J-Shaped Upper Mini-Sternotomy Versus Full Sternotomy for Aortic Valve Replacement: A Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to compare the characteristics between patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) through a J-shaped upper mini-sternotomy (UMS) and patients who underwent full sternotomy (FS) in the basis of clinical care and hospital outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on adult patients who were subjected to AVR by UMS from 2014 to 2017, compared with a historical control of patients who had undergone UMS by FS from 2011 to 2014. Patients, who received combined valve replacement or aortic surgery, as well as heart valve reinterventions due to endocarditis, were excluded. Sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, hospital and intensive care stay, blood transfusions, complications, and mortality of both procedures were compared. RESULTS: There were 57 patients under UMS and 99 patients under FS included in this study. The median age was 67 years, and 56.77% of the patients were male. No differences were observed in the past medical history and the type of valve implanted between the groups. During surgery, patients under UMS received a lower percentage of red blood cell and platelet transfusions compared with FS. However, UMS had a higher percentage of cryoprecipitate transfusion. Intensive care stay was shorter in UMS compared with FS (three days; interquartile range [IQR], 2-4; and four days; IQR, 2-6, respectively) without differences in overall hospital stay, postoperative complications, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The J-shaped upper mini-sternotomy is a feasible surgical technique that does not increase in-hospital or 30-day mortality, neither hospital stay nor infectious complications.

Possibilities for the future of global mental health: a scenario planning approach.

BACKGROUND: Global mental health is a widely used term describing initiatives in policies, research and practice to improve the mental health of people worldwide. It has been gaining momentum over the last 10 years, reflected in increasing funding opportunities, training programmes, and publications. In light of the rising importance of global mental health and the various uncertainties about its future directions, this paper explores what the future may hold for global mental health in 30 years' time. METHOD: A scenario planning method was used, involving a workshop with experts from four continents and a range of backgrounds, including clinical and academic psychiatry, psychology, art and music therapy, service user advisory role, funder of global health research and post-graduate students. RESULTS: Six distinct scenarios that describe potential future situations were developed: universal standards for care; worldwide coordination of research; making use of diversity; focus on social factors; globalised care through technology; mental health as a currency in global politics. CONCLUSIONS: These scenarios consider different social, economic, scientific and technological drivers and focus on distinct aspects. Some reflect a global application of possible trends in mental health, whilst others apply general global developments to mental health care. They are not fixed forecasts, but instead may help to promote discussion and debate about further developments and decisions.

Clinical and Demographic Variables Associated Coping and the Burden of Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patients. / Variables demográficas y clínicas relacionadas con la carga y el afrontamiento de los cuidadores de personas diagnosticadas de esquizofrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse of the relationship between burden of illness and coping strategies and the demographic variables of caregivers, and the demographic and clinical variables of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. METHODS: Multicentre correlational cross-sectional study including 70 people diagnosed with schizophrenia, or a schizoaffective disorder, and 70 primary informal caregivers. They were evaluated using Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory, Family Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the brief Disability Assessment Scale. RESULTS: Burden of illness positively associated with patient impairment in occupational and social functioning, and negatively with education level. Avoidance, coercion and positive communication were positively associated with impairment in occupational and social functioning of patients. Social interest and friendships showed a positive association with the education level of caregivers. Spiritual assistance negatively correlated with impairment in social functioning and patient age, and resignation was negatively associated with length of the disorder and patient education level. CONCLUSIONS: Burden and dysfunctional coping strategies, such as avoidance and coercion, are associated with functional impairment of the patient. These findings suggest the need to provide support to caregivers, adjusted to the functional level of the patient, in order to prevent burden of care.

[Prevention and Treatment of Common Acute Adverse Effects With Antipsychotic Use in Adults With Schizophrenia Diagnosis]. / Prevención y tratamiento de los efectos adversos agudos más frecuentes por el uso de antipsicóticos en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the most adequate strategies for the prevention and treatment of the acute adverse effects of the use of antipsychotics. METHODS: A clinical practice guideline was elaborated under the parameters of the Methodological Guide of the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social to identify, synthesize and evaluate the evidence and make recommendations about the treatment and follow-up of adult patients with schizophrenia. A systematic literature search was carried out. The evidence was presented to the Guideline Developing Group and recommendations, employing the GRADE system, were produced. RESULTS: The non-pharmacological interventions such as nutritional counseling by a nutritionist, exercise and psychotherapy are effective in preventing weight gain with the use of antipsychotics. (Kg Weight reduction in DM of -3.05 (-4.16, -1.94)). The antipsychotic change from olanzapine to aripiprazole showed weight loss and decreased BMI (decreased weight in KG DM -3.21 (-9.03, -2.61). The use of beta blockers was ineffective in reducing akathisia induced by antipsychotic; using as outcome the 50% reduction of symptoms of akathisia comparing beta-blockers with placebo RR was 1.4 (0.59, 1.83). CONCLUSION: It is recommended to make psychotherapeutic accompaniment and nutrition management of overweight for patients with weight gain. If these alternatives are ineffective is suggested to change the antipsychotic or consider starting metformin. For the management of drug-induced akathisia it is recommended to decrease the dose of the drug and the addition of lorazepam. It is recommended using 5mg biperiden IM or trihexyphenidyl 5mg orally in case of secondary acute dystonia and for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism to decrease the dose of antipsychotic or consider using 2 - 4mg/day of biperiden or diphenhydramine 50mg once daily.

[Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Schizophrenia: Evaluation Using AGREE II]. / Guías de práctica clínica en esquizofrenia: evaluación mediante AGREE II.

INTRODUCTION: Colombia is developing multiple national practice guidelines from a range of diseases. Clinical practice guidelines represent a very useful tool to be able to take decision over a patient care that is widely available for the clinician. In psychiatry there are a good number of international clinical guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia nevertheless there is no article that evaluate them scientifically METHODS: In the settings of developing a Colombian schizophrenia practice guideline, a systematic search was performed in multiple databases and the results were then evaluated by two trained persons. We present the results globally and by domains. RESULTS: We found 164 matches for possible guidelines. After screening 7 guidelines were evaluated with the AGREE II instrument. Globally and by the different domains, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) was the guideline that got the best score. From the guidelines that were reviewed, 4 were from Europe and only 2 were from Latin America. None of the guidelines used GRADE methodology for the recommendations. CONCLUSION: The diversity of the schizophrenia treatment guidelines does not allow an easy adoption of the recommendation by a psychiatrist in Colombia.

Variables demográficas y clínicas relacionadas con la carga y el afrontamiento de los cuidadores de personas diagnosticadas de esquizofrenia / Clinical and Demographic Variables Associated Coping and the Burden of Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patients

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la relación de la carga y las estrategias de afrontamiento con las características demográficas de los cuidadores de personas con esquizofrenia, así como las variables demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes. Métodos: Estudio transversal correlacional multicéntrico en el que se evaluó a 70 personas diagnosticadas de esquizofrenia o trastorno esquizoafectivo y 70 cuidadores informales primarios con la escala de sobrecarga del cuidador de Zarit, el cuestionario de estrategias familiares de afrontamiento, la escala para la evaluación de síntomas positivos, la escala para la evaluación de síntomas negativos y la escala breve de evaluación de la discapacidad. Resultados: En este estudio, la carga se correlacionó positivamente con el deterioro del funcionamiento ocupacional y social y presentó asociación negativa con la escolaridad de los pacientes. El escape, la coerción y la comunicación positiva presentaron correlaciones positivas con el deterioro del funcionamiento ocupacional y social de los pacientes. Asimismo, el interés social y las amistades mostraron asociación positiva con la escolaridad de los cuidadores. Además, la ayuda espiritual presentó correlaciones negativas con el deterioro del funcionamiento social y la edad de los pacientes, y la resignación se correlacionó negativamente con la duración del trastorno y la escolaridad de los pacientes. Conclusiones: La carga y la adopción de estrategias de afrontamiento disfuncionales, como el escape y la coerción, se asocian con el deterioro del funcionamiento de los pacientes. Estos hallazgos indican la necesidad de brindar a los cuidadores apoyos ajustados al nivel de funcionamiento del paciente que prevengan la carga del cuidado.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze of the relationship between burden of illness and coping strategies and the demographic variables of caregivers, and the demographic and clinical variables of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods: Multicentre correlational cross-sectional study including 70 people diagnosed with schizophrenia, or a schizoaffective disorder, and 70 primary informal caregivers. They were evaluated using Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory, Family Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the brief Disability Assessment Scale. Results: Burden of illness positively associated with patient impairment in occupational and social functioning, and negatively with education level. Avoidance, coercion and positive communication were positively associated with impairment in occupational and social functioning of patients. Social interest and friendships showed a positive association with the education level of caregivers. Spiritual assistance negatively correlated with impairment in social functioning and patient age, and resignation was negatively associated with length of the disorder and patient education level. Conclusions: Burden and dysfunctional coping strategies, such as avoidance and coercion, are associated with functional impairment of the patient. These findings suggest the need to provide support to caregivers, adjusted to the functional level of the patient, in order to prevent burden of care.

[Integral Care Guide for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder in Adults. Integral Attention of Adults with a Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder: Part II: General Aspects of Treatment, Management of the Acute Phase, Continuation and Maintenance of Patients with a Depression Diagnosis]. / Guía de atención integral para la detección temprana y diagnóstico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos. Atención integral de los adultos con diagnóstico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente: Parte II: Aspectos generales del tratamiento, manejo de la fase aguda, continuación y mantenimiento del paciente con diagnóstico de depresión.

INTRODUCTION: This article presents recommendations based on evidence gathered to answer a series of clinical questions concerning the depressive episode and the recurrent depressive disorder, with emphasis on general treatment aspects, treatment in the acute phase and management of the continuation/maintenance, all intended to grant health care parameters based on the best and more updated available evidence for achieving minimum quality standards with adult patients thus diagnosed. METHODOLOGY: A practical clinical guide was elaborated according to standards of the Methodological Guide of the Ministry of Social Protection. Recommendation from NICE90 and CANMAT guides were adopted and updated so as to answer the questions posed while de novo questions were developed. RESULTS: Recommendations 5-22 corresponding to management of depression are presented.

Prevención y tratamiento de los efectos adversos agudos más frecuentes por el uso de antipsicóticos en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia / Prevention and Treatment of Common Acute Adverse Effects With Antipsychotic Use in Adults With Schizophrenia Diagnosis

Objetivo: Determinar las estrategias más adecuadas para la prevención y tratamiento de los efectos adversos agudos más frecuentes con el uso de Antipsicóticos. Método: Se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica bajo los lineamientos de la Guía Metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social para identificar, sintetizar, evaluar la evidencia y formular recomendaciones respecto al manejo y seguimiento de los pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura de novo. Se presentó la evidencia y su graduación al grupo desarrollador de la guía (GDG) para la formulación de las recomendaciones siguiendo la metodología propuesta por el abordaje GRADE. Resultados: Resultados: Las intervenciones no farmacológicas tales como los consejos nutricionales por nutricionista, el ejercicio y la psicoterapia son efectivas para prevenir la ganancia de peso con el uso de antipsicóticos (disminución de peso en kg DM -3.05 [-4.16, -1.94]). La estrategia de cambio de antipsicótico fue efectiva para demostrar disminución de peso e IMC con el paso de olanzapina a aripiprazol (disminución del peso en kg DM -3.21 [-9.03; -2.61]). El uso de betabloqueadores comparado con placebo, usando como desenlace la reducción del 50% de los síntomas de acatisia, no mostró ser efectivo en la reducción de la acatisia inducida por antipsicóticos con un RR de 1.4 (0.59, 1.83). Conclusión: En esta evaluación se recomienda realizar acompan˜ amiento psicoterapéutico y por nutrición para el manejo del sobrepeso en pacientes en tratamiento farmacológico. En caso de que estas alternativas no sean efectivas se sugiere cambiar el antipsicótico a uno con menor riesgo de presentar incremento de peso o considerar el inicio de metformina. Para el manejo de acatisia inducida por medicamentos se recomienda la disminución de la dosis del medicamento y la adición de benzodiacepinas tipo lorazepam. No se recomienda el uso de betabloqueadores.

Objective: To determine the most adequate strategies for the prevention and treatment of the acute adverse effects of the use of antipsychotics. Methods: A clinical practice guideline was elaborated under the parameters of the Methodological Guide of the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social to identify, synthesize and evaluate the evidence and make recommendations about the treatment and follow-up of adult patients with schizophrenia. A systematic literature search was carried out. The evidence was presented to the Guideline Developing Group and recommendations, employing the GRADE system, were produced. Results: The non-pharmacological interventions such as nutritional counseling by a nutritionist, exercise and psychotherapy are effective in preventing weight gain with the use of antipsychotics. (Kg Weight reduction in DM of −3.05 (−4.16, −1.94)). The antipsychotic change from olanzapine to aripiprazole showed weight loss and decreased BMI (decreased weight in KG DM −3.21 (−9.03, −2.61). The use of beta blockers was ineffective in reducing akathisia induced by antipsychotic; using as outcome the 50% reduction of symptoms of akathisia comparing beta-blockers with placebo RR was 1.4 (0.59, 1.83). Conclusion: It is recommended to make psychotherapeutic accompaniment and nutrition management of overweight for patients with weight gain. If these alternatives are ineffective is suggested to change the antipsychotic or consider starting metformin. For the management of drug-induced akathisia it is recommended to decrease the dose of the drug and the addition of lorazepam. It is recommended using 5 mg biperiden IM or trihexyphenidyl 5 mg orally in case of secondary acute dystonia and for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism to decrease the dose of antipsychotic or consider using 2 -4 mg/day of biperiden or diphenhydramine 50 mg once daily.

Guías de práctica clínica en esquizofrenia: evaluación mediante AGREE II / Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Schizophrenia: Evaluation Using AGREE II

Introducción: Colombia se encuentra en estos momentos en la realización de guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de diversas patologías. Las guías de práctica clínica representan una herramienta al alcance del clínico para la toma de decisiones sobre sus pacientes. En psiquiatría se dispone internacionalmente de práctica clínica para esquizofrenia, no obstante no se dispone de una guía colombiana ni de una apreciación de las guías desarrolladas en el mundo sobre esta patología. Método: En el marco del desarrollo de la Guía de práctica clínica sobre esquizofrenia para Colombia se realiza una búsqueda sistemática sobre GPC en diversas bases y se evalúan empleando la herramienta AGREE II por parte de 2 personas entrenadas para ello. Se presentan los resultados de esta fase de manera global y por dominios. Resultados: Se encontraron 164 resultados de posibles guías, de las cuales se evalúan finalmente 7 mediante AGREE II. Por dominios y calificación global la guía realizada por el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) obtuvo el mejor puntaje. De las guías evaluadas, únicamente dos eran de América Latina y la mayoría (cuatro) de Europa. Solamente una de las guías evaluadas utilizó el abordaje GRADE para evaluar la calidad de la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones. Conclusión: La diversidad de guías encontrados sobre esquizofrenia no permite una fácil adopción ni adaptación de alguna guía por el médico psiquiatra de acuerdo con los parámetros que se han planteado para Colombia.

Introduction: Colombia is developing multiple national practice guidelines from a range of diseases. Clinical practice guidelines represent a very useful tool to be able to take decision over a patient care that is widely available for the clinician. In psychiatry there are a good number of international clinical guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia nevertheless there is no article that evaluate them scientifically. Methods: In the settings of developing a Colombian schizophrenia practice guideline, a sys tematic search was performed in multiple databases and the results were then evaluated by two trained persons. We present the results globally and by domains. Results: We found 164 matches for possible guidelines. After screening 7 guidelines were evaluated with the AGREE IIinstrument. Globally and by the different domains, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) was the guideline that got the best score. From the guidelines that were reviewed, 4 were from Europe and only 2 were from Latin America. None of the guidelines used GRADE methodology for the recommendations. Conclusion: The diversity of the schizophrenia treatment guidelines does not allow an easy adoption of the recommendation by a psychiatrist in Colombia.

Experiencia y resultados en cirugía de disección aórtica tipo A durante una década en la Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia / Experience and results in surgery of type A aortic dissection during a decade in the Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia

Antecedentes: la disección aórtica tipo A continúa siendo una enfermedad con alto riesgo de muerte, que por ende requiere un diagnóstico rápido y manejo quirúrgico inmediato. Objetivo: reportar la experiencia y los resultados en cirugía de disección aórtica tipo A durante una década. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, mediante la revisión de historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2010. Se seleccionaron 58 pacientes con diagnóstico de disección aórtica tipo A, que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, intra y post-operatorias. Resultados: 79,3% de los pacientes fueron hombres; con una mediana de edad de 56 años. Los tiempos promedio para pinza aórtica, bomba y arresto fueron 136, 223 y 39 minutos, respectivamente. Los procedimientos más frecuentes fueron reemplazo de aorta ascendente y cirugía de Bentall en 34,5% de los casos cada uno. La mediana de estancia en la unidad de cuidado intensivo fue de seis y doce días para el total de hospitalización. Se reportaron complicaciones en 36,2% de los casos; la principal fue sepsis de cualquier causa en 20% de los pacientes. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de 24% y la supervivencia a 28 días fue superior a 70%. Conclusiones: según nuestra casuística, la mortalidad observada no difiere mucho a la que se reporta en registros multicéntricos internacionales, en los cuales sigue siendo elevada, lo cual resalta la importancia del diagnóstico temprano y el manejo quirúrgico inmediato, que implica un esfuerzo humano e institucional considerable. Palabras clave: síndrome aórtico agudo, disección de aorta, cirugía cardíaca, mortalidad. Background: type A aortic dissection is still a disease with a high risk of death. Therefore it requires prompt diagnosis and immediate surgical management. Objective: to report our experience and results in surgery of type A aortic dissection during a decade. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective study, by reviewing medical records of patients treated between January 2001 and December 2010 was realized. 58 patients diagnosed as type A aortic dissection who met the inclusion criteria were selected, and demographic, clinical, intra and post-operative variables were analyzed. Results: 79.3% of the patients were men, with a median age of 56 years. The mean times for aortic clamp, pump and arrest were 136, 223 and 39 minutes, respectively. The most frequent procedures were ascending aortic replacement and Bentall surgery in 34.5% of cases each one. The median stay in the ICU was six days and overall hospitalization was twelve days. Complications were reported in 36.2% of cases. The main one was sepsis from any cause in 20% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 24% and survival at 28 days was higher than 70%. Conclusions: according to our casuistics, the observed mortality is not very different to that reported in international multicenter registries which remains still high. This fact highlights the importance of early diagnosis and immediate surgical management, implying a significant human and institutional effort.

Background: type A aortic dissection is still a disease with a high risk of death. Therefore it requires prompt diagnosis and immediate surgical management. Objective: to report our experience and results in surgery of type A aortic dissection during a decade. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective study, by reviewing medical records of patients treated between January 2001 and December 2010 was realized. 58 patients diagnosed as type A aortic dissection who met the inclusion criteria were selected, and demographic, clinical, intra and post-operative variables were analyzed. Results: 79.3% of the patients were men, with a median age of 56 years. The mean times for aortic clamp, pump and arrest were 136, 223 and 39 minutes, respectively. The most frequent procedures were ascending aortic replacement and Bentall surgery in 34.5% of cases each one. The median stay in the ICU was six days and overall hospitalization was twelve days. Complications were reported in 36.2% of cases. The main one was sepsis from any cause in 20% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 24% and survival at 28 days was higher than 70%. Conclusions: according to our casuistics, the observed mortality is not very different to that reported in international multicenter registries which remains still high. This fact highlights the importance of early diagnosis and immediate surgical management, implying a significant human and institutional effort.

Guía de atención integral para la detección temprana y diagnóstico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos. Atención integral de los adultos con diagnóstico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente Parte II: Aspectos generales del tratamiento, manejo de la fase aguda, continuación y mantenimiento del paciente con diagnóstico de depresión / Guide for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder in Adults. Integral Attention of Adults with a Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive DisorderPart II: General Aspects of Treatment, Management of the Acute Phase, Continuation and Maintenance of Patients with a Depression Diagnosis. Integral Care

Introducción: El presente artículo busca presentar las recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia que surgieron como respuesta a una serie de preguntas clínicas respecto al episodio depresivo y al trastorno depresivo recurrente, haciendo hincapié en los aspectos generales de tratamiento, el tratamiento en la fase aguda y el manejo de la fase de continuación/mantenimiento, con el fin de brindar parámetros de atención en salud basados en la mejor y más actualizada evidencia disponible para lograr los estándares mínimos de calidad en el abordaje de adultos con dichos diagnósticos. Método: Se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica bajo los lineamientos de la Guía Metodológica del Ministerio de la Protección Social. Se adaptaron las recomendaciones de las guías NICE90 y CANMAT para las preguntas que estas guías contestaban y se desarrollaron de novo para las preguntas no encontradas. Resultados: Se presentan las recomendaciones 5-22 correspondientes al manejo de la depresión...

Introduction: This article presents recommendations based on evidence gathered to answer a series of clinical questions concerning the depressive episode and the recurrent depressive disorder, with emphasis on general treatment aspects, treatment in the acute phase and management of the continuation/maintenance, all intended to grant health care parameters based on the best and more updated available evidence for achieving minimum quality standards with adult patients thus diagnosed. Methodology: A practical clinical guide was elaborated according to standards of the Methodological Guide of the Ministry of Social Protection. Recommendation from NICE90 and CANMAT guides were adopted and updated so as to answer the questions posed while de novo questions were developed. Results: Recommendations 5-22 corresponding to management of depression are presented...

Revisión de la historia del trastorno esquizoafectivo y su relación con los rasgos de personalidad / Revision of the Schizo-affective Disorder and its Relation to Personality Traits

Objetivos Revisar los aspectos históricos del trastorno esquizoafectivo, así como la importancia del abordaje, teniendo en cuenta la personalidad. Métodos. Revisión de la literatura. Se presenta una revisión literaria centrada en los aspectos históricos y la polémica que ha existido acerca del trastorno esquizoafectivo como una entidad independiente dentro de la nosografía. Se revisa también la importancia del estudio de la dimensión de la personalidad en el diagnóstico y el manejo de este trastorno. Conclusiones La comprensión del trastorno esquizoafectivo requiere de un abordaje multidimensional, con especial interés en los rasgos de personalidad.

Errores en la atención en salud: estudio piloto para el diseño de procesos más seguros en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio / Errors in Health care: pilot study for the design of more secure processes at san Ignacio University Hospital

Existe evidencia en la literatura que la incidencia de efectos adversos en hospitales sería de 3.7/100, 27.6/100 de los cuales serían resultado de un error. 2.6/100 causaron invalidez permanente, y el 13/100 fueron mortales, el costo calculado es de aproximadamente 20 a 30 millardos de dólares al año. Diseñamos un estudio de cuatro fases, iniciando la bús-queda de errores y su prevención sistemática en nuestro departamento, presentamos los resultados finales de la primera fase.El 37/100 de las historias revisadas presentó uno o más errores. En total se identificaron 59 errores (promedio de 1.6 errores por Historia). En 65 historias en que no se identificaron errores, el diagnóstico más frecuente fue apendicitis aguda (35/100). Los diagnósticos en las historias que presentan error son más variados, y corresponden a patologías de baja frecuencia. En cuanto a tipo de error, la mayoría correspondían a uno no clasificable: "Error de registro" (37/100), seguidos de errores diagnósticos (29/100: 17/59), errores terapéuticos (22/100: 13/59), y errores preventivos (12/100: 7/59).Existe una relación inversa entre la frecuencia y familiaridad del cuerpo médico con determinadas patologías, y los errores cometidos, existen errores con potencial desencadenante de errores ulteriores. Existen asociaciones específicas entre tipo de error y el lugar donde ocurre. Existen asociaciones específicas entre diferentes tipos de error, las cuales no habían sido descritas