Residual disease in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and prognostic value.

Twenty-two B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients were investigated to evaluate residual disease in clinico-hematological remission. Residual disease was determined by monotypy of surface light-chain expression and by dual-color staining with CD5 and CD19 markers. Samples were analyzed on flow cytometer. Total CD19+ cells above 25%, the CD5+CD19+/total CD19+ cells ratio above 0.25, clonal excess above 0.4 were considered positive for residual disease. According to these immunological criteria, only four cases achieved phenotypic remission. Our data confirm that dual marker analysis is more sensitive than clonal excess and may predict an early relapse. Ig gene rearrangements were studied by Southern blot analysis using IGHJ and IGKC probes in fifteen cases. All 12 cases that retained a detectable rearrangement displayed a phenotypic residual disease. Conversely, in two cases, DNA analysis failed to detect the residual disease characterized by flow cytometry. In conclusion, this study suggests that in B-CLL, dual marker analysis is sensitive in predicting an early relapse in sequential evaluations of residual disease, whereas rearranged bands are undetectable when the proportion of malignant cells is low.

De novo acute B cell leukemia/lymphoma with t(14;18).

The t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation is the most common translocation in B cell malignancies being found in 80% of follicular lymphomas and about 20% of diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Only rare cases of de novo acute B cell lymphoblastic leukemia with t(14;18) have been described. We describe five cases of this entity which appears to have very homogeneous clinical, phenotypic and genotypic features. None of these patients had prior history of follicular lymphoma. The disease was characterized by acute clinical features with nodal and/or extranodal disease, massive bone marrow infiltration and rapid increase of circulating blast cells of mature B cell phenotype. All patients disclosed complex chromosomal and molecular abnormalities involving at least the BCL-2 and c-MYC genes. Furthermore, three patients had evidence of BCL-6 involvement and one patient had a p53 mutation. Despite intensive chemotherapy, including for two patients allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in first complete remission, all patients died within a few months. Neuro-meningeal relapse occurred in three of the five patients in spite of neuro-meningeal prophylaxis. De novo leukemia/lymphoma with t(14;18) is a rare entity with a very poor prognosis. Whether early bone marrow transplant could modify the natural history of the disease remains to be determined. An intensive neuro-meningeal prophylaxis appears to be mandatory in these patients.

Prognostic factors of myelodysplastic syndromes--a simplified 3-D scoring system.

From 1 January 1982 to 31 December 1986 in five haematological centers of the west of France (Rennes, Rouen, Nantes, Tours and Angers), we have collected 503 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). These cases were classified by FAB recommendation as followed: 85 refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS); 273 refractory anemia in which 86 were without blasts (RA), 153 were with excess of blasts (RAEB) and 34 were with excess of blasts and in transformation (RAEB-t); 111 chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML); and 34 cases with borderline features. The point date for statistical study was 31 December 1988, and the scoring method of Bournemouth was applied to compare with our findings (62% resulted in death, 18% in leukemic transformation). It was demonstrated that haemoglobin, platelets, and bone marrow-blasts are the best factors to predict survival or leukaemic transformation (LT). But peripheral neutrophils don't affect the survival time excepted when lower than 500 microliters (13 months vs 19.6 months). A scoring system based on haemoglobin (Hb), platelets (Pl), and bone marrow blasts (BMB) may be represented in a three-dimensional space and is a good tool to know the own value of each parameter. This 3-D system shows that BMB and Pl are the most important factors and are correlated with survival, per cent of death, and LT (p less than 0.0001). The LT is observed in 18% of the whole population. RAEB and RAEB-t progress in AML2 (14.6%) or AML4 (1.4%), and CMML progress in AML2 (8.1%) or AML4 (11.7%). We observed that monocytes are not good parameters to predict the type of leukemic transformation. Furthermore, survival of RA treated with Ara-C(ld) or not treated was similar.

Heterogeneity of acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia (AISA).

Clinical, haematological and outcome data were studied in 84 patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia (AISA) from a registry of 613 consecutive myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) recorded by five institutions in western France. Two groups could be identified and compared: 'pure' erythroblastic AISA (AISA-E: 59 pts), and AISA with myelodysplastic features, i.e. dysgranulo and/or dysmegakaryopoiesis (AISA-M: 25 pts). Results were also compared to those of a series of 71 cases of refractory anaemia without sideroblastosis (RA) carried out from the same registry. Dyserythropoiesis was present in 90% of all AISA subtypes, dysgranulopoiesis in 88% of the AISA-M cases; dysmegakaryopoiesis was observed in 44% of AISA-M. Ten patients with both forms of AISA showed high platelet counts. These cases appeared particular in that four of them were associated with a splenomegaly and/or a hyperleucocytosis. They had to be distinguished from myeloproliferative syndromes. Outcome comparison of AISA-E with AISA-M showed a significant discrepancy of survival duration (60 vs 38 months respectively). Progression towards refractory anaemia with excess of blasts or acute leukaemia, was significantly higher for AISA-M than for AISA-E. The risk of transformation increased to 24% for the AISA-M group similarly to those of RA patients (17%). We conclude that AISA must be divided into two categories, 'pure' AISA and AISA-M, because survival duration and risk of transformation are different.

Chromosome abnormalities in peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

Data on chromosomal abnormalities in T-cell lymphomas are very rare as compared with those reported in B-cell lymphomas. We performed a cytogenetic study in 71 untreated patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, classified according to the criteria of the REAL classification. Fifty-seven patients (80.3%) had abnormal clones, whereas 9 karyotypes (12.7%) showed only normal metaphases; 5 karyotypes (7%) could not be analyzed. Recurrent numerical chromosomal abnormalities comprised +3 (21%), +5 (15.7%), +7 (15.5%), +21 (14%), -13 (14%), +8 (12.2%), +19 (12.2%), -10 (10.5%), and -Y (9% of male patients). Chromosomes involved in structural rearrangements were chromosome 6 (31.5%), mainly due to 6q deletions (19.2%), 1q (22.8%), 7q (22.8%), 9p (19.4%), 9q (19.2%), 4q (19.2%), 3q (19.2%), 2p (17.5%), 1p (17.5%), and 14q (17%). Trisomies 3 and 5 mainly correlated with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Isochromosome 7q, associated with trisomy 8, was present in two cases of hepatosplenic gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma. Rearrangements involving the location of T-cell receptor genes were rarely observed (chromosome band 7q35 was rearranged only in three cases, 14q11 in two cases, and 7p15 in none). No correlation could be found between the cytogenetic findings and histologic subgroup or clinical outcome in these patients. Further studies are needed to understand the significance of these abnormalities in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and to reach a better evaluation of histologic correlations, as many differences persist between the two major classification systems, KIEL and REAL.

PreB1 (CD10-) acute lymphoblastic leukemia: immunophenotypic and genomic characteristics, clinical features and outcome in 38 adults and 26 children. The Groupe dEtude Immunologique des Leucémies.

The less differentiated stage (CD10-) of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) described as preB1-ALL in the GEIL nomenclature, accounts for less than 10% of ALL. It is classically considered to be associated with translocation (4;11)(q21;q23), and to have a poor prognosis. We report an extensive immunophenotypic, genomic and clinical study of a series of 64 preB-1 ALL patients, representing 6.3% of a cohort of consecutive ALLs. The engagement of preB1-ALL cells in the B-lineage was confirmed by their B-lineage score, equal to or higher than 2. In addition, more than 90% of the cases tested showed rearranged IGH genes. Translocation (4;11) was the most frequent karyotypic anomaly seen, but only accounted for 24% of the preB1-ALL cases tested. Expression of the myeloid associated antigen CD15 was also found with high incidence in this subset. Clinical and biological features at presentation showed more significant differences between preB1- and T-ALL than between preB1- and preB2-ALL (CD10+). However, outcome characteristics of the 22 children with preB1-ALL confirmed the worse prognosis of this entity.

[Steroid intake before leukemia diagnosis impairs outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. / Corticothérapie préalable au diagnostic de leucémie aiguë lymphoblastique (LAL) de l'enfant : effet délétère pour la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to show that steroid therapy taken before the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can alter the management of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study on 11 children treated between 2005 and 2011, who received oral steroids ranging from 0.6 to 3.3mg/kg/day prednisolone equivalent for a duration of 2 to 15 days during the 2 months prior to diagnosis of ALL. RESULTS: Four children had febrile pancytopenia. Among them, 2 had severe infections and a noncontributive bone marrow aspiration. One of them presented a severe tumoral lysis syndrome and was hospitalized twice in the intensive care unit. Two teenagers had central nervous system involvement at diagnosis of T-ALL, 1 having associated cutaneous locations, the second one showing pulmonary and central nervous system (CNS) leukostasis with renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. One child died of septic shock during the induction phase of steroid-resistant T-ALL. Four children had no complications during the induction phase. Steroid resistance occurred in 5 cases and steroid sensitivity could not be evaluated in 3 cases. Three allogeneic bone marrow transplants were performed: the first one because of early CNS relapse, the 2 others because of initial treatment resistance. CONCLUSION: Steroids can induce a delay in the management of ALL and seem to favor initial complications, and possibly increase diffuse locations as well as steroid resistance. Their prescription needs to be carefully managed, especially for uncharacteristic infectious symptoms. Then a complete blood count should be done.

[MYH9 syndrome and auto-immune haemolytic anaemia: an unrelated association?]. / Syndrome MYH9 et anémie hémolytique auto-immune : une association fortuite?

INTRODUCTION: The MYH9 syndrome is a group of rare autosomal dominant platelet disorders associating in most of the cases a macrothrombocytopenia and characteristic leukocyte inclusions. Clinical features may include renal, visual, or hearing impairment. The bleeding tendency is usually moderate. CASE REPORT: We report a 28-year-old-man, with an auto-immune haemolytic anaemia associated with a MYH9 syndrome. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of such an association.

The new haematology analyzer DxH 800: an evaluation of the analytical performances and leucocyte flags, comparison with the LH 755.

INTRODUCTION: The analytical performance and the abnormality messages on differential (flags) of the new analyzer Beckman Coulter DxH 800 were compared with those of the LH 755. METHODS: First, we evaluated the accuracy of the results of the DxH 800, in comparison with the LH 755, in 125 samples without alarm using unflagged sample results on both analyzers. Second, flagged samples on the LH 755 but not flagged by the DxH 800 were evaluated by flow cytometry for accuracy of the DxH 800 results. Finally, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of abnormality messages on differential given by the analyzers, in comparison with manual blood smears. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients (R) for complete blood count parameters and differential demonstrated that the DxH 800 results were similar to that of LH 755. Excellent correlation coefficients between DxH 800 and flow cytometry results were found for white blood cell count (R = 0.985, n = 31), platelet count (R = 0.976, n = 51) and nucleated red blood cells (R = 0.966, n = 37). The overall performance showed an increased sensitivity (0.892) and specificity (0.864) of the flags on DxH 800 when compared to the LH 755 (0.846 and 0.733, respectively). CONCLUSION: The DxH 800 provides reliable results and increases laboratory efficiency by reducing working time and costs associated with the optical validation of the results.

Lymphocyte volume and conductivity indices of the haematology analyser Coulter GEN.S in lymphoproliferative disorders and viral diseases.

The haematology analyser Coulter GEN.S gives a set of data -'positional parameters'- defining white blood cell (WBC) populations by mean of index values (mean and standard deviation of volume, conductivity and scatter, used to identify the WBC populations). The volume and conductivity parameters related to the lymphocytes were analysed at diagnosis in patients suffering from chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), other non-CLL lymphoproliferative disorders (OLPD) and viral diseases. The standard deviation of volume index (SDVI) is significantly higher in the three groups, whereas the mean volume index (MVI) is significantly lower in B-CLL, and increased in OLPD and viral diseases. These two groups could be distinguished by their mean conductivity index (MCI), which is significantly lower in viral disease group. Cut-offs were calculated for each parameter by the mean of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The study of the detection performances showed that the combination of lymphocyte count with SDVI, MVI and MCI could be used with a good sensitivity and specificity to discriminate between the most frequent lymphocyte pathologies, even in patients with normal lymphocyte count.

Evaluation of the coulter LH 750 haematology analyzer compared with flow cytometry as the reference method for WBC, platelet and nucleated RBC count.

The Coulter LH 750 is a new haematology analyser with several new features: a count of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs), automated WBC correction in presence of a flag indicating a cellular interference and a lower incidence of platelet or WBC interference flags when compared with the GEN.S, our current instrument. We had three main goals in our study: evaluating the LH 750 WBC counts when a GEN.S flag suggests a risk of WBC interference, ascertaining whether the platelet counts not flagged by the LH 750 were accurately assessed in samples flagged by the GEN.S and evaluating the NRBC assay provided by the LH 750. Flow cytometry, using CD45 and CD41, respectively for WBC and platelet labelling, was used as a reference method to assess the accuracy of the LH 750 counts. NRBC were identified by double labelling with propidium iodide (PI) and CD45, NRBCs being CD45-/PI+. A significant relationship was found between LH 750 and flow cytometric WBC counts, whether a WBC correction was made by the LH 750 (r = 0.9809, n = 54) or not (r = 0.9901, n = 23). A highly significant relationship was observed for platelets not only in the range from 0 to 450 x 10(9)/l (r = 0.981, n = 108) but also in cases of thrombocytopenia (range: 0-80 x 10(9)/l; r = 0.956, n = 51). In samples with NRBCs, the NRBC percentages given by the LH 750 and by flow cytometry were highly correlated (r = 0.977, n = 60) and WBC counts were accurate. In conclusion, the reduction in flagging by the LH 750, the accuracy of the results, and the availability of a NRBC count, constitute major advantages.

Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21) in a child with previous Ewing's sarcoma.

Cases of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) occurring after treatment for an Ewing's sarcoma are uncommon. Therapy-related AML with t(8;21) translocation is an entity which has been well characterized. A case of AML-2 with t(8;21) and t(3;15) occurring 4 years after treatment for an Ewing's sarcoma with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, dactinomycin, and radiotherapy, is reported. Autologous bone marrow transplantation was performed during second remission, 23 months after diagnosis. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of the AML1/ETO fusion gene product was performed in order to monitor the quality of the remission. The patient currently remains in remission 24 months after the bone marrow transplantation.

p190bcr/abl rearrangement in myelodysplastic syndromes: two reports and review of the literature.

We describe two patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). The patients were 64- and 69-year-old men who were diagnosed as having refractory anaemia with excess of blasts. During the terminal phase, the MDS evolved to myeloblastic leukaemia. Chromosome analysis showed normal karyotypes mixed with metaphases containing a classic Ph chromosome t(9;22)(q34;q11). Surprisingly, molecular studies showed breakpoint cluster region rearrangement between exons e1 and a2, compatible with a p190bcr/abl breakpoint, as observed in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. We discuss the correlation between MDS and acquisition of the Ph chromosome, and the occurrence of p190bcr/abl in MDS.

Correlation between CD34 expression and chromosomal abnormalities but not clinical outcome in acute myeloid leukemia.

The hemopoietic stem cell marker CD34 has been reported to be a useful predictor of treatment outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Previous data suggested that CD34 expression may be associated with other poor prognosis factors in AML such as undifferentiated leukemia, secondary AML (SAML), and clonal abnormalities involving chromosome 5 and 7. In order to analyze the correlations between the clinicopathologic features, cytogenetic and CD34 expression in AML, we retrospectively investigated 99 patients with newly diagnosed AML: 85 with de novo disease and 14 with secondary AML (SAML). Eighty-six patients who received the same induction chemotherapy were available for clinical outcome. Defining a case as positive when > or = 20% of bone marrow cells collected at diagnosis expressed the CD34 antigen, forty-five patients were included in the CD34 positive group. Ninety patients had adequate cytogenetic analysis. Thirty-two patients (72%) with CD34 positive AML exhibited an abnormal karyotype whereas 15 patients (28%) with CD34 negative AML had abnormal metaphases (P < 0.01). Monosomy 7/7q- or monosomy 5/5q- occurred in 10 patients and 8 of them expressed the CD34 antigen (P < 0.05). All patients with t(8;21) which is considered as a favorable factor in AML had levels of CD34 >/= 20% (P < 0.05). We did not find any association between CD34 expression and attainment of complete remission, overall survival, or disease-free survival. In conclusion, the variations of CD34 expression in AML are correlated with cytogenetic abnormalities associated both with poor and favorable outcome. The evaluation of the correlations between CD34 antigen and clinical outcome in AML should take into account the results of pretreatment karyotype.