent respectively OR 0.53 (0.31, 0.90) (P = 0.020). Rates of post-hepatectomy liver failure 13 per cent versus 22 per cent (P = 0.130) and major complications 20 per cent versus 28 per cent (Clavien-Dindo more than IIIa) (P = 0.280) were lower. Perioperative mortality was lower with DVE, 1 per cent versus 10 per cent (P = 0.010). CONCLUSION: DVE seems to produce a greater degree of hypertrophy of the FLR than PVE alone which translates into more patients progressing to surgery. Higher quality studies are needed to confirm these results.

A Vulnerability Assessment of Fish and Invertebrates to Climate Change on the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf.

Climate change and decadal variability are impacting marine fish and invertebrate species worldwide and these impacts will continue for the foreseeable future. Quantitative approaches have been developed to examine climate impacts on productivity, abundance, and distribution of various marine fish and invertebrate species. However, it is difficult to apply these approaches to large numbers of species owing to the lack of mechanistic understanding sufficient for quantitative analyses, as well as the lack of scientific infrastructure to support these more detailed studies. Vulnerability assessments provide a framework for evaluating climate impacts over a broad range of species with existing information. These methods combine the exposure of a species to a stressor (climate change and decadal variability) and the sensitivity of species to the stressor. These two components are then combined to estimate an overall vulnerability. Quantitative data are used when available, but qualitative information and expert opinion are used when quantitative data is lacking. Here we conduct a climate vulnerability assessment on 82 fish and invertebrate species in the Northeast U.S. Shelf including exploited, forage, and protected species. We define climate vulnerability as the extent to which abundance or productivity of a species in the region could be impacted by climate change and decadal variability. We find that the overall climate vulnerability is high to very high for approximately half the species assessed; diadromous and benthic invertebrate species exhibit the greatest vulnerability. In addition, the majority of species included in the assessment have a high potential for a change in distribution in response to projected changes in climate. Negative effects of climate change are expected for approximately half of the species assessed, but some species are expected to be positively affected (e.g., increase in productivity or move into the region). These results will inform research and management activities related to understanding and adapting marine fisheries management and conservation to climate change and decadal variability.

A statewide evaluation system for early psychosis.

OBJECTIVE: We describe a system of outcome evaluation for early psychosis programmes and present preliminary data. The Early Psychosis Outcome Evaluation System (EPOES) was designed for use in a naturalistic, prospective study of a cohort of early-episode psychosis patients. We describe patients in terms of symptoms, substance use, social functioning and family burden, and examine the effectiveness of treatment programmes. METHOD: Four sites in Perth, Western Australia, participated. Outcome was evaluated from three sources: case manager (CM), patient (P) and family member (FM). Seven clinical outcome measures were used: the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (CM), Brief Symptom Inventory (P), Substance Use (CM); Social Functioning Scale (P); Global Assessment Scale (CM); Burden Assessment Scale (FM), and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (FM). Measures were collected at intake (baseline) into a specialist early psychosis service and thereafter every 6 months until discharge from the service. RESULTS: After the first year of data capture, 84 baseline assessments have been completed, and 23 patients have been followed up at 6 months. Clinicians and patients reported significantly less psychopathology at 6 months. Sixty per cent of patients reported marijuana use within 3 months of baseline assessment, and 30% amphetamine, ecstasy or cocaine use. Increased levels of psychopathology were recorded for substance-using patients. Family members (59%) reported psychological distress at baseline; this was reduced at 6 months. Patient social functioning and family burden did not improve measurably. CONCLUSIONS: The EPOES is an effective system that provides feedback on the clinical status of early-episode psychosis patients. Both observed and self-rated psycho-pathology and family psychological distress, is improved after 6 months of intervention. Family burden and patient social functioning did not demonstrate improvement. Patient social functioning is an important area for treatment. Substance use is associated with poorer psychopathology. EPOES provides a feasible system of measuring outcome in early psychosis intervention.