Prepregnancy Obesity and Breastfeeding in the First Month of Life: A Birth Cohort.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between prepregnancy obesity and disruption of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) within the first month of life. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted among Brazilian mothers and their babies born between February and December 2017. Research was conducted in all maternity hospitals in Vitória da Conquista, Brazil. Data collection started in the maternity hospitals of the city and, subsequently, an interview was conducted during a home visit on the 30th day of the child's life. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and a log rank test was applied to compare the curves. The association between independent variables and the response variable was assessed using Cox regression, following the conceptual model created for the study. Results: The study analyzed 329 pairs of mothers and babies. The prevalence of prepregnancy obesity was 12%. The prevalence of EBF disruption in the first month of life was 41.1% in nonobese mothers (confidence interval [95% CI]: 35.3-46.9) and 52.6% in obese mothers (95% CI: 36.3-68.4), with a shorter survival time among mothers with prepregnancy obesity (log rank p < 0.05). The risk of EBF disruption in the first month of life was 83% higher among mothers with prepregnancy obesity, after adjusting for confounding variables-demographic, socioeconomic, prenatal maternal data, and childbirth variables (hazard ratio = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.08-3.11). Conclusions: We observed an association between pregestational obesity and disruption of EBF in the first month of life. This finding reinforces the need for a thorough professional approach to the practice of breastfeeding in this population in the prenatal period as well as early puerperium.

[Introduction of ultra-processed foods and associated factors among children under six months of age in the Southwest of the state of Bahia, Brazil]. / Introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças menores de seis meses no sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil.

The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors with the introduction of ultra-processed food (UPF) among children under six months of age living in the southwest of Bahia state. This is an excerpt from a prospective cohort study conducted with pairs of mothers/babies. The introduction of UPF was defined by the intake of at least one UPF before the age of six months. Socioeconomic, maternal, paternal, gestational, and child-related information was gathered by the application of questionnaires. To analyze the factors associated with the outcome, Poisson regression was performed according to a hierarchical model. P-value<0.05 and 95% confidence interval are considered. A total of 300 mother/baby pairs were evaluated. Before 6 months, 31.3% of children have already received UPF. With greater introduction of cookies/biscuits (23.3%) and yogurt (14.3%). The introduction of UPF before six months of age was higher among families with lower income (p=0.038), lower maternal education (p=0.031), lower maternal (p=0.017) and paternal (p=0.013) age, among children who had cow's milk <6 months (p<0.001) and tea <30 days (p=0.005). The results demonstrate the need for interventions aimed at reducing the introduction of UPF, especially for low-income families, with less education and among younger parents.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência e os fatores de risco para a introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) em crianças menores de seis meses residentes em um município do sudoeste da Bahia. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo coorte prospectiva realizado com duplas de mães/bebês. A introdução de AUP foi definida pela ingestão de pelo menos um AUP antes dos seis meses de vida. As informações socioeconômicas, maternas, paternas, gestacionais e relacionadas a criança foram obtidas por meio da aplicação de questionários. Para análise dos fatores associados ao desfecho foi realizada regressão de Poisson de acordo com um modelo hierárquico. Foram avaliadas 300 duplas de mães/bebês. Antes dos 6 meses, 31,3% das crianças já haviam recebido AUP. Houve maior frequência de introdução de bolacha/biscoito (23,3%) e petit suísse (14,3%). A introdução de AUP antes dos seis meses de vida foi maior entre famílias com menor renda (p=0,038), menor escolaridade materna (p=0,031), menor idade materna (p=0,017) e paterna (p=0,013), em criança que receberam leite de vaca antes dos 6 meses (p<0,001) e chá antes dos 30 dias (p=0,005). Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de intervenções voltadas para redução da introdução de AUP, principalmente para famílias de baixa renda, com menor grau de instrução e entre pais mais jovens.

Assessment of stress and associated factors in employees of a public higher education institution.

Introduction: Occupational stress is considered as the negative imbalance between work demands and resources, and it can generate consequences to an individual's health and interfere with his or her quality of life. Objectives: To investigate stress and its associated factors among employees of a higher education institution through a cross-sectional study (at the baseline of a longitudinal study) including 176 individuals aged 18 years or older. Sociodemographic characteristics related to physical surroundings, lifestyle, working conditions, and health and illness were tested as explanatory variables. Methods: Stress was estimated using prevalence rate, prevalence ratio (PR), and a 95% confidence interval. For a multivariate analysis, we employed a Poisson regression model with robust variance, where a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of stress was 22.7% (16.48-28.98). This study noticed that depressive individuals, professors, and those who self-assessed their health as poor or very poor had a positive association with stress within the studied population. Conclusions: Studies of this type are important for identifying characteristics in this population that could contribute to the planning of public policies in order to improve the quality of life of employees of public institutions.

Introdução: O estresse ocupacional é considerado como o desequilíbrio negativo entre demandas de emprego e recursos de trabalho, podendo gerar consequências à saúde e interferir na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Objetivos: Investigar o estresse e os fatores associados em funcionários de uma instituição de ensino superior, através de um estudo transversal (linha de base de um estudo longitudinal) composto por 176 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais. Variáveis sociodemográficas relacionadas ao entorno físico, estilo de vida, condições de trabalho e saúde e doença foram testadas como explicativas. Métodos: Foi realizada uma estimativa do estresse através da prevalência, razão de prevalência e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Para a análise multivariada, foi adotada a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, sendo o valor de p ≤ 0,05 adotado como significativo. Resultados: A prevalência de estresse foi de 22,7% (16,48-28,98). O trabalho constatou que indivíduos depressivos, do grupo de docentes e aqueles que autoavaliaram sua saúde como ruim ou muito ruim apresentaram associação positiva com o estresse na população estudada. Conclusões: Pesquisas como esta são importantes para identificar características nessa população que podem contribuir com o planejamento de políticas públicas para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos funcionários da instituição pública.

Time trends of physical activity for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population: results from Vigitel, 2010-2019.

This time-series study examined a 10-year historical series of the physical activity prevalence for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population. Information from 512,969 adults interviewed from the Vigitel between 2010 and 2019 was analyzed. Individuals who reported practicing at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity physical activity were considered active during leisure time. Individuals who reported walking or cycling to/from work, course, or school at least 30 minutes/day, equivalent to at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity, were considered active during transportation. The prevalence of physical activity for leisure and transportation was calculated annually and stratified by sex, age group, schooling, and race/skin color. The segmented regression model was applied to analyze the time series. Annual percent change and average annual percent change were calculated. Over time, the prevalence of physical activity for leisure increased, and the prevalence of physical activity for transportation decreased. The highest prevalence of physical activity for leisure was observed among males, young individuals, and those with high education. Older adults, those with high education, and white people presented the lowest prevalence of active transport. Policymakers should propose strategies that encourage and facilitate physical activity for leisure in women, individuals aged ≥ 35 years, and those with less education (< 12 years), and physical activity for transportation among older adults (≥ 60 years), those with high education (≥ 12 years), and white people.

Co-occurrence of health risk behaviors and the family context among Brazilian adolescents, National Survey of School Health (2015). / Coexistência de comportamentos de risco à saúde e o contexto familiar entre adolescentes brasileiros, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (2015).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the co-occurrence of risk behaviors (RB) and the family context in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 101,534 students from the 9th grade of elementary school in the National Survey of School Health - PeNSE 2015. The co-occurrence of RB was estimated by the sum of the presence of sedentary behavior, low fruit consumption, regular consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Prevalence was assessed using the Venn diagram and multivariate analysis by the ordinal logistic regression model of partial proportional odds. RESULTS: 8.8% of the adolescents did not have RB; 34.5% had one; 42.7% had two; and 14.1%, three or four. The most prevalent combinations were between sedentary behavior and low fruit consumption (33.8%); sedentary behavior with low fruit consumption and regular consumption of alcohol (9.5%). Those who were more likely to present co-occurrence had mothers with higher education level in all models, did not live with their fathers [0, 1 and 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1.21; 95%CI 1.07-1.37)], had parents who sometimes, never or rarely understood their problems and concerns [0, 1 and 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1.62; 95%CI 1.49-1.76)] and monitored their homework [0, 1 and 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1.77; 95%CI 1.62-1.93)]; and had meals with parents or guardians <4 days/week for the three models. CONCLUSION: Health RB tend to cluster among Brazilian adolescents and are related to characteristics of the family context. These findings point to the need for health promotion actions focusing on simultaneity and not in isolation.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a coexistência de comportamentos de risco (CR) e o contexto familiar em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 101.534 estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. A coexistência de CR foi estimada pelo somatório da presença de comportamento sedentário, baixo consumo de frutas e consumo regular de álcool e tabaco. A prevalência foi avaliada usando o diagrama de Venn e a análise multivariada por meio da regressão logística ordinal de chances parciais. RESULTADOS: 8,8% dos adolescentes não apresentaram CR; 34,5% tinham um; 42,7% tinham dois; e 14,1%, três ou quatro. As combinações mais prevalentes foram entre comportamento sedentário e baixo consumo de frutas (33,8%); e comportamento sedentário com baixo consumo de frutas e consumo regular de álcool (9,5%). Tiveram maior chance de coexistência aqueles que tinham mães com maiores escolaridades em todos os modelos, não morar com os pais [0, 1 e 2 vs. 3: (odds ratio - OR = 1,21; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,07 - 1,37)], ter pais que às vezes, nunca ou raramente entendiam seus problemas e preocupações [0, 1 e 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1,62; IC95% 1,49 - 1,76)] e acompanhavam o dever de casa [0, 1 e 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1,77; IC95% 1,62 - 1,93)]; e realizar refeições com os pais ou responsáveis < 4 dias/semana para os três modelos. CONCLUSÃO: Os CR relacionados à saúde tendem a se agrupar entre os adolescentes brasileiros e estão associados a características do contexto familiar. Esses achados apontam para a necessidade de ações de promoção de saúde com foco na simultaneidade, e não de forma isolada.

Exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of ultra-processed foods in the first year of life: a cohort study in southwest Bahia, Brazil, 2018. / Aleitamento materno exclusivo e introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados no primeiro ano de vida: estudo de coorte no sudoeste da Bahia, 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze association between exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and the introduction of ultra-processed foods in children under 12 months old. METHODS: This was a Cohort study, conducted with children in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The main exposure was EBF (days: <120; 120-179; ≥180). The outcome variable was the introduction of four or more types of ultra-processed foods in the first year of life. Poisson regression analysis was used. RESULTS: 286 children were evaluated, of whom 40.2% received four or more ultra-processed foods and 48.9% EBF for less than 120 days. EBF for less than 120 days (RR=2.94 - 95%CI 1.51;5.71) and for 120-179 days (RR=2.17 - 95%CI 1.09;4.30) was associated with the outcome after adjustment by socioeconomic, maternal, paternal and child variables. CONCLUSION: EBF for less than 180 days increased the risk of introducing four or more ultra-processed foods in the first year of life.

Health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. / Utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes rurais quilombolas e não quilombolas do semiárido baiano, Brasil.

This article describes health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of Bahia. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gain a more in-depth understanding of the object of study. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted with 390 adolescents. Health service utilization was described using frequency distribution and 95% confidence intervals. Discussions were held with four focus groups, which were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. The most commonly reported usual place of care was the local family care center (70,0%) and 15,1% of the adolescents had sought health care in the last 15 days. The main reason for seeking care was illness (37,3%). The findings of the qualitative component of the study reveal multiple factors influencing access to services, including long waiting times, lack of prioritization of adolescent care and geographical barriers. Health services should attempt to get closer adolescents and provide care tailored to the specific needs of this group.

Este estudo descreve a utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes quilombolas e não quilombolas residentes em uma área rural do semiárido baiano. Métodos quantitativos e qualitativos foram utilizados para que se conseguisse uma maior aproximação com o objeto de análise. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 390 adolescentes. A utilização de serviços de saúde foi descrita por meio da distribuição de frequências e respectivos intervalos de confiança 95%. Formaram-se quatro grupos focais que foram transcritos e analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. A Unidade de Saúde da Família foi relatada como o serviço comumente procurado para atendimento de necessidades de saúde (70,0%). A procura por serviços de saúde nos últimos 15 dias foi de 15,1% e o principal motivo foi por doença (37,3%). O componente qualitativo revelou múltiplos contextos que influenciaram no acesso aos serviços, como elevado tempo de espera, falta de priorização nos atendimentos e barreiras geográficas. Os serviços de saúde devem estar mais próximos dos adolescentes com um cuidado em saúde que considere as particularidades desse grupo.

Quality of Actions to Control Cervical Cancer in Bahia, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of the actions to control cervical cancer (CC) and its correlates. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2019 in 19 municipalities in Bahia, Brazil, with a sample of 241 doctors and nurses from primary health care (PHC). Three dependent variables were chosen- "Performance of educational, promotion, prevention, and monitoring actions" (D1); "Access to diagnostic tests" (D2); "Non-occurrence of high grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL)" (D3). Poisson regression with robust variance was used, adopting hierarchical input variables to estimate the prevalence ratios and confidence intervals of 95%. RESULTS: The following prevalence rates were found: D1  39.8% (95% CI: 33.8-46.2); D2  73.9% (95% CI: 67.9-79.1); and D3  46.4% (95% CI: 39.9-53.0). These dimensions remained associated with the dependent variables: D1- having professional training courses on the topic; consideration to ensure that collection takes place appropriately by a professional; and women having access to medical transport; D2- nurses treating low-grade lesions; D3- recording the Papanicolaou in electronic medical records; D1 and D2- professionals joining the service through public tender; D1 and D3- working in the PHC (≥ 2 years); D2 and D3- recording Papanicolaou in physical records; and performance of Papanicolaou by residents. CONCLUSION: Better trained professionals and professionals working in stable work arrangements are associated with comprehensive actions to control CC. Such strategies indicate that investments in work management result in a more organized PHC and more solution-centered work processes. Therefore, working in the PHC for a longer time and nurses performing more clinical actions (collection and treatment) are favored by such organizational actions. Investments in diagnostic support contribute to perceptions of more comprehensive actions to control CC. 
.

Evaluation of blood pressure through home monitoring in brazilian primary care: a feasibility study.

Blood pressure measurements taken in a clinical setting are subject to errors, therefore there are advantages to monitoring blood pressure at home, especially in in patients diagnosed with hypertension. The study describes the feasibility of home monitoring to assess blood pressure in primary care and compares blood pressure measured at home and during a medical consultation. This cross-sectional study was carried out with patients whose used home blood pressure in the morning and evening, thrice for seven consecutive day sat home. Participants included patients older than 18 years with suspected whitecoat hypertension, taking antihypertensives, or those intolerant of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and excluded patients who did not follow the protocol, suffered from an irregular heart rate, and pregnant women. Of the 134 patients who participated in the study, 63.3% had altered blood pressure when measured at health facilities and 48% had higher blood pressure at home. The mean difference between the methods was 10.1 mmHg for systolic and 4.3 mmHg for diastolic. The prevalence of whitecoat hypertension was 19.4%. Blood pressure monitoring at home is a practicable strategy in the Brazilian healthcare system.

Comparison of cardiovascular risk calculators in patients with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular risk stratification is an important clinical practice to estimate the severity of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to compare the stratification of global cardiovascular risk with the specific risk stratification for patients with type 2 diabetes, seen at specialized outpatient clinics, and to evaluate possible differences in diagnoses and treatments. METHODS: A total of 122 patients with type 2 diabetes treated at two specialized outpatient clinics, from 2017 to 2019, were studied. The cardiovascular risk stratification calculators, global risk score, Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator, and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine, were used to calculate the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. The agreement between these calculators was analyzed using the kappa index. The indications for the use of statins and acetylsalicylic acid for the group studied were evaluated according to the Brazilian Diabetes Society Guideline. RESULTS: There was a low degree of agreement among the three risk calculators. The global risk score calculator showed insignificant agreement with the Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator (kappa=0.0816; p=0.0671). There was no agreement between the global risk score calculator and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine (kappa=-0.099), or between the Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine (kappa=-0.0095). CONCLUSION: The substantial disagreements among the cardiovascular risk calculators may lead to different diagnoses and may consequently influence therapeutic strategies. The findings herein highlight the need for specific validated cardiovascular risk calculators for patients with DM2 that can reliably estimate risk in these individuals.

[Periodic occupational examination: an opportunity for diagnosis and monitoring of chronic noncommunicable diseases in men]. / Exame ocupacional periódico: oportunidade de diagnóstico e monitoramento de doença crônica não transmissível em homens.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension as the principal marker of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and to identify associated modifiable factors in male workers. Baseline data were used from a longitudinal study with a sample of 1,024 male workers 18 years or older in a municipality in Northeast Brazil. The marker for NCDs was arterial hypertension, defined as systolic pressure ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥ 90mmHg and/or prior diagnosis of arterial hypertension and/or use of antihypertensive medication. Poisson regression with robust variance was used, adopting hierarchical entry of variables. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for the lifestyle variables to measure the impact of modifiable factors on workers' health. Prevalence of hypertension was 28.6% (95%CI: 25.9-31.5). Distal factors associated with hypertension were age > 40 years, black skin color, and family income ≥ 3 times the monthly minimum wage. Intermediate factors were alcohol abuse, smoking, high self-rated salt intake, and physical inactivity. Proximal factors were overweight and obesity. Calculation of PAFs showed that a reduction or elimination of unhealthy lifestyle habits and behaviors in this population group would reduce the prevalence of the target NCD, hypertension, by 56.1%. The identification of modifiable factors and the ways they can negatively impact male workers' health allows planning interventions in the workplace itself to reach the largest number of individuals, aimed at reducing the harmful effects of NCDs.

Objetivou-se estimar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial, como principal marcador de doença crônica não transmissível (DCNT), e identificar os fatores modificáveis associados, em trabalhadores homens. Foram utilizados dados da linha de base de um estudo longitudinal com uma amostra de 1.024 trabalhadores homens com 18 anos ou mais de um município do Nordeste do Brasil. O marcador de DCNT foi a hipertensão arterial, definida por pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 140mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥ 90mmHg e/ou diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial e/ou uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Empregou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, adotando a entrada hierárquica de variáveis. Foram calculadas frações atribuíveis populacionais (FAP) para as variáveis de estilo de vida, a fim de dimensionar o impacto dos fatores modificáveis na saúde dos trabalhadores. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial nesta população foi de 28,6% (IC95%: 25,9-31,5), os fatores distais: idade > 40 anos, cor da pele preta e renda familiar ≥ 3 salários mínimos; fatores intermediários: consumo abusivo de álcool, consumo de tabaco, percepção de um consumo elevado de sal e inatividade física e o fator proximal: sobrepeso e obesidade associaram-se positivamente com a hipertensão arterial. O cálculo da FAP permitiu observar que se ocorresse a redução ou eliminação de hábitos e comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida deste público, reduziria em 56,1% a prevalência da DCNT estudada. A identificação de fatores modificáveis e como estes podem interferir negativamente na saúde de trabalhadores homens possibilita o planejamento de intervenções no próprio local de trabalho, a fim de alcançar o maior número de indivíduos, visando reduzir os efeitos deletérios das DCNT.

El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de hipertensão arterial, como principal marcador de enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ECNT), así como identificar factores modificables asociados, en hombres trabajadores. Se utilizaron datos de la línea de base, procedentes de un estudio longitudinal, con una muestra de 1.024 hombres trabajadores con 18 años o más de un municipio del Nordeste de Brasil. El marcador de ECNT fue la hipertensão arterial, definida por presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140mmHg y/o presión arterial diastólica ≥ 90mmHg y/o diagnóstico previo de hipertensão arterial y/o uso de medicamentos antihipertensivos. Se empleó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, adoptando la entrada jerárquica de variables. Se calcularon fracciones atribuibles poblacionales (FAP) en las variables de estilo de vida, a fin de dimensionar el impacto de los factores modificables en la salud de los trabajadores. La prevalencia de la hipertensão arterial en esta población fue de 28,6% (IC95%: 25,9-31,5), los factores distales: edad > 40 años, color de piel negra y renta familiar ≥ 3 salarios mínimos; factores intermedios: consumo abusivo de alcohol, consumo de tabaco, percepción de un consumo elevado de sal e inactividad física y el factor proximal: sobrepeso y obesidad se asociaron positivamente con la hipertensão arterial. El cálculo de la FAP permitió observar que, si se produjese una reducción o eliminación de hábitos y comportamientos relacionados con el estilo de vida de este público, se reduciría en un 56,1% la prevalencia de la ECNT estudiada. La identificación de factores modificables y cómo pueden interferir negativamente en la salud de hombres trabajadores posibilita la planificación de intervenciones en el propio lugar de trabajo, con el fin de alcanzar al mayor número de individuos para reducir los efectos mortíferos de las ECNT.

National Adolescent School-based Health Survey - PeNSE 2015: Sedentary behavior and its correlates.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between sedentary behavior (SB) and sociodemographic, social support, behavioral, and health variables among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: The 2015 National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) was a cross-sectional study consisting of 102,072 Brazilian ninth-graders (mainly aged 13-15 years). SB was defined as the time (in hours) watching television, using a computer, playing video games, talking to friends, or doing other activities in a sitting position. For analysis purposes, SB was categorized into different cut-offs as per the sample distribution quartiles: >2 versus <2 (25th percentile); >4 versus <4 (50th 26 percentile) and >6 versus <6 (75th 27 percentile). We employed Poisson univariate and multivariate regression analyses with robust variance and hierarchical entry of variables for each cut-off point. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of each SB cut-off point were 68.15% (CI: 67.44-68.86), 44.15% (CI: 43.40-44.90) and 24.97% (CI:24.37-25.57) for >2, >4 and >6 hours, respectively. The following characteristics were positively and significantly associated with each SB cut-off point in the final models: females, current employment, higher household economic status and higher maternal schooling, lower levels of parents checking homework, tobacco and alcohol use, soft drink and fruit consumption, and regular, poor or very poor self-assessed health status. Conversely, students who self-declared brown were less likely to be classified as a SB cut-off point. Significant associations with age, report of close friends, and physical activity varied by different SB cut-off points. CONCLUSION: Understanding the SB correlates in their different dimensions contributes to the identification of subgroups of adolescents with higher SB prevalence, which is crucial in the development and improvement of public policies. The demographic and behavioral characterization of these groups can guide the development of future intervention strategies, considering the school and family contexts of these adolescents.

Prevalence and factors associated with maternal breastfeeding in the first hour of life in full-term live births in southwest Bahia, Brazil, 2017. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida em nascidos vivos a termo no sudoeste da Bahia, 2017.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze prevalence and factors associated with maternal breastfeeding in the first hour of life (MBFFHL) in full-term live births in Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil. METHODS: this was a cohort-nested cross-sectional study; data were collected between February and August 2017 using a questionnaire answered by mothers as well as medical records; hierarchical multivariable analysis with Poisson regression was used. RESULTS: the study included 388 mother-liveborn baby pairs; MBFFHL prevalence was 49.5%; outcome was associated with maternal education ≥12 years (PR=0.63 - 95%CI 0.46;0.87), prenatal guidance on child holding and positioning (PR=1.44 - 95%CI 1.07;1.95), liveborn baby taken to its mother soon after delivery (PR=1.41 - 95%CI 1.04;1.92), mother and baby kept together in the same room (PR=2.42 - 95%CI 1.09;5.36), and delivery at a Baby-Friendly Hospital (PR=2.43 - 95%CI 1.72;3.43). CONCLUSION: MBFFHL was associated with maternal factors, prenatal care and hospital care.

Cost-Effectiveness of Point-of-Care A1C Tests in a Primary Care Setting.

Objective: We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the point-of-care A1c (POC-A1c) test device vs. the traditional laboratory dosage in a primary care setting for people living with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: The Markov model with a 10-year time horizon was based on data from the HealthRise project, in which a group of interventions was implemented to improve diabetes and hypertension control in the primary care network of the urban area of a Brazilian municipality. A POC-A1c device was provided to be used directly in a primary care unit, and for a period of 18 months, 288 patients were included in the point-of-care group, and 1,102 were included in the comparison group. Sensitivity analysis was performed via Monte Carlo simulation and tornado diagram. Results: The results indicated that the POC-A1c device used in the primary care unit was a cost-effective alternative, which improved access to A1c tests and resulted in an increased rate of early control of blood glucose. In the 10-year period, POC-A1c group presented a mean cost of US$10,503.48 per patient and an effectiveness of 0.35 vs. US$9,992.35 and 0.09 for the traditional laboratory test, respectively. The incremental cost was US$511.13 and the incremental effectiveness was 0.26, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 1,947.10. In Monte Carlo simulation, costs and effectiveness ranged between $9,663.20-$10,683.53 and 0.33-0.37 for POC-A1c test group, and $9,288.28-$10,413.99 and 0.08-0.10 for traditional laboratory test group, at 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. The costs for nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease and the probability of being hospitalized due to diabetes presented the greatest impact on the model's result. Conclusion: This study showed that using POC-A1c devices in primary care settings is a cost-effective alternative for monitoring glycated hemoglobin A1c as a marker of blood glucose control in people living with type 2 diabetes. According to our model, the use of POC-A1c device in a healthcare unit increased the early control of type 2 diabetes and, consequently, reduced the costs of diabetes-related outcomes, in comparison with a centralized laboratory test.

Covid-19 telescreening in SUS users with risk conditions: case report.

This case report aims to describe the conception and preliminary data of the implementation of a telescreening and telemonitoring program of covid-19 for users of the Unified Health System with risk conditions. A system of telerscreening was implemented through which undergraduate students in the health area contact patients by telephone, according to periodicity and predefined criteria, to monitor the evolution of the condition. In eight weeks, 2,190 attempts at remote contact were made with individuals from five health units. The effective number of individuals monitored at the time this writing is 802.

[Incipient tobacco use and associated factors among adolescents from the rural area of Vitória da Conquista in the Brazilian state of Bahia]. / Experimentação de tabaco e fatores associados entre adolescentes da zona rural de Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil.

The aim of this study is to describe incipient tobacco use and associated factors among adolescents from the rural zone of southwestern Bahia. It was based on data from the cross-sectional Adolescer research project among 390 adolescents conducted in 2015. Data were analyzed using frequency and chi-square measurements and Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) for incipient tobacco use in relation to the explanatory variables. Among the adolescents, 5.1% had smoked at some stage and 0.3% smoked regularly. The following variables were associated with incipient smoking: male gender (PR = 6.46); having had sexual intercourse at some stage in life (PR = 20.55); having parents who rarely or never understood their problems (PR=7.89); having 3 or more friends (PR = 0.10). Despite low incipient smoking or the prevalence of regular smoking, which indicate the adoption of a healthier lifestyle or greater autonomy and decision-making ability for non-smoking, it is acknowledged that there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco. The recommendation is that an intersectoral partnership between education and health be created to foster health promotion and disease prevention, with an emphasis on curtailing smoking habits.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a experimentação do tabaco e fatores associados em adolescentes da zona rural do sudoeste da Bahia. Este foi um recorte da pesquisa Adolescer, do tipo seccional, em 2015, com 390 adolescentes. Os dados foram analisados através de medidas de frequência e qui-quadrado; e regressão de Poisson, com variância robusta, para estimar as razões de prevalências (RP) para a experimentação do tabaco em relação às variáveis explicativas. Dos adolescentes, 5,1% experimentaram cigarro alguma vez na vida e 0,3% faziam uso regular. Mostraram-se associados à experimentação: sexo masculino (RP = 6,46); ter tido relação sexual alguma vez na vida (RP = 20,55); ter pais que raramente ou nunca entenderem os seus problemas (RP = 7,89); ter 3 ou mais amigos (RP = 0,10). Apesar das baixas prevalências de experimentação do tabaco e do seu uso regular, que indicam a adoção de um estilo de vida mais saudável ou ainda uma maior autonomia e capacidade de decisão para o não consumo, sabe-se que não existe nível seguro de exposição ao tabaco. Sugere-se o estabelecimento de parceria intersetorial educação-saúde para fortalecer ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças, com ênfase no tabagismo.

[Eating behavior of quilombola and non-quilombola adolescents from the rural area of the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil]. / Hábitos alimentares de adolescentes quilombolas e não quilombolas da zona rural do semiárido baiano, Brasil.

The scope of this article is to describe the food consumption and eating behavior of quilombola and non-quilombola adolescents from the rural area of Southwest Bahia. A cross-sectional study with 390 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years was conducted in 2015, using an adapted PeNSE and PNS questionnaire. Food consumption was assessed by the frequency of healthy and unhealthy food markers in the previous 7 days. Eating breakfast was used as a marker of healthy eating behavior and having meals while watching TV as being unhealthy. Frequency distribution was carried out and the differences between quilombola and non-quilombola groups were assessed using the chi-square test. The prevalence ratio (PR) estimated the association of food consumption and eating behavior and the variables of interest. Low fruit consumption (30.8%), vegetables (44.3%) and milk (24.4%) was observed. Comparison between the groups revealed lower consumption of vegetables (PR = 0.73), fruit (PR = 0.67) and milk (PR = 0.68) among quilombola than among non-quilombola adolescents. Public policies targeted at nutritional assistance specific to rural adolescents are recommended, since bad eating habits can prevail throughout life and lead to poor health conditions.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o consumo e o comportamento alimentar de adolescentes quilombolas e não quilombolas da zona rural do sudoeste baiano. Estudo transversal com 390 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos em 2015, utilizando questionário adaptado da PeNSE e PNS. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pela frequência nos últimos 7 dias de alimentos marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável. Realizar o desjejum foi marcador de comportamento saudável e, realizar refeição enquanto assistia TV, de não saudável. Foi realizada distribuição de frequências e as diferenças entre os grupos quilombola e não quilombola foram testadas com qui-quadrado. A razão de prevalência (RP) estimou a associação do consumo e comportamento alimentar e as variáveis de interesse. Observou-se baixo consumo de frutas (30,8%), hortaliças (44,3%) e leite (24,4%). Quando comparados, os quilombolas tiveram consumo de feijão maior (RP = 1,11), entretanto, o consumo de hortaliças (RP = 0,73), frutas (RP = 0,67) e leite (RP = 0,68) foi inferior ao dos não quilombolas. Recomendam-se políticas públicas voltadas à assistência nutricional, específicas aos adolescentes rurais, uma vez que os maus hábitos alimentares podem permanecer ao longo da vida e levar a condições precárias de saúde.

[Arterial prehypertension in slave-descendant communities in southeast Bahia State, Brazil]. / Pré-hipertensão arterial em comunidades quilombolas do sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil.

Arterial prehypertension is a precursor of arterial hypertension and a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Vulnerable populations are more prone to this condition due to difficulties in access to health services. A previous study in quilombola communities (descendants of African slaves) reported a high prevalence of arterial hypertension. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of arterial prehypertension in quilombolas and to assess associated factors. This was a cross-sectional population-based study in individuals 18 years and older. Prehypertension was defined as arterial systolic pressure ≥ 121mmHg and < 140mmHg and/or diastolic ≥ 81mmHg and < 90mmHg. Multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance was used. Population-attributable fractions (PAF) were also calculated for the modifiable associated factors. Prevalence of prehypertension was 55% (95%CI: 50.2-59.7). Male gender (PR = 1.54), 1 to 4 complete years of schooling (PR = 1.44), and BMI classified as overweight (PR = 1.39) and obesity (PR = 1.87) showed positive association with prehypertension. Higher attributable fractions were observed in individuals with 1 to 4 years of schooling (13.7%) and those classified as overweight (9.35%) and obese (4.6%). Prevalence of prehypertension in quilombola communities was high, and its identification may allow screening and awareness-raising in a group with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and progression to full-blown hypertension. The study highlights the need for broad access to health services and specific measures for orientation, prevention, and health promotion in this population.

Resumo: A pré-hipertensão arterial é precursora da hipertensão arterial e fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Populações vulneráveis estão mais propensas a esse tipo de agravo devido às dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Pesquisa anterior realizada em comunidades quilombolas reportou elevada prevalência de hipertensão arterial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar a prevalência de pré-hipertensão em quilombolas e avaliar fatores associados. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado com indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais. A pré-hipertensão foi definida como pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 121mmHg e < 140mmHg e/ou diastólica ≥ 81mmgH e < 90mmHg. Empregou-se análise multivariada valendo-se de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Também foram calculadas frações atribuíveis populacionais (FAPs) para os fatores associados modificáveis. A prevalência de pré-hipertensão foi de 55% (IC95%: 50,2-59,7). O sexo masculino (RP = 1,54), a escolaridade de 1-4 anos completos de estudos (RP = 1,44) e as categorias de IMC sobrepeso (RP = 1,39) e obesidade (RP = 1,87) apresentaram associação positiva com a pré-hipertensão. Maiores frações atribuíveis foram observadas entre os indivíduos com escolaridade de 1-4 anos de estudos (13,7%) e entre os classificados com sobrepeso (9,35%) e obesidade (4,6%). A prevalência de pré-hipertensão nas comunidades quilombolas foi elevada, e sua identificação pode permitir o rastreamento e a sensibilização de um grupo com maior risco cardiovascular e de progressão para a hipertensão arterial. Observa-se a necessidade de amplo acesso a serviços de saúde e ações específicas voltadas à orientação, prevenção e promoção da saúde nessa população.

Resumen: La pre-hipertensión arterial es precursora de la hipertensión arterial y un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Las poblaciones vulnerables están más propensas a este tipo de problema de salud, debido a sus dificultades de acceso a los servicios de salud. La investigación anterior, realizada en comunidades quilombolas, reportó una elevada prevalencia de hipertensión arterial. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia de pre-hipertensión en quilombolas y evaluar sus factores asociados. Se trata de un estudio transversal de base poblacional, realizado con individuos con 18 años o más. La pre-hipertensión se definió como presión arterial sistólica ?≥ 121mmHg y < 140mmHg y/o diastólica ≥ 81mmHg y < 90mmHg. Se empleó un análisis multivariado, valiéndose de la regresión de Poisson con estimación robusta de la variancia. También se calcularon Fracciones Atribuibles Poblacionales (FAP) para los factores asociados modificables. La prevalencia de pre-hipertensión fue de un 55% (IC95%: 50,2-59,7). El sexo masculino (RP = 1,54), una escolaridad de 1 a 4 años completos de estudios (RP = 1,44) y las categorías de IMC sobrepeso (RP = 1,39) y obesidad (RP = 1,87) presentaron una asociación positiva con la pre-hipertensión. Mayores fracciones atribuibles se observaron entre los individuos con escolaridad de 1 a 4 años de estudios (13,7%) y entre los clasificados con sobrepeso (9,35%) y obesidad (4,6%). La prevalencia de pre-hipertensión en las comunidades quilombolas fue elevada, y su identificación puede permitir el rastreo y sensibilización de un grupo con mayor riesgo cardiovascular y con progresión hacia la hipertensión arterial. Se observa la necesidad de un amplio acceso a servicios de salud y acciones específicas dirigidas a la orientación, prevención y promoción de la salud en esa población.

Introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças menores de seis meses no sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil / Introduction of ultra-processed foods and associated factors among children under six months of age in the Southwest of the state of Bahia, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência e os fatores de risco para a introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) em crianças menores de seis meses residentes em um município do sudoeste da Bahia. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo coorte prospectiva realizado com duplas de mães/bebês. A introdução de AUP foi definida pela ingestão de pelo menos um AUP antes dos seis meses de vida. As informações socioeconômicas, maternas, paternas, gestacionais e relacionadas a criança foram obtidas por meio da aplicação de questionários. Para análise dos fatores associados ao desfecho foi realizada regressão de Poisson de acordo com um modelo hierárquico. Foram avaliadas 300 duplas de mães/bebês. Antes dos 6 meses, 31,3% das crianças já haviam recebido AUP. Houve maior frequência de introdução de bolacha/biscoito (23,3%) e petit suísse (14,3%). A introdução de AUP antes dos seis meses de vida foi maior entre famílias com menor renda (p=0,038), menor escolaridade materna (p=0,031), menor idade materna (p=0,017) e paterna (p=0,013), em criança que receberam leite de vaca antes dos 6 meses (p<0,001) e chá antes dos 30 dias (p=0,005). Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de intervenções voltadas para redução da introdução de AUP, principalmente para famílias de baixa renda, com menor grau de instrução e entre pais mais jovens.

Abstract The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors with the introduction of ultra-processed food (UPF) among children under six months of age living in the southwest of Bahia state. This is an excerpt from a prospective cohort study conducted with pairs of mothers/babies. The introduction of UPF was defined by the intake of at least one UPF before the age of six months. Socioeconomic, maternal, paternal, gestational, and child-related information was gathered by the application of questionnaires. To analyze the factors associated with the outcome, Poisson regression was performed according to a hierarchical model. P-value<0.05 and 95% confidence interval are considered. A total of 300 mother/baby pairs were evaluated. Before 6 months, 31.3% of children have already received UPF. With greater introduction of cookies/biscuits (23.3%) and yogurt (14.3%). The introduction of UPF before six months of age was higher among families with lower income (p=0.038), lower maternal education (p=0.031), lower maternal (p=0.017) and paternal (p=0.013) age, among children who had cow's milk <6 months (p<0.001) and tea <30 days (p=0.005). The results demonstrate the need for interventions aimed at reducing the introduction of UPF, especially for low-income families, with less education and among younger parents.

Industry workers with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of self-reported adherence, and disease control

Abstract To evaluate the prevalence of self-reported drug adherence and factors associated, as well as clinical health outcomes, for industry workers with hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). This was a cross-sectional study of 137 Brazilian industry workers with HTN and/ or DM. Self-reported adherence was assessed, and the disease control was defined through blood pressure and capillary glycemia values. Data were descriptively analyzed and the factors associated with adherence were evaluated using the Poisson model with robust variance to calculate prevalence ratios. The prevalence of self-reported drug adherence was 79.6% and the prevalence of disease control was 53.8%. There was no statistically significant association between the two variables. In the controlled disease group, non-adherence was associated with being under 40 years of age, not having a partner, and having a risky alcohol consumption habit. In the uncontrolled disease group, adherence was highest for participants aged 40 years and older. The prevalence of self-reported drug adherence was high, but the prevalence of disease control was low and not associated with adherence, indicating that the self-reported adherence measure may be inaccurate. Our findings identify some factors that explain non-adherent behavior in the workforce.