Managing the Risk of Occupational Allergy in the Enzyme Detergent Industry.

Enzyme proteins have potential to cause occupational allergy/asthma. Consequently, as users of enzymes in formulated products, detergents manufacturers have implemented a number of control measures to ensure that the hazard does not translate into health effects in the workforce. To that end, trade associations have developed best practice guidelines which emphasize occupational hygiene and medical monitoring as part of an effective risk management strategy. The need for businesses to recognize the utility of this guidance is reinforced by reports where factories which have failed to follow good industrial hygiene practices have given rise to incidences of occupational allergy. In this article, an overview is provided of how the industry guidelines are actually implemented in practice and what experience is to be derived therefrom. Both medical surveillance and air monitoring practices associated with the implementation of industry guidelines at approximately 100 manufacturing facilities are examined. The data show that by using the approaches described for the limitation of exposure, for the provision of good occupational hygiene and for the active monitoring of health, the respiratory allergenic risk associated with enzyme proteins can be successfully managed. This therefore represents an approach that could be recommended to other industries contemplating working with enzymes.

The safety of ethyl oleate is supported by a 91-day feeding study in rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety of ethyl oleate (EO) in a 91-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats. EO was mixed into AIN-93G purified diet at levels of 0, 3.3, 6.7, and 10% by weight (the high-dose males and females consumed 5.5 and 6.1g/kg/day EO, respectively). All diets were calorie- and fat-matched using high oleic safflower oil (HOSO) as the control fat. The study design followed the 1993 FDA draft "Redbook II" guidelines (Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food). There were 20 male and 20 female rats per group. EO in the diet was well tolerated and there were no toxicologically significant findings in any of the measured parameters (clinical observations, body weight gains, appearance of the feces, ophthalmic examinations, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, histopathology, or male and female reproductive assessments). Mortality was limited to three males during the course of the study whose cause of death was unrelated to test material administration. The terminal body weight of the mid- and high-dose females was approximately 10% lower than that of the control group. This finding does not represent a toxicologically significant effect because rats on the EO diets gained more weight during the course of the study than historical control data on this strain of rats. The lower body weight relative to control rats is directly related to lower food consumption relative to the controls. The lower food consumption relative to controls is fully consistent with a decrease in the palatability of the EO-containing food versus the triglyceride-containing food. This conclusion is based on (1) a decrease in food consumption was noted within the first week (consistent with palatability preferences), (2) there was not a dose-response with regard to food consumption (mid-dose consumed less than high-dose), (3) the lack of cumulative decreases in food consumption which often are observed with toxicity, and (4) anecdotal experiences in our lab show that rats prefer diets containing high triglyceride fat over high EO-fat. Hepatocellular vacuolation typical of fat accumulation was noted for both control and high-dose animals. The incidence and severity of the vacuolation were higher for animals given 10% HOSO (controls) than for the animals given 10% EO. Serum calcium and phosphorous levels in high dose males were slightly, but statistically significantly, lower than in the controls. There was a dose-related increase in fecal fat concentration in both sexes from approximately 9% (control) to 18% in males, and from 4 (control) to 13% in females There were no visually obvious differences with regard to feces quality or quantity at any level of EO in the diet (i.e., color, diarrhea, weight, etc.). The increase in fat most likely represents small amounts of unabsorbed EO at the mid- and high-dose (estimates of EO absorption in this study are >80%). The No Observable Adverse Effect Level was determined to be 10% EO when administered daily in the diet for 91-days (approximately 6g EO/kg bw/day).

The safety of the use of ethyl oleate in food is supported by metabolism data in rats and clinical safety data in humans.

The absorption, distribution, and excretion of radiolabeled ethyl oleate (EO) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats after a single, peroral dose of 1.7 or 3.4 g/kg body weight and was compared with a radiolabeled triacylglycerol (TG) containing only oleic acid as the fatty acid (triolein). Both test materials were well absorbed with approximately 70-90% of the EO dose absorbed and approximately 90-100% of the TG dose absorbed. At sacrifice (72 h post-dose), tissue distribution of EO-derived radioactivity and TG-derived radioactivity was similar. The tissue with the highest concentration of radioactivity in both groups was mesenteric fat. The other organs and tissues had very low concentrations of test material-derived radioactivity. Both test materials were rapidly and extensively excreted as CO(2) with no remarkable differences between their excretion profiles. Approximately 40-70% of the administered dose for both groups was excreted as CO(2) within the first 12 h (consistent with beta-oxidation of fatty acids). Fecal elimination of EO appeared to be dose-dependent. At the dose of 1.7 g/kg, 7-8% of the administered dose was eliminated in the feces. At the dose of 3.4 g/kg, approximately 20% of the administered dose was excreted in the feces. Excretion of TG-derived radiolabel in the feces was approximately 2-4% for both doses. Overall, the results demonstrate that the absorption, distribution, and excretion of radiolabeled EO is similar to that of TG providing evidence that the oleic acid moiety of EO is utilized in the body as a normal dietary TG-derived fatty acid. To confirm the expected safety of EO in humans, a total of 235 subjects participated in a 12-week trial where two levels of ethyl oleate in a milk-based beverage were investigated: 8 g/day in a single serving (approximately 0.1 g/kg) and 16 g/day taken in two divided servings (approximately 0.2 g/kg). Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the 12-week trial. In addition, a brief physical exam (including vital signs and body weight), ECGs, fasting serum chemistry profile, serum lipid profile, and urinalysis were performed at baseline and after study completion. Results showed the incidence of reported AEs was similar between the EO groups and the control groups. Analysis of comprehensive laboratory data revealed no EO exposure-related, clinically significant adverse changes in laboratory parameters. These studies demonstrated that EO has a highly favorable safety profile and is well tolerated in the diet.