Metabolic and Innate Immune Cues Merge into a Specific Inflammatory Response via the UPR.

Innate immune responses are intricately linked with intracellular metabolism of myeloid cells. Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation shifts intracellular metabolism toward glycolysis, while anti-inflammatory signals depend on enhanced mitochondrial respiration. How exogenous metabolic signals affect the immune response is unknown. We demonstrate that TLR-dependent responses of dendritic cells (DCs) are exacerbated by a high-fatty-acid (FA) metabolic environment. FAs suppress the TLR-induced hexokinase activity and perturb tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism. These metabolic changes enhance mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production and, in turn, the unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to a distinct transcriptomic signature with IL-23 as hallmark. Interestingly, chemical or genetic suppression of glycolysis was sufficient to induce this specific immune response. Conversely, reducing mtROS production or DC-specific deficiency in XBP1 attenuated IL-23 expression and skin inflammation in an IL-23-dependent model of psoriasis. Thus, fine-tuning of innate immunity depends on optimization of metabolic demands and minimization of mtROS-induced UPR.

An Unusual Case of Late Recurrence of MS Neuroblastoma in a Young Adult.

This case describes an unusual presentation of a young adult with a very late recurrence of stage MS neuroblastoma over 20 years after initial diagnosis. Tumor histology at relapse demonstrated ganglioneuromatous foci within her undifferentiated tumor. In combination with evidence of altered catecholamine metabolism, it proposes a case for dedifferentiation of unresected ganglioneuromatous lesions as the etiology of her recurrence of the disease. An additional, compelling component of the case is the overall positive treatment response of the patient with relapsed neuroblastoma despite the poor prognostic factors of late relapse and adult age.

Interaction of Alu Polymorphisms and Novel Measures of Discrimination in Association with Blood Pressure in African Americans Living in Tallahassee, Florida.

African Americans are 40% more likely to be afflicted with hypertension than are non-Hispanic, white Americans, resulting in a 30% higher instance of mortality due to cardiovascular disease. There is debate about the relative contributions of genetic and sociocultural risk factors to the racial disparity in hypertension. We assayed three Alu insertion polymorphisms located in the ACE (angiotensin 1 converting enzyme), PLAT (plasminogen activator, tissue), and WNK1 (lysine deficient protein kinase 1) genes. We also estimated West African genetic ancestry and developed novel measures of perceived discrimination to create a biocultural model of blood pressure among African American adults in Tallahassee, Florida (n = 158). When tested separately, the ACE Alu noninsertion allele was significantly associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In multiple regression analyses, West African genetic ancestry was not associated with blood pressure and reduced the strength of all blood pressure models tested. A gene × environment interaction was identified between the ACE Alu genotype and a new measure of unfair treatment that includes experiences by individuals close to the study participant. Inclusion of the WNK1 Alu genotype further improved this model of blood pressure variation. Our results suggest an association of the ACE and WNK1 genotypes with blood pressure that is consistent with their proposed gene functions. Measures of perceived unfair treatment of others show a threshold effect, with increased blood pressure occurring at higher values. The interaction between the ACE genotype and unfair treatment highlights the benefits of including both genetic and cultural data to investigate complex disease.

Phase I trial of intravenous fenretinide (4-HPR) plus safingol in advanced malignancies.

PURPOSE: Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid that induces cytotoxicity through dihydroceramide production. Safingol, a stereochemical-variant dihydroceramide precursor, exhibits synergistic effects when administered with fenretinide in preclinical studies. We conducted a phase 1 dose-escalation clinical trial of this combination. METHODS: Fenretinide was administered as a 600 mg/m2 24-h infusion on Day 1 of a 21-day cycle followed by 900 mg/m2/day on Days 2 and 3. Safingol was concurrently administered as a 48-h infusion on Day 1 and 2 using 3 + 3 dose escalation. Primary endpoints were safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics and efficacy. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients were enrolled (mean age 63 years, 50% female, median three prior lines of therapy), including 15 patients with refractory solid tumors and one with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The median number of treatment cycles received was 2 (range 2-6). The most common adverse event (AE) was hypertriglyceridemia (88%; 38% ≥ Grade 3), attributed to the fenretinide intralipid infusion vehicle. Other treatment-related AEs occurring in ≥ 20% of patients included anemia, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia. At safingol dose 420 mg/m2, one patient had a dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 troponinemia and grade 4 myocarditis. Due to limited safingol supply, enrollment was halted at this dose level. Fenretinide and safingol pharmacokinetic profiles resembled those observed in monotherapy trials. Best radiographic response was stable disease (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Combination fenretinide plus safingol commonly causes hypertriglyceridemia and may be associated with cardiac events at higher safingol levels. Minimal activity in refractory solid tumors was observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01553071 (3.13.2012).

Artemisinin resistance-associated polymorphisms at the K13-propeller locus are absent in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Haiti.

Antimalarial drugs are a key tool in malaria elimination programs. With the emergence of artemisinin resistance in southeast Asia, an effort to identify molecular markers for surveillance of resistant malaria parasites is underway. Non-synonymous mutations in the kelch propeller domain (K13-propeller) in Plasmodium falciparum have been associated with artemisinin resistance in samples from southeast Asia, but additional studies are needed to characterize this locus in other P. falciparum populations with different levels of artemisinin use. Here, we sequenced the K13-propeller locus in 82 samples from Haiti, where limited government oversight of non-governmental organizations may have resulted in low-level use of artemisinin-based combination therapies. We detected a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at nucleotide 1,359 in a single isolate. Our results contribute to our understanding of the global genomic diversity of the K13-propeller locus in P. falciparum populations.