RESUMO
Chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1 also known as Xpo1 and exportin-1) is the receptor for the nuclear export controlling the intracellular localization and function of many cellular and viral proteins that play a crucial role in viral infections and cancer. The inhibition of CRM1 has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to interfere with the lifecycle of many viruses, for the treatment of cancer, and to overcome therapy resistance. Recently, selinexor has been approved as the first CRM1 inhibitor for the treatment of multiple myeloma, providing proof of concept for this therapeutic option with a new mode of action. However, selinexor is associated with dose-limiting toxicity and hence, the discovery of alternative small molecule leads that could be developed as less toxic anticancer and antiviral therapeutics will have a significant impact in the clinic. Here, we report a CRM1 inhibitor discovery platform. The development of this platform includes reporter cell lines that monitor CRM1 activity by using red fluorescent protein or green fluorescent protein-labeled HIV-1 Rev protein with a strong heterologous nuclear export signal. Simultaneously, the intracellular localization of other proteins, to be interrogated for their capacity to undergo CRM1-mediated export, can be followed by co-culturing stable cell lines expressing fluorescent fusion proteins. We used this platform to interrogate the mode of nuclear export of several proteins, including PDK1, p110α, STAT5A, FOXO1, 3, 4 and TRIB2, and to screen a compound collection. We show that while p110α partially relies on CRM1-dependent nuclear export, TRIB2 is exported from the nucleus in a CRM1-independent manner. Compound screening revealed the striking activity of an organoselenium compound on the CRM1 nuclear export receptor.
Assuntos
HIV-1 , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , HIV-1/metabolismo , Carioferinas/metabolismo , Triazóis/metabolismo , Hidrazinas/farmacologia , Hidrazinas/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismoRESUMO
Natural products and analogues are a source of antibacterial drug discovery. Considering drug resistance levels emerging for antibiotics, identification of bacterial metalloenzymes and the synthesis of selective inhibitors are interesting for antibacterial agent development. Peptide nucleic acids are attractive antisense and antigene agents representing a novel strategy to target pathogens due to their unique mechanism of action. Antisense inhibition and development of antisense peptide nucleic acids is a new approach to antibacterial agents. Due to the increased resistance of biofilms to antibiotics, alternative therapeutic options are necessary. To develop antimicrobial strategies, optimised in vitro and in vivo models are needed. In vivo models to study biofilm-related respiratory infections, device-related infections: ventilator-associated pneumonia, tissue-related infections: chronic infection models based on alginate or agar beads, methods to battle biofilm-related infections are discussed. Drug delivery in case of antibacterials often is a serious issue therefore this review includes overview of drug delivery nanosystems.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Ácidos Nucleicos Peptídicos , Bactérias , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , BiofilmesRESUMO
Vibrio cholerae causes life-threatening infections in low-income countries due to the rise of antibacterial resistance. Innovative pharmacological targets have been investigated and carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC: 4.2.1.1) encoded by V. cholerae (VchCAs) emerged as a valuable option. Recently, we developed a large library of para- and meta-benzenesulfonamides characterised by moieties with a different flexibility degree as CAs inhibitors. Stopped flow-based enzymatic assays showed strong inhibition of VchαCA for this library, while lower affinity was detected against the other isoforms. In particular, cyclic urea 9c emerged for a nanomolar inhibition of VchαCA (KI = 4.7 nM) and high selectivity with respect to human isoenzymes (SI≥ 90). Computational studies revealed the influence of moiety flexibility on inhibitory activity and isoform selectivity and allowed accurate SARs. However, although VchCAs are involved in the bacterium virulence and not in its survival, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of such compounds, resulting in no direct activity.
Assuntos
Anidrases Carbônicas , Vibrio cholerae , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , BenzenossulfonamidasRESUMO
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) from the pathogenic bacteria Nesseria gonorrhoeae and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have recently been validated as antibacterial drug targets. Here we explored the inhibition of the α-CA from N. gonorrhoeae (α-NgCA), of α- and γ-class enzymes from Enterococcus faecium (α-EfCA and γ-EfCA) with a panel of aliphatic, heterocyclic and aryl-alkyl primary/secondary monothiocarbamates (MTCs). α-NgCA was inhibited in vitro with KIs ranging from 0.367 to 0.919 µM. The compounds inhibited the α-EfCA and γ-EfCA with KI ranges of 0.195-0.959 µM and of 0.149-1.90 µM, respectively. Some MTCs were also investigated for their inhibitory effects on the growth of clinically-relevant N. gonorrhoeae and VRE strains. No inhibitory effects on the growth of VRE were noted for all MTCs, whereas one compound (13) inhibited the growth N. gonorrhoeae strains at concentrations ranging from 16 to 64 µg/mL. This suggests that compound 13 may be a potential antibacterial agent against N. gonorrhoeae.
Assuntos
Anidrases Carbônicas , Enterococos Resistentes à Vancomicina , Bactérias , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologiaRESUMO
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes present in mammals with 16 isoforms that differ in terms of catalytic activity as well as cellular and tissue distribution. CAs catalyze the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and protons and are involved in various physiological processes, including learning and memory. Here we report that the integrity of CA activity in the brain is necessary for the consolidation of fear extinction memory. We found that systemic administration of acetazolamide, a CA inhibitor, immediately after the extinction session dose-dependently impaired the consolidation of fear extinction memory of rats trained in contextual fear conditioning. d-phenylalanine, a CA activator, displayed an opposite action, whereas C18, a membrane-impermeable CA inhibitor that is unable to reach the brain tissue, had no effect. Simultaneous administration of acetazolamide fully prevented the procognitive effects of d-phenylalanine. Whereas d-phenylalanine potentiated extinction, acetazolamide impaired extinction also when infused locally into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, or hippocampal CA1 region. No effects were observed when acetazolamide or d-phenylalanine was infused locally into the substantia nigra pars compacta. Moreover, systemic administration of acetazolamide immediately after the extinction training session modulated c-Fos expression on a retention test in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of rats trained in contextual fear conditioning. These findings reveal that the engagement of CAs in some brain regions is essential for providing the brain with the resilience necessary to ensure the consolidation of extinction of emotionally salient events.
Assuntos
Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Medo/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Animais , Complexo Nuclear Basolateral da Amígdala/fisiologia , Região CA1 Hipocampal/fisiologia , Emoções , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Integration of a desossiribonucleic acid (DNA) copy of the viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) into host genomes is a fundamental step in the replication cycle of all retroviruses. The highly conserved virus-encoded Integrase enzyme (IN; EC 2.7.7.49) catalyzes such a process by means of two consecutive reactions named 3'-processing (3-P) and strand transfer (ST). The Authors report and discuss the major discoveries and advances which mainly contributed to the development of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -IN targeted inhibitors for therapeutic applications. All the knowledge accumulated over the years continues to serve as a valuable resource for the design and development of effective antiretroviral drugs.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Integrase de HIV , HIV-1 , Humanos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Integrases , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologiaRESUMO
It has been demonstrated previously that a variety of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) can induce vasodilation in pre-contracted retinal arteriolar segments although with different efficacy and potency. Since the CAIs tested so far are able to permeate cell membranes and inhibit both intracellular and extracellular isoforms of the enzyme, it is not clear whether extra- or intracellular isoforms or mechanisms are mediating their vasodilatory effects. By means of small wire myography, we have tested the effects of four new CAIs on wall tension in pre-contracted retinal arteriolar segments that demonstrably do not enter cell membranes but have high affinity to both cytosolic and membrane-bound isoforms of CA. At concentrations between 10-6 M to 10-3 M, none of the four membrane impermeant CAIs had any significant effect on arteriolar wall tension, while the membrane permeant CAI benzolamide (10-3 M) fully dilated all arteriolar segments tested. This suggests that CAI act as vasodilators through cellular mechanisms located in the cytoplasm of vascular cells.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica , Artéria Retiniana , Animais , Suínos , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Vasodilatação , Benzolamida/farmacologia , PermeabilidadeRESUMO
This paper reports an investigation into the impact of pyridyl functional groups in conjunction with hydroxide-substituted benzenesulfonamides on the inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) enzymes. These compounds were tested in vitro of CA II and CA IX, two physiologically important CA isoforms. The most potent inhibitory molecules against CA IX, 3g, 3h, and 3k, were studied to understand their binding modes via X-ray crystallography in adduct with CA II and CA IX-mimic. This research further adds to the field of CA inhibitors to better understand ligand selectivity between isoforms found in humans.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica , Anidrases Carbônicas , Humanos , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Anidrase Carbônica IX/metabolismo , Anidrases Carbônicas/química , Antígenos de Neoplasias/químicaRESUMO
We report for the first time Antibody-Drug-Conjugates (ADCs) containing human (h) Carbonic Anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) directed Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) linked to low molecular weight inhibitors of the same enzymes by means of hydrophilic peptide spacers. In agreement with the incorporated CA directed MAb fragments, in vitro inhibition data of the obtained ADCs showed sub-nanomolar KI values for the tumour associated CAs IX and XII which were up to 10-fold more potent when compared to the corresponding unconjugated MAbs. In addition, the introduction of the CA inhibitor (CAI) benzenesulfonamide allowed the ADCs to potently inhibit the housekeeping tumoral off-target human CA II isoform. Such results are supporting the definition of an unprecedented reported class of ADCs able to hit simultaneously multiple hCAs physiologically cooperative in maintaining altered cellular metabolic pathways, and therefore ideal for the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancers and inflammation diseases.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Anidrase Carbônica IX/antagonistas & inibidores , Anidrase Carbônica IX/metabolismo , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/síntese química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Peso Molecular , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/síntese química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , BenzenossulfonamidasRESUMO
The almost empty armamentarium to treat schistosomiasis, a neglected parasitic disorder caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, except Praziquantel (PZQ), urged to find new alternatives to fight this infection. Carbonic Anhydrase from Schistosoma mansoni (SmCA) is a possible new target against this nematode. Here, we propose new PZQ derivatives bearing a primary sulphonamide group in order to obtain hybrid drugs. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibition profiles on both humans and Schistosoma CAs, X-ray crystal data of SmCA and hCA II in adduct with some inhibitors were obtained allowing the understanding of the main structural factors responsible of activity. The compounds showed in vitro inhibition of immature and adult S. mansoni, but further optimisation is required for improved activity.
Assuntos
Anidrases Carbônicas , Esquistossomicidas , Animais , Humanos , Praziquantel/química , Praziquantel/farmacologia , Schistosoma mansoni , Esquistossomicidas/farmacologia , Sulfanilamida , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Among the chemotypes studied for selective inhibition of tumour-associated carbonic anhydrases (CAs), SLC-0111, a ureido-bearing benzenesulfonamide CA IX inhibitor, displayed promising antiproliferative effects in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, being in Phase Ib/II clinical development. To explore the structural characteristics required for better discrimination of less conserved regions of the enzyme, we investigate the incorporation of the urea linker into an imidazolidin-2-one cycle, a modification already explored previously for obtaining CA inhibitors. This new library of compounds inhibited potently four different hCAs in the nanomolar range with a different isoform selectivity profile compared to the lead SLC-0111. Several representative CA IX inhibitors were tested for their efficacy to inhibit the proliferation of glioblastoma, pancreatic, and breast cancer cells expressing CA IX, in hypoxic conditions. Unlike previous literature data on SLC-149, a structurally related sulphonamide to compounds investigated here, our data reveal that these derivatives possess promising anti-proliferative effects, comparable to those of SLC-0111.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Glioblastoma , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Anidrase Carbônica IX/metabolismo , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Feminino , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , BenzenossulfonamidasRESUMO
Recently, inorganic anions and sulphonamides, two of the main classes of zinc-binding carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), were investigated for inhibition of the α-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, NgCA. As an extension to our previous studies, we report that dithiocarbamates (DTCs) derived from primary or secondary amines constitute a class of efficient inhibitors of NgCA. KIs ranging between 83.7 and 827 nM were measured for a series of 31 DTCs that incorporated various aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic scaffolds. A subset of DTCs were selected for antimicrobial testing against N. gonorrhoeae, and three molecules displayed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values less than or equal to 8 µg/mL. As NgCA was recently validated as an antibacterial drug target, the DTCs may lead to development of novel antigonococcal agents.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiocarbamatos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/síntese química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzimologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiocarbamatos/síntese química , Tiocarbamatos/químicaRESUMO
Warm-blooded animals may have Malassezia pachydermatis on healthy skin, but changes in the skin microenvironment or host defences induce this opportunistic commensal to become pathogenic. Malassezia infections in humans and animals are commonly treated with azole antifungals. Fungistatic treatments, together with their long-term use, contribute to the selection and the establishment of drug-resistant fungi. To counteract this rising problem, researchers must find new antifungal drugs and enhance drug resistance management strategies. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, adenylyl cyclase, and bicarbonate have been found to promote fungal virulence, adhesion, hydrolase synthesis, and host cell death. The CO2/HCO3-/pH-sensing in fungi is triggered by HCO3- produced by metalloenzymes carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). It has been demonstrated that the growth of M. globosa can be inhibited in vivo by primary sulphonamides, which are the typical CA inhibitors. Here, we report the cloning, purification, and characterisation of the ß-CA (MpaCA) from the pathogenic fungus M. pachydermatis, which is homologous to the enzyme encoded in the genome of M. globosa and M. restricta, that are responsible for dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Fungal CAs could be thus considered a new pharmacological target for combating fungal infections and drug resistance developed by most fungi to the already used drugs.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Malassezia/enzimologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/síntese química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Anidrases Carbônicas/genética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Estrutura Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A novel series of thiosemicarbazide-substituted coumarins was synthesized and the inhibitory effects against four physiologically relevant carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII showed selective activities on the tumor-associated IX and XII isozymes. Molecular modeling studies on selected compounds 14a and 22a were performed. The binding modes of such compounds were determined assuming their enzymatically active structures (i.e., cinnamic acid) in the thermodynamically favored, and not previously explored, E geometry. Molecular modelling suggests multiple interactions within the enzymatic cavity and may explain the high potency and selectivity reported for the hCAs IX and XII.
Assuntos
Anidrases Carbônicas , Neoplasias , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Anidrase Carbônica I , Anidrase Carbônica IX/química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Anidrases Carbônicas/química , Cumarínicos/química , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Semicarbazidas , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive form of blood cancer that carries a dismal prognosis. Several studies suggest that the poor outcome is due to a small fraction of leukaemic cells that elude treatment and survive in specialised, oxygen (O2 )-deprived niches of the bone marrow. Although several AML drug targets such as FLT3, IDH1/2 and CD33 have been established in recent years, survival rates remain unsatisfactory, which indicates that other, yet unrecognized, mechanisms influence the ability of AML cells to escape cell death and to proliferate in hypoxic environments. Our data illustrates that Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII (CA IX/XII) are critical for leukaemic cell survival in the O2 -deprived milieu. CA IX and XII function as transmembrane proteins that mediate intracellular pH under low O2 conditions. Because maintaining a neutral pH represents a key survival mechanism for tumour cells in O2 -deprived settings, we sought to elucidate the role of dual CA IX/XII inhibition as a novel strategy to eliminate AML cells under hypoxic conditions. Our findings demonstrate that the dual CA IX/XII inhibitor FC531 may prove to be of value as an adjunct to chemotherapy for the treatment of AML.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Anidrase Carbônica IX/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Hipóxia Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Anidrase Carbônica IX/genética , Anidrases Carbônicas/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Feminino , Duplicação Gênica , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Imuno-Histoquímica , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/diagnóstico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/etiologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipóxia Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Adulto Jovem , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/genéticaRESUMO
We report for the first time a small series of compounds endowed in vitro with inhibitory properties for the human (h) expressed Carbonic Anhydrase (CAs, E.C. 4.2.1.1) enzymes of physiological interest (i.e. I, II, VA, IX and XII) and bearing the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (PP) scaffold at the tail section. Among the series reported, 1a-3a, 7a, 8a, 1b and 2b resulted effective ligands and with good selectivities for the hCAs II, IX or XII. In consideration of the nearly matching KI values of 7a for both the hCA II and IX (i.e. 26.4 and 23.0 nM respectively) we explored its binding mode within the CA IX mimic isoform by means of X-ray crystal experiments on the corresponding adduct.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Pirazóis/química , Pirimidinas/química , Sulfonamidas/química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/síntese química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/metabolismo , Anidrases Carbônicas/química , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Pirimidinas/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/metabolismoRESUMO
We evaluated in vitro a series of telluride containing compounds bearing the benzenesulfonamide group, as effective inhibitors of the physiologically relevant human (h) expressed Carbonic Anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) enzymes I, II, IV VII and IX. The potent effects of such compounds against the tumor-associated hCA IX being low nanomolar inhibitors (KI 2.2 to 2.9 nM) and with good selectivity over the ubiquitous hCA II, gave the possibility to evaluate their lethal effect in vitro against a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Among the series, both compounds 3a and 3g induced significant toxic effects against tumor cells after 48 h incubation. Under normoxic condition 3a showed high efficacy killing over 94% of tumor cells at 1 µM, and derivative 3g reached the tumor cell viability under the 5% at 10 µM. In hypoxic condition, these two compounds showed less effective although retained excellent cancer cell killer. These unusual features make them interesting lead compounds acting as antitumor agents also in tumor types not dependent from hCA IX overexpression.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Telúrio/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/síntese química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Telúrio/químicaRESUMO
Inorganic anions inhibit the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) generally by coordinating to the active site metal ion. Cyanate was reported as a non-coordinating CA inhibitor but those erroneous results were subsequently corrected by another group. We review the anion CA inhibitors (CAIs) in the more general context of drug design studies and the discovery of a large number of inhibitor classes and inhibition mechanisms, including zinc binders (sulphonamides and isosteres, dithiocabamates and isosteres, thiols, selenols, benzoxaboroles, ninhydrins, etc.); inhibitors anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule (phenols, polyamines, sulfocoumarins, thioxocoumarins, catechols); CAIs occluding the entrance to the active site (coumarins and derivatives, lacosamide), as well as compounds that bind outside the active site. All these new chemotypes integrated with a general procedure for obtaining isoform-selective compounds (the tail approach) has resulted, through the guidance of rigorous X-ray crystallography experiments, in the development of highly selective CAIs for all human CA isoforms with many pharmacological applications.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Complexos de Coordenação/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Zinco/farmacologia , Ânions/síntese química , Ânions/química , Ânions/farmacologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/síntese química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/química , Complexos de Coordenação/síntese química , Complexos de Coordenação/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Zinco/químicaRESUMO
Fungi are exposed to various environmental variables during their life cycle, including changes in CO2 concentration. CO2 has the potential to act as an activator of several cell signaling pathways. In fungi, the sensing of CO2 triggers cell differentiation and the biosynthesis of proteins involved in the metabolism and pathogenicity of these microorganisms. The molecular machineries involved in CO2 sensing constitute a promising target for the development of antifungals. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are crucial enzymes in the CO2 sensing systems of fungi, because they catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to proton and HCO3-. Bicarbonate in turn boots a cascade of reactions triggering fungal pathogenicity and metabolism. Accordingly, CAs affect microorganism proliferation and may represent a potential therapeutic target against fungal infection. Here, the inhibition of the unique ß-CA (MpaCA) encoded in the genome of Malassezia pachydermatis, a fungus with substantial relevance in veterinary and medical sciences, was investigated using a series of conventional CA inhibitors (CAIs), namely aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. This study aimed to describe novel candidates that can kill this harmful fungus by inhibiting their CA, and thus lead to effective anti-dandruff and anti-seborrheic dermatitis agents. In this context, current antifungal compounds, such as the azoles and their derivatives, have been demonstrated to induce the selection of resistant fungal strains and lose therapeutic efficacy, which might be restored by the concomitant use of alternative compounds, such as the fungal CA inhibitors.
Assuntos
Anidrase Carbônica I/antagonistas & inibidores , Malassezia/efeitos dos fármacos , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Anidrase Carbônica I/química , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/farmacologia , Humanos , Malassezia/enzimologia , Malassezia/patogenicidade , Estrutura Molecular , Micoses/enzimologia , Micoses/microbiologia , Micoses/veterinária , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
After being rather neglected as a research field in the past, carbonic anhydrase activators (CAAs) were undoubtedly demonstrated to be useful in diverse pharmaceutical and industrial applications. They also improved the knowledge of the requirements to selectively interact with a CA isoform over the others and confirmed the catalytic mechanism of this class of compounds. Amino acid and amine derivatives were the most explored in in vitro, in vivo and crystallographic studies as CAAs. Most of them were able to activate human or non-human CA isoforms in the nanomolar range, being proposed as therapeutic and industrial tools. Some isoforms are better activated by amino acids than amines derivatives and the stereochemistry may exert a role. Finally, non-human CAs have been very recently tested for activation studies, paving the way to innovative industrial and environmental applications.