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INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to compare the rate of levator ani muscle avulsion following vaginal birth after routine and restrictive episiotomy. METHODS: This study consists of two cohorts of pregnant women prospectively enrolled between September 2015 and December 2017 at a university hospital. The pregnant women were subject to a randomized controlled trial, in which participants received a restrictive episiotomy protocol versus a routine episiotomy protocol for vaginal delivery. Levator ani avulsion was evaluated by four-dimensional ultrasound screening. RESULTS: Sixty-one post-partum primipara women were enrolled in our study. Thirty-two women (52.5%) had undergone routine episiotomy whereas 29 women (47.5%) had gone through restrictive episiotomy. Right mediolateral episiotomies were performed in all cases. The rate of anal sphincter tear was 12.5% in the routine episiotomy group versus 13.8% in the restrictive episiotomy group (p = 1.00). Levator ani avulsion was detected in 9.4% of the routine episiotomy group (only on the right side) and in 10.3% of the restrictive episiotomy group (p = 1.00). No bilateral levator avulsion was detected in either of the groups. There were no statistical differences in the distances of the bladder neck descent, cystocele descent, uterine descent, rectocele descent, and the ballooning of the genital hiatus area between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In our pilot study, there was no reduction of the rate of levator ani avulsion in women with restrictive episiotomy compared with routine episiotomy. There were no differences in pelvic floor ultrasound parameters between the two groups.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of additional low-pressure pulmonary recruitment in reducing postoperative shoulder pain. METHODS: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted at Srinagarind Hospital between May 2021 and October 2021. Forty patients who underwent laparoscopic gynecologic surgery were randomized into either an intervention group that received additional low-pressure pulmonary recruitment (30 cmH2O) (n=20) or a control group (n=20). Shoulder pain was evaluated using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, 24, and 48 hours after the operation. RESULTS: The mean±standard deviation of shoulder pain at 24 hours after the operation of both the intervention and control groups were 2.10±2.27 and 1.45±1.73 points, respectively. The shoulder pain at 48 hours after the operation of the intervention and control groups were 1.15±1.46 and 0.85±1.73 points, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the mean difference between the two groups at 24 and 48 hours after operation (P=0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.61 to 1.91 and P=1.00; 95% CI, -0.96 to 1.56, respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed in additional analgesic medications used in either group, such as intravenous morphine or oral acetaminophen. CONCLUSION: Additional low-pressure pulmonary recruitment to reduce shoulder pain after laparoscopic surgery for benign gynecologic diseases did not show a significant benefit compared to the control group, especially when administering postoperative around-the-clock analgesia.