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BACKGROUND: While vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza infection and adverse outcomes, and despite WHO recommendations to vaccinate pregnant persons, access to seasonal influenza vaccines remains low. We explored knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pregnant persons about seasonal influenza vaccines to inform actions to improve vaccine uptake among this priority population. METHODS: We pooled individual-level data from cross-sectional surveys assessing pregnant persons' attitudes toward seasonal influenza vaccines in eight low- and middle-income countries during 2018-2019. The eight countries used a standard protocol and questionnaire to measure attitudes and intents toward influenza vaccination. We stratified by country-level (presence/absence of a national influenza vaccination program, country income group, geographic region) and individual-level factors. FINDINGS: Our analysis included 8,556 pregnant persons from eight low- and middle-income countries with and without seasonal influenza vaccination programs. Most pregnant persons (6,323, 74%) were willing to receive influenza vaccine if it was offered for free. Willingness differed by presence of an existing influenza vaccination program; acceptance was higher in countries without influenza vaccination programs (2,383, 89%) than in those with such programs (3,940, 67%, p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION: Most pregnant persons in middle-income countries, regardless of influenza vaccination program status, were willing to be vaccinated against influenza if the vaccine was provided free of charge. National investments in influenza vaccination programs may be well-received by pregnant persons, leading to averted illness both in pregnant persons themselves and in their newborn babies. FUNDING: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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BACKGROUND: Historically, lack of data on cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination has been identified as a barrier to vaccine use in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a systematic review of economic evaluations describing (1) costs of influenza illness; (2) costs of influenza vaccination programs; and (3) vaccination cost-effectiveness from low- and middle-income countries to assess if gaps persist that could hinder global implementation of influenza vaccination programs. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a systematic search in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Scopus in January 2022 and October 2023 using a combination of the following key words: "influenza" AND "cost" OR "economic." The search included studies with publication years 2012 through 2022. Studies were eligible if they (1) presented original, peer-reviewed findings on cost of illness, cost of vaccination program, or cost-effectiveness of vaccination for seasonal influenza; and (2) included data for at least 1 low- or middle-income country. We abstracted general study characteristics and data specific to each of the 3 study types. Of 54 included studies, 26 presented data on cost-effectiveness, 24 on cost-of-illness, and 5 on program costs. Represented countries were classified as upper-middle income (UMIC; n = 12), lower-middle income (LMIC; n = 7), and low-income (LIC; n = 3). The most evaluated target groups were children (n = 26 studies), older adults (n = 17), and persons with chronic medical conditions (n = 12); fewer studies evaluated pregnant persons (n = 9), healthcare workers (n = 5), and persons in congregate living settings (n = 1). Costs-of-illness were generally higher in UMICs than in LMICs/LICs; however, the highest national economic burden, as a percent of gross domestic product and national health expenditure, was reported from an LIC. Among studies that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccine introduction, most (88%) interpreted at least 1 scenario per target group as either cost-effective or cost-saving, based on thresholds designated in the study. Key limitations of this work included (1) heterogeneity across included studies; (2) restrictiveness of the inclusion criteria used; and (3) potential for missed influenza burden from use of sentinel surveillance systems. CONCLUSIONS: The 54 studies identified in this review suggest an increased momentum to generate economic evidence about influenza illness and vaccination from low- and middle-income countries during 2012 to 2022. However, given that we observed substantial heterogeneity, continued evaluation of the economic burden of influenza illness and costs/cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination, particularly in LICs and among underrepresented target groups (e.g., healthcare workers and pregnant persons), is needed. Use of standardized methodology could facilitate pooling across settings and knowledge sharing to strengthen global influenza vaccination programs.
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Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Gravidez , Feminino , Criança , Humanos , Idoso , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/uso terapêutico , Países em Desenvolvimento , Análise Custo-Benefício , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Increasing opportunities for prevention of infectious diseases by new, effective vaccines and the expansion of global immunization programs across the life course highlight the importance and value of evidence-informed decision-making (EIDM) by National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Task Force for Global Health (TFGH) have developed and made available new tools to support NITAGs in EIDM. These include a toolkit for conducting facilitated training of NITAGs, Secretariats, or work groups on the use of the Evidence to Recommendations (EtR) approach to advise Ministries of Health (MoH) on specific vaccine policies, and an eLearning module on the EtR approach for NITAG members, Secretariat and others. The CDC and TFGH have also supported final development and implementation of the NITAG Maturity Assessment Tool (NMAT) for assessing maturity of NITAG capabilities in seven functional domains. The EtR toolkit and eLearning have been widely promoted in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) Headquarters and Regional Offices through workshops engaging over 30 countries to date, and the NMAT assessment tool used in most countries in 3 WHO regions (Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, African). Important lessons have been learned regarding planning and conducting trainings for multiple countries and additional ways to support countries in applying the EtR approach to complete vaccine recommendations. Priorities for future work include the need to evaluate the impact of EtR training and NMAT assessments, working with partners to expand and adapt these tools for wider use, synergizing with other approaches for NITAG strengthening, and developing the best approaches to empower NITAGs to use the EtR approach.
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BACKGROUND: During November 2019-October 2021, a pediatric influenza vaccination demonstration project was conducted in four sub-counties in Kenya. The demonstration piloted two different delivery strategies: year-round vaccination and a four-month vaccination campaign. Our objective was to compare the costs of both delivery strategies. METHODS: Cost data were collected using standardized questionnaires and extracted from government and project accounting records. We reported total costs and costs per vaccine dose administered by delivery strategy from the Kenyan government perspective in 2021 US$. Costs were separated into financial costs (monetary expenditures) and economic costs (financial costs plus the value of existing resources). We also separated costs by administrative level (national, regional, county, sub-county, and health facility) and program activity (advocacy and social mobilization; training; distribution, storage, and waste management; service delivery; monitoring; and supervision). RESULTS: The total estimated cost of the pediatric influenza demonstration project was US$ 225,269 (financial) and US$ 326,691 (economic) for the year-round delivery strategy (30,397 vaccine doses administered), compared with US$ 214,753 (financial) and US$ 242,385 (economic) for the campaign strategy (25,404 doses administered). Vaccine purchase represented the largest proportion of costs for both strategies. Excluding vaccine purchase, the cost per dose administered was US$ 1.58 (financial) and US$ 5.84 (economic) for the year-round strategy and US$ 2.89 (financial) and US$ 4.56 (economic) for the campaign strategy. CONCLUSIONS: The financial cost per dose was 83% higher for the campaign strategy than the year-round strategy due to larger expenditures for advocacy and social mobilization, training, and hiring of surge staff for service delivery. However, the economic cost per dose was more comparable for both strategies (year-round 22% higher than campaign), balanced by higher costs of operating equipment and monitoring activities for the year-round strategy. These delivery cost data provide real-world evidence to inform pediatric influenza vaccine introduction in Kenya.
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OBJECTIVES: We investigated a nationwide outbreak of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in Nicaragua in children under 5 years old, leading to many consultations, hospitalizations, and deaths. We questioned whether a vaccine might have prevented these illnesses and deaths, sought to identify risk factors for death, and developed a clinical profile of children hospitalized with diarrhea. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study to determine whether children who died had access to routine immunizations, a proxy predicting access to a rotavirus vaccine. We identified risk factors for death among children who died in the outbreak compared with surviving age-matched controls with diarrhea. We collected stools, clinical data, and immunization data on children hospitalized for diarrhea to test for rotavirus, develop the profile, and forecast future access to a rotavirus vaccine. RESULTS: The outbreak from February to April 2005 caused 47 470 consultations and 52 deaths. Approximately 80 percent of cases and controls and 60 percent of children hospitalized with diarrhea had access to routine immunizations and would likely have had access to a rotavirus vaccine. With a vaccine efficacy of 85 percent, up to 51 percent of severe rotavirus cases and up to 68 percent of deaths could have been prevented if a rotavirus vaccine were available as part of routine child-hood immunizations. Study of 35 case-control pairs indicated that severe illnesses, malnutrition, and care by traditional healers were risk factors for death. Rotavirus was found in 42 percent of samples from hospitalized children and was associated with severe disease and dehydration. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of the seasonal outbreaks of rotavirus disease could be diminished with a rotavirus vaccine, improvements in oral rehydration programs, and training of traditional healers in the proper management of children with acute diarrhea.
OBJETIVOS: Se investigó un brote nacional de gastroenteritis grave por rotavirus en niños menores de 5 años de edad que provocó numerosas consultas, hospitalizaciones y muertes en Nicaragua. Se analizó si la vacunación habría evitado estos casos de enfermedad y fallecimiento, se buscaron factores de riesgo de muerte y se elaboró un perfil clínico de los niños hospitalizados con diarrea. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles para determinar si los niños que murieron tuvieron acceso a programas de vacunación, como medida indirecta del acceso a la vacuna contra rotavirus. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo de muerte en los niños que fallecieron durante el brote en comparación con los controles con diarrea sobrevivientes, emparejados según la edad. Se tomaron muestras de heces fecales, datos clínicos y de vacunación de los niños hospitalizados con diarrea para realizar el diagnóstico de rotavirus, elaborar el perfil clínico y pronosticar el acceso futuro a una vacuna contra rotavirus. RESULTADOS: El brote ocurrido entre febrero y abril de 2005 ocasionó 47 470 consultas y 52 muertes. Aproximadamente 80 por ciento de los casos y controles y 60 por ciento de los niños hospitalizados con diarrea tuvieron acceso a la vacunación programada y posiblemente tuvieron acceso a una vacuna contra rotavirus. Si en los programas de vacunación se hubiera dispuesto de una vacuna de 85 por ciento de eficacia, se hubieran prevenido hasta 51 por ciento de los casos graves de rotavirus y hasta 68 por ciento de las muertes. El estudio de 35 pares de casos y controles demostró que la enfermedad grave, la desnutrición y la atención por curanderos tradicionales fueron los factores de riesgo de muerte. Se encontró rotavirus en 42 por ciento de las muestras de niños hospitalizados, asociado con la enfermedad grave y la deshidratación. CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de los brotes estacionales de la enfermedad por rotavirus podría reducirse mediante la vacunación...
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Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Surtos de Doenças , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Gastroenterite/mortalidade , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/mortalidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the annual burden of diarrhea and of diarrhea that is associated with rotavirus (RV) in children who are treated at public clinics and hospitals in Honduras. METHODS: Data were collected from computerized records of all children < 5 years old treated for diarrhea at clinics and hospitals operated by the Secretary of Health for the period of 2000 through 2004. A review of studies of RV in Honduras and neighboring countries provided estimates of detection rates of RV among children treated for acute diarrhea as outpatients or as inpatients. From these data, we estimated the annual number of cases of diarrhea and of rotavirus-related diarrhea in Honduras, the cumulative incidence of diarrhea and of rotavirus-related diarrhea for a child from birth to age 5 years, and the number of fatalities due to RV among children hospitalized for diarrhea. RESULTS: From 2000 through 2004, a mean of 222 000 clinic visits, 4 390 hospitalizations, and 162 in-hospital deaths due to diarrhea were recorded annually among children < 5 years of age in the public health facilities in Honduras. From our review of scientific literature on Honduras and neighboring countries, an estimated 30 percent of outpatients and 43 percent of inpatients who were treated for diarrhea would be expected to have RV. Consequently, we estimated that 66 600 outpatient visits, 1 888 hospitalizations, and 70 in-hospital deaths among children < 5 years in Honduras could be attributed to RV each year. Therefore, a child in the first five years of life has a respective risk for consultation, hospitalization, and in-hospital death of 1:1, 1:46, and 1:1 235 for diarrhea. For an episode associated with RV, the respective risks are 1:3, 1:106, and 1:2 857. These values likely underestimate the true burden of diarrhea in Honduras, since some 51 percent of children with acute diarrhea do not receive formal care for the illness, 70 percent do not receive oral rehydration...
OBJETIVOS: Estimar la carga anual por diarrea y por diarrea asociada con la infección por rotavirus (RV) en niños atendidos en clínicas y hospitales públicos de Honduras. MÉTODOS: Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de los registros computarizados de todos los niños menores de 5 años atendidos por diarrea en clínicas y hospitales operados por la Secretaría de Salud de Honduras durante el período 2000-2004. Una revisión de los estudios realizados sobre RV en Honduras y los países vecinos ofreció estimados de las tasas de detección de RV en niños tratados por diarrea aguda hospitalizados o de forma ambulatoria. Con estos datos se estimó el número anual de casos de diarrea y de diarrea asociada con la infección por RV en Honduras, la incidencia acumulativa de diarrea y de diarrea asociada con la infección por RV en niños menores de 5 años y el número de muertes debido a RV en niños hospitalizados por diarrea. RESULTADOS: Entre los años 2000 y 2004 se registraron medias anuales de 222 000 visitas médicas, 4 390 hospitalizaciones y 162 muertes hospitalarias por diarrea en niños menores de 5 años en instalaciones sanitarias públicas de Honduras. A partir de la revisión de la literatura científica relativa a Honduras y los países vecinos se estimó que 30 por ciento de los casos de diarrea atendidos ambulatoriamente y 43 por ciento de los hospitalizados podrían deberse a RV. En consecuencia, se estimó que 66 600 visitas médicas ambulatorias, 1 888 hospitalizaciones y 70 muertes hospitalarias de niños menores de 5 años pueden atribuirse a la infección por RV anualmente en Honduras. Por lo tanto, los riesgos de un niño en sus primeros 5 años de vida de asistir a una consulta, de ser hospitalizado y de morir en un hospital por diarrea son de 1:1, 1:46 y 1:1 235, respectivamente. Los riesgos asociados con la infección por RV son de 1:3, 1:106 y 1:2 857, respectivamente. Posiblemente, estos valores subestiman la carga real por diarrea en Honduras, ya...
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Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/virologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/complicações , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Honduras/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Worldwide, rotaviruses account for more than 125 million cases of infantile gastroenteritis and nearly 1 millon deaths per year, mainly in developing countries. Rather than other control measures, vaccination is most likely to have a major impact on rotavirus disease incidence. The peak incidence of rotavirus diarrhea occurs between 6 and 24 months of age. In develping countries, however, cases are not uncommon among children younger than 6 months. G serotypes 1 to 4 are responsible for most disease, but there are indications that in Brazil that G type 5 is of emerging epidemiological importance. Both homotypic and heterotypic responses are elicited during natural rotavirus infection, and the immunological response at the intestinal mucosal surface is probably the more consistent predictor of clinical immunity. With the primary objective of protecting children against life-threatening dehydrating diarrhea, many approaches to rotavirus vaccine development have been attempted. One vaccine, the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV), was given licensing approval in the United States of America, introduced to the market, and later withdrawn. A number of studies have found better efficacy of RRV-TV in developed countries than in developing ones. Field trials with a 4 x 10 to the power of four plaque-forming units (PFU) preparation of RRV-TV have been carried out in two countries in Latin America, Brazil and Peru. Those trials yielded protective efficacy rates against all rotavirus diarrhea ranging from 18 per cent to 35 per cent. Data from a large catchment trial in Venezuela with a higher RRV-TV dose, of 4 x 10 to the power of five PFU/dose, indicated an efficacy rate of 48 per cent against all rotavirus diarrhea and 88 per cent against severe rotavirus diarrhea. It appears that breast-feeding does not compromise the efficacy of RRV-TV if three doses of the vaccine are administered. Similarly, possible interference of oral poliovirus vaccine with the "take" of the rotavirus vaccine can be overcome by giving three doses of the rotavirus vaccine or by using a higher-titer formulation of it. Wild enteroviruses, however, may cause primary rotavirus vaccine failure in developing countries. Studies in Peru with RRV-TV have shown a trend towards higher vaccine efficacy rates against "pure" (rotavirus-only) diarrheal episodes. Economic analyses made in the United States indicate that a vaccine that costs less than US$9 per dose would lead to a net savings in medical costs. To date, however, cost-benefit studies have not been done in developing countris. In the future, it is possible that some Latin American countries might adapt their polio production facilities to the preparation of rotavirus vaccines for human use. A year after RRV-TV was licensed for vaccination of infants in the United Staes, the occurrence of intussusception as an adverse event led to the vaccine's withdrawal from the market. The implications of that action, particularly for Latin America, will be addressed in this article, including the need to explore alternative rotavirus candidate vaccines, particularly through the conduct of parallel clinical trials in both developed and developing countries
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Rotavirus/imunologia , Vacinas Virais , Gastroenterite , Diarreia Infantil , Mortalidade Infantil , Países em Desenvolvimento , Países DesenvolvidosRESUMO
En el mundo, los rotavirus son responsables de más 125 millones de casos de gastroenteritis infantil y de cerca de 1 millón de muertes al año, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. En comparación con otras medidas de control, la vacunación cuenta con mayores probabilidades de tener un impacto significativo en la incidencia de la enfermedad por rotavirus. La máxima incidencia de la diarrea por rotavirus ocurre entre los 6 y los 24 meses de edad. Sin embargo, en los países en desarrollo no son raros los casos en menores de 6 meses. Los serotipos G1 a G4 son responsables de la mayoría de los casos, pero hay datos que indican que en Brasil el tipo G5 está adquiriendo mayor importancia epidemiológica. Durante la infección natural por rotavirus se inducen respuestas inmunitarias tanto homotípicas como heterotípicas y la respuesta inmunitaria en la superficie de la mucosa intestinal constituye probablemente el factor que mejor predice la inmunidad clínica. Con el objetivo principal de proteger a los niños frente a la diarrea con deshidratación potencialmente mortal, se han probado varios abordajes en el desarrollo de vacunas contra los rotavirus. En los Estados Unidos de América (EUA) se aprobó y comercializó una vacuna antirrotavirus tetravalente recombinante de virus humanos y de Macaca mulatta (RRV-TV), pero posteriormente se retiró del mercado. En varios estudios se ha observado que la eficacia de la vacuna RRV-TV es mayor en los países desarrollados que en los países en desarrollo. En dos países de América Latina (Brasil y Perú) se han realizado estudios de campo con preparaciones de RRVTV que contenían 4 104 unidades formadoras de placa (UFP) y se registraron tasas de eficacia protectora frente a todas las diarreas por rotavirus que oscilaron entre 18 y 35%. En otro estudio realizado en Venezuela con mayores dosis de RRV-TV (4 105 UFP/dosis), se obtuvo una tasa de eficacia de 48% frente a todas las diarreas por rotavirus y de 88% frente a las diarreas graves. Parece ser que la lactancia materna no interfiere con la eficacia de la RRV-TV si se administran tres dosis de la vacuna. Del mismo modo, la posible interferencia de la vacuna oral contra la poliomielitis con la vacuna contra los rotavirus puede ser contrarrestada si se administran tres dosis de esta última o se utilizan formulaciones con títulos elevados. Sin embargo, los enterovirus silvestres pueden conducir al fracaso de la vacunación primaria contra los rotavirus en los países en desarrollo. Estudios realizados en Perú con la vacuna RRVTV han mostrado una tendencia a la obtención de mayores tasas de eficacia de la vacuna frente a los epidosios diarreicos causados únicamente por rotavirus ("puros"). Los análisis económicos realizados en los EE.UU. indican que una vacuna que cuesta menos de 9 dólares estadounidenses por dosis podría proporcionar ahorros netos en los costes médicos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se han realizado estudios de coste-beneficio en los países en desarrollo. En el futuro, es posible que algunos países de América Latina adapten sus instalaciones de producción de vacunas antipoliomielíticas a la preparación de vacunas contra los rotavirus para uso humano. Un año después de que la RRV-TV fuera aprobada en los EE.UU. para la vacunación de lactantes, la ocurrencia de casos de intususcepción como reacción adversa a la vacuna condujo a su retirada del mercado. En este artículo se analizan las implicaciones de esta medida, en especial en América Latina, entre ellas la necesidad de investigar vacunas alternativas contra los rotavirus, particulamente mediante la realización de ensayos clínicos paralelos en los países desarrollados y en desarrollo
Worldwide, rotaviruses account for more than 125 million cases of infantile gastroenteritis and nearly 1 million deaths per year, mainly in developing countries. Rather than other control measures, vaccination is most likely to have a major impact on rotavirus disease incidence. The peak incidence of rotavirus diarrhea occurs between 6 and 24 months of age. In developing countries, however, cases are not uncommon among children younger than 6 months. G serotypes 1 to 4 are responsible for most disease, but there are indications that in Brazil that G type 5 is of emerging epidemiological importance. Both homotypic and heterotypic responses are elicited during natural rotavirus infection, and the immunological response at the intestinal mucosal surface is probably the more consistent predictor of clinical immunity. With the primary objective of protecting children against life-threatening dehydrating diarrhea, many approaches to rotavirus vaccine development have been attempted. One vaccine, the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV), was given licensing approval in the United States of America, introduced to the market, and later withdrawn. A number of studies have found better efficacy of RRV-TV in developed countries than in developing ones. Field trials with a 4 104 plaque-forming units (PFU) preparation of RRVTV have been carried out in two countries in Latin America, Brazil and Peru. Those trials yielded protective efficacy rates against all rotavirus diarrhea ranging from 18% to 35%. Data from a large catchment trial in Venezuela with a higher RRV-TV dose, of 4 105 PFU/dose, indicated an efficacy rate of 48% against all rotavirus diarrhea and 88% against severe rotavirus diarrhea. It appears that breast-feeding does not compromise the efficacy of RRV-TV if three doses of the vaccine are administered. Similarly, possible interference of oral poliovirus vaccine with the "take" of the rotavirus vaccine can be overcome by giving three doses of the rotavirus vaccine or by using a higher-titer formulation of it. Wild enteroviruses, however, may cause primary rotavirus vaccine failure in developing countries. Studies in Peru with RRV-TV have shown a trend towards higher vaccine efficacy rates against "pure" (rotavirusonly) diarrheal episodes. Economic analyses made in the United States indicate that a vaccine that costs less than US$ 9 per dose would lead to a net savings in medical costs. To date, however, cost-benefit studies have not been done in developing countries. In the future, it is possible that some Latin American countries might adapt their polio production facilities to the preparation of rotavirus vaccines for human use. A year after RRV-TV was licensed for vaccination of infants in the United States, the occurrence of intussusception as an adverse event led to the vaccine's withdrawal from the market. The implications of that action, particularly for Latin America, will be addressed in this article, including the need to explore alternative rotavirus candidate vaccines, particularly through the conduct of parallel clinical trials in both developed and developing countrie
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Infecções por Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/patologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Sorologia , Vacinas , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade , Diarreia/etiologia , Vacinação , Estados Unidos , América LatinaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Valorar la carga de enfermedad e identificar las características epidemiológicas de la diarrea causada por rotavirus en América Latina. MÉTODOS: Realizamos una revisión de la literatura que abarcaba los estudios de niños menores de 5 años que fueron hospitalizados o atendidos como pacientes ambulatorios a causa de la diarrea, y en los cuales se buscó al rotavirus como agente etiológico de la diarrea. Nuestro trabajo de revisión incluye los estudios publicados desde el año 1998 sobre pacientes ingresados y ambulatorios, que incluyeron a 100 niños o más, y que informaron sobre actividades de vigilancia que se prolongaron durante al menos 12 meses consecutivos. RESULTADOS: Un total de 18 estudios de pacientes ingresados y 10 estudios de pacientes ambulatorios satisficieron los criterios de inclusión de nuestro trabajo de revisión. Se detectó el rotavirus en el 31% (mediano) de los pacientes ingresados (intervalo del 16% al 52%) y en el 30.5% de los pacientes ambulatorios (intervalo del 4% al 42%). La tasa mediana de detección fue mayor en los estudios que emplearon un ensayo de encimoinmunoanálisis (ELISA) (pacientes ingresados: 38%, pacientes ambulatorios: 33%) frente a otros métodos de detección menos sensibles. La distribución de la enfermedad rotavírica según la edad difería entre países, aunque la proporción de niños hospitalizados durante el primer año de vida fue del 65% al 85%. En la mayoría de los países se produjeron ingresos hospitalarios por rotavirus durante todo el año, y el rotavirus normalmente mostraba un máximo estacional en el invierno tanto en las zonas de clima tropical como en aquellas de clima templado. CONCLUSIONES: La importante carga de enfermedad que se atribuye al rotavirus en América Latina sugiere que las vacunas que están siendo ensayadas en la actualidad podrían tener un impacto considerable en la prevención de las hospitalizaciones, consultas a los centros de salud, y muertes. La distribución de la enfermedad entre los pacientes más jóvenes subraya la importancia de la inmunización precoz en el éxito de los programas de vacunación. Los datos sugieren que en el futuro, los programas de vigilancia para detectar la diarrea causada por rotavirus en América Latina deberían usar un protocolo normalizado de vigilancia con ELISA para la detección del virus. Los datos provenientes de estudios de vigilancia serán de importancia fundamental para el seguimiento del impacto de la introducción de vacunas en el futuro.