The R2R3MYB VvMYBPA1 from grape reprograms the phenylpropanoid pathway in tobacco flowers.

MAIN CONCLUSION: This work shows that, in tobacco, the ectopic expression of VvMYBPA1 , a grape regulator of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, up- or down-regulates different branches of the phenylproanoid pathway, in a structure-specific fashion. Proanthocyanidins are flavonoids of paramount importance for animal and human diet. Research interest increasingly tilts towards generating crops enriched with these health-promoting compounds. Flavonoids synthesis is regulated by the MBW transcriptional complex, made of R2R3MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins, with the MYB components liable for channeling the complex towards specific branches of the pathway. Hence, using tobacco as a model, here, we tested if the ectopic expression of the proanthocyanidin regulator VvMYBPA1 from grape induces the biosynthesis of these compounds in not-naturally committed cells. Here, we show, via targeted transcriptomic and metabolic analyses of primary transgenic lines and their progeny, that VvMYBPA1 alters the phenylpropanoid pathway in tobacco floral organs, in a structure-specific fashion. We also report that a modest VvMYBPA1 expression is sufficient to induce the expression of both proanthocyanidin-specific and early genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Consequently, proanthocyanidins and chlorogenic acids are induced or de novo synthetised in floral limbs, tubes and stamens. Other phenylpropanoid branches are conversely induced or depleted according to the floral structure. Our study documents a novel and distinct function of VvMYBPA1 with respect to other MYBs regulating proanthocyanidins. Present findings may have major implications in designing strategies for enriching crops with health-promoting compounds.

Carotenoid metabolism during bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit development under different light conditions is regulated by biosynthesis and degradation.

BACKGROUND: Carotenoids are important pigments and precursors for central signaling molecules associated in fruit development and ripening. Carotenoid metabolism has been studied especially in the climacteric tomato fruit but the content of carotenoids and the regulation of their metabolism have been shown to be highly variable between fruit species. Non-climacteric berries of the genus Vaccinium are among the best natural sources of health-beneficial flavonoids but not studied previously for carotenoid biosynthesis. RESULTS: In this study, carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYB, LCYE, BCH and CYP450-BCH, as well as a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD1 were identified from bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruit and their expression was studied along with carotenoid composition during fruit development under different photoperiod and light quality conditions. Bilberry was found to be a good source of carotenoids among fruits and berries. The most abundant carotenoids throughout the berry development were lutein and ß-carotene, which were accompanied by lower amounts of 9Z-ß-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and ß-cryptoxanthin. The expression patterns of the biosynthetic genes in ripening fruits indicated a metabolic flux towards ß-branch of the carotenoid pathway. However, the carotenoid levels decreased in both the ß-branch and ε,ß-branch towards bilberry fruit ripening along with increased VmCCD1 expression, similarly to VmNCED1, indicating enzymatic carotenoid cleavage and degradation. Intense white light conditions increased the expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes but also the expression of the cleavage genes VmCCD1 and VmNCED1, especially in unripe fruits. Instead, mature bilberry fruits responded specifically to red/far-red light wavelengths by inducing the expression of both the carotenoid biosynthetic and the cleavage genes indicating tissue and developmental stage specific regulation of apocarotenoid formation by light quality. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of carotenoid biosynthesis in Vaccinium berries. Our results indicate that both transcriptional regulation of the key biosynthetic genes and the enzymatic degradation of the produced carotenoids to apocarotenoids have significant roles in the determination of the carotenoid content and have overall effect on the metabolism during the bilberry fruit ripening.

Anthocyanin biosynthesis in gerbera cultivar 'Estelle' and its acyanic sport 'Ivory'.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Identification of distinct allelic versions for dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in gerbera cultivars reveals that gerbera DFR enzymes have strong substrate preference in vivo that is not reflected to the activity in vitro. Flavonoids in the model ornamental plant Gerbera hybrida consist of flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins. Anthocyanins accumulate in the adaxial epidermis of petals and give the different cultivars their characteristic red and violet colour. Both pelargonidin and cyanidin derivatives are found in gerbera, but none of the cultivars contain delphinidin. 'Ivory', a cultivar with white petals, is a sport of the pelargonidin-containing pink cultivar 'Estelle', i.e. it originates from an acyanic branch of 'Estelle'. In this work, four different alleles encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) were identified in gerbera cultivars. We found that, in contrast to 'Estelle' with the functional allele GDFR1-2, 'Ivory' carries a mutation in this gene that results in an inactive enzyme. Interestingly, 'Ivory' also expresses a second, nonmutated allele (GDFR1-3) in petal epidermi, leading to extractable DFR activity but not to anthocyanin biosynthesis. The second allele encodes a protein identical in amino acid sequence to the DFR of the cyanidin-containing variety 'President'. Pelargonidin-containing cultivars do not react to the flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase inhibitor tetcyclacis, but cyanidin-containing cultivars lose their colour, instead of starting to synthesise pelargonidins, indicating the specificity of GDFR1-3 for the cyanidin pathway. This explains why petals of 'Ivory' are white, even when it has lost only one of the two enzymatically functional DFR forms, and shows that anthocyanin biosynthesis in gerbera is under more complex regulation than earlier thought.

[Adherence to best care practices in normal birth: construction and validation of an instrument]. / Adesão às boas práticas na atenção ao parto normal: construção e validação de instrumento.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the stages of construction and validation of an instrument in order to analyze the adherence to best care practices during labour and birth. METHOD: Methodological research, carried out in three steps: construction of dimensions and items, face and content validity and semantic analysis of the items. RESULTS: The face and content validity was carried out by 10 judges working in healthcare, teaching and research. Items with Content Validity Index (CVI) ≥ 0.9 were kept in full or undergone revisions as suggested by the judges. Semantic analysis, performed twice, indicated that there was no difficulty in understanding the items. CONCLUSION: The instrument with three dimensions (organization of healthcare network to pregnancy and childbirth, evidence-based practices and work processes) followed the steps recommended in the literature, concluded with 50 items and total CVI of 0.98.

Monochromatic light increases anthocyanin content during fruit development in bilberry.

BACKGROUND: Light is one of the most significant environmental factors affecting to the accumulation of flavonoids in fruits. The composition of the light spectrum has been shown to affect the production of phenolic compounds during fruit ripening. However, specific information on the biosynthesis of flavonoids in fruits in response to different wavelengths of light is still scarce. In the present study bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits, which are known to be rich with anthocyanin compounds, were illuminated with blue, red, far-red or white light during the berry ripening process. Following the illumination, the composition of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds was analysed at the mature ripening stage of fruits. RESULTS: All the three monochromatic light treatments had significant positive effect on the accumulation of total anthocyanins in ripe fruits compared to treatment with white light or plants kept in darkness. The elevated levels of anthocyanins were mainly due to a significant increase in the accumulation of delphinidin glycosides. A total of 33 anthocyanin compounds were detected in ripe bilberry fruits, of which six are novel in bilberry (cyanidin acetyl-3-O-galactose, malvidin acetyl-3-O-galactose, malvidin coumaroyl-3-O-galactose, malvidin coumaroyl-3-O-glucose, delphinidin coumaroyl-3-O-galactose, delphinidin coumaroyl-3-O-glucose). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the spectral composition of light during berry development has significant effect on the flavonoid composition of ripe bilberry fruits.

High-throughput carotenoid profiling using multivariate curve resolution.

We present automated data analysis of high-throughput high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) data using multivariate curve resolution. This technique provides spectra and elution profiles of all UV-Vis active compounds present in the mixture. The specifics of using this method in noninteractive fashion are discussed. A case study on the stability of isoprenoids in grape extracts under two different experimental regimes serves to illustrate the potential of the method: quantitative results clearly show that the addition of triethylamine is beneficial in that carotenoid, chlorophyll, and tocopherol compounds are much more stable and in this way can be kept up to at least 30 days without any sign of degradation.

International validation of a health-related quality-of-life questionnaire for Hodgkin lymphoma: the EORTC QLQ-HL27.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has become 1 of the most curable cancers. Therefore, rigorous assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptom burden of these patients is essential to support informed clinical decisions. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group previously developed the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ) Hodgkin Lymphoma 27. This paper reports the final results of an international study by the EORTC group to develop a HRQoL disease-specific measure for these patients: the EORTC QLQ-HL27. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of HL (N = 381) were enrolled from 12 countries and completed the EORTC QLQ-C30, QLQ-HL27, and a debriefing questionnaire at baseline (any time after diagnosis). A subset completed a retest (n = 126) or responsiveness-to-change analyses (RCA) second measurement (n = 98). Psychometrics were evaluated. Confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit of the 27 items of the QLQ-HL27 on its 4 scales (symptom burden, physical condition/fatigue, emotional impact, and worries about health/functioning). Test-retest reliability, convergent validity, known-group comparisons, and RCA find satisfactory results. Symptom burden and fatigue was higher among patients on treatment (with 36%-83% reporting at least a few problems) compared with those who had completed treatment (19%-61% reporting at least a few problems). Prevalence of worries about health and functioning (reporting at least some worry) was similar for patients on treatment (51%-81%) vs those who had completed treatment (52%-78%). Implementation of the EORTC QLQ-HL27 in research and clinical applications will increase sensitivity of HRQoL assessment in patients with HL. High quality data generated through use of this questionnaire are expected to facilitate clinical decision making in the HL setting.

The teaching of good obstetric practices from the Residency preceptors' perspective. / O ensino das boas práticas obstétricas na perspectiva dos preceptores da Residência.

The aim of this study was to understand how the topic of good obstetric practices is taught in residency programs according to the preceptors' perception. This is a descriptive, exploratory study, with data triangulation, with a qualitative approach. A total of 35 professionals participated in the study, of which 21 were physicians and 14 nurses. Data were collected from March to June 2018. The analysis was supported by NVivo software. The nuclei of meanings and categories were identified in the different stages, in pedagogical projects: the structuring aspects, competence profile and guiding policies for normal childbirth; in the interviews: theoretical-practical approach and the practices present in the training and, in participant observation: aspects related to the structure of the scenarios and the use of practices. Possibilities and limits were observed in the role of preceptors in the training process, constituting an area that requires continuous attention, aimed at the strengthening of the pedagogical processes in order to expand the disruptive potential of new health professionals.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo compreender como o tema das boas práticas obstétricas é ensinado nos programas de residência na percepção dos preceptores. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, com triangulação de dados, de abordagem qualitativa. Participaram da pesquisa 35 profissionais, sendo 21 médicos e 14 enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados entre março e junho de 2018. A análise teve o suporte do Software NVivo. Os núcleos de sentidos e as categorias foram identificados nas diversas etapas: nos projetos pedagógicos - os aspectos estruturantes, perfil de competências e políticas norteadoras do parto normal; nas entrevistas - abordagem teórico-prática e as práticas presentes na formação; e na observação participante - aspectos relacionados à estrutura dos cenários e à utilização das práticas. Foram observados possibilidades e limites na atuação dos preceptores no processo de formação, configurando-se em uma área que requer atenção contínua e direcionada ao fortalecimento dos processos pedagógicos, de forma a ampliar o potencial disruptivo dos novos profissionais de saúde.

The quality of health governance in Portugal: an evaluation of the Troika's intervention period. / Qualidade da governança da saúde em Portugal: uma avaliação ao período de intervenção da Troika.

This study aims to evaluate the quality of the Portuguese Government's action in the health sector during Troika's intervention period (2011-2015), taking as criterion the concern with the application of Good Governance principles, in terms of degree and diversity. The intention is to understand the extent to which the public action promoted by the Ministry of Health has developed seeking to contribute to the strengthening of Good Governance practices. Fifty measures of the Ministry of Health, distributed by nine intervention areas, were analyzed, based on documental analysis, supported on the law and on other official documents. The principles of Good Governance that demonstrate a more transversal concern are clearly that of "transparency" and of "effectiveness/efficiency", present in eight of the nine intervention areas. The concern with "orientation to consensus" is essentially present in the measures classified as Agreements, "independence" in the Ethics area, the "strengthening of the rule of Law" in the Control area and "equity/inclusion" in the area of the Citizen in the Centre of the NHS.

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da ação do Governo Português no sector da saúde, no período de intervenção da Troika (2011-2015), tomando como critério a preocupação com a aplicação dos princípios de Boa Governança, em termos de grau e diversidade. Pretende-se perceber em que medida a ação pública promovida pelo Ministério da Saúde se desenvolveu procurando contribuir para o fortalecimento das práticas de Boa Governança. Com base em análise documental, suportada nos diplomas legais e em outros documentos oficiais, foram analisadas 50 medidas de ação do Ministério da Saúde, que se distribuem por nove áreas de intervenção. Os princípios de Boa Governança que representam uma preocupação mais transversal são claramente o da "transparência" e o da "eficácia/eficiência", presentes em oito das nove áreas de intervenção. A preocupação com a "orientação para consensos" está essencialmente presente nas medidas tipificadas como Acordos, a "independência" na área Ética, o "reforço do Estado de direito" na área Controlo e a "equidade/inclusão" na área Cidadão no Centro do SNS.

Community intervention for child tuberculosis active contact investigation and management: study protocol for a parallel cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There are major gaps in the management of pediatric tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation for rapid identification of active tuberculosis and initiation of preventive therapy. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a community-based intervention as compared to facility-based model for the management of children in contact with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB adults in low-resource high-burden settings. METHODS/DESIGN: This multicenter parallel open-label cluster randomized controlled trial is composed of three phases: I, baseline phase in which retrospective data are collected, quality of data recording in facility registers is checked, and expected acceptability and feasibility of the intervention is assessed; II, intervention phase with enrolment of index cases and contact cases in either facility- or community-based models; and III, explanatory phase including endpoint data analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and post-intervention acceptability assessment by healthcare providers and beneficiaries. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. The community-based intervention includes identification and screening of all household contacts, referral of contacts with TB-suggestive symptoms to the facility for investigation, and household initiation of preventive therapy with follow-up of eligible child contacts by community healthcare workers, i.e., all young (< 5 years) child contacts or older (5-14 years) child contacts living with HIV, and with no evidence of TB disease. Twenty clusters representing TB diagnostic and treatment facilities with their catchment areas are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the community-based intervention arm or the facility-based standard of care arm in Cameroon and Uganda. Randomization was stratified by country and constrained on the number of index cases per cluster. The primary endpoint is the proportion of eligible child contacts who initiate and complete the preventive therapy. The sample size is of 1500 child contacts to identify a 10% difference between the arms with the assumption that 60% of children will complete the preventive therapy in the standard of care arm. DISCUSSION: This study will provide evidence of the impact of a community-based intervention on household child contact screening and management of TB preventive therapy in order to improve care and prevention of childhood TB in low-resource high-burden settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03832023 . Registered on 6 February 2019.

Capturing Biochemical Diversity in Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) through the Application of Metabolite Profiling.

Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the predominant staple food in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and an industrial crop in South East Asia. Despite focused breeding efforts for increased yield, resistance, and nutritional value, cassava breeding has not advanced at the same rapidity as other staple crops. In the present study, metabolomic techniques were implemented to characterize the chemotypes of selected cassava accessions and assess potential resources for the breeding program. The metabolite data analyzed was applied to describe the biochemical diversity available in the panel, identifying South American accessions as the most diverse. Genotypes with distinct phenotypic traits showed a representative metabolite profile and could be clearly identified, even if the phenotypic trait was a root characteristic, e.g., high amylose content.

Assessment of adherence to best practices in labor and childbirth care by care providers working in public hospitals in the Federal District of Brazil. / Avaliação das boas práticas de atenção ao parto por profissionais dos hospitais públicos do Distrito Federal, Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence to best practices in labor and childbirth care by doctors, nurses, obstetric nursing residents, and obstetric medical residents working in public hospitals in the Federal District of Brazil. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with care providers working in 11 public hospitals in the Federal District of Brazil between January and March 2015. A questionnaire containing 20 sociodemographic questions and 50 five-point Likert items was administered. The average scores of each group and each hospital were analyzed. RESULTS: Nurses obtained the highest scores for the use of evidence-based practices (57.8 ± 12.9), while doctors achieved the highest scores for the work process dimension (72 ± 8.5). Medical residents obtained the highest scores for organization of labor and childbirth care (56.5 ± 8.5). No statistically significant differences were found between groups. Hospital scores ranged from 55 to 64. No statistically significant differences were found between hospitals. Most professionals encourage natural childbirth. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to strengthen actions to promote greater adherence to best care practices, both in relation to organization of labor and childbirth care and to the attitudes and values of health professionals.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a adesão às boas práticas de atenção ao parto e nascimento, entre médicos, enfermeiros e residentes dos programas de residência em obstetrícia, dos hospitais públicos do Distrito Federal (DF). Estudo transversal do tipo inquérito aplicado a profissionais em 11 hospitais públicos do DF de janeiro a março de 2015. Instrumento com 20 questões sociodemográficas e 39 itens do tipo escala Likert. Para análise estatística, os profissionais foram separados em 4 grupos (enfermeiros, enfermeiro residentes, médicos e médicos residentes). Foram também avaliados os escores de cada hospital estudado. A dimensão processo de trabalho apresentou os maiores escores em relação as demais dimensões. Na comparação entre os grupos e entre os hospitais não foram observadas diferenças significativas em nenhuma das dimensões. A maioria dos profissionais estimula o parto natural. É necessário reforçar as ações para maior adesão às boas práticas de atenção ao parto, tanto na organização da rede de serviços quanto nas atitudes e valores da formação dos novos profissionais de saúde.

Metabolite profiling characterises chemotypes of Musa diploids and triploids at juvenile and pre-flowering growth stages.

Bananas (Musa spp.) are consumed worldwide as dessert and cooking types. Edible banana varieties are for the most part seedless and sterile and therefore vegetatively propagated. This confers difficulties for breeding approaches against pressing biotic and abiotic threats and for the nutritional enhancement of banana pulp. A panel of banana accessions, representative of the diversity of wild and cultivated bananas, was analysed to assess the range of chemotypes available globally. The focus of this assessment was banana leaves at two growth stages (juvenile and pre-flowering), to see when during the plant growth metabolic differences can be established. The metabolic data corresponded to genomic trends reported in previous studies and demonstrated a link between metabolites/pathways and the genomes of M. acuminata and M. balbisiana. Furthermore, the vigour and resistance traits of M. balbisiana was connected to the phenolic composition and showed differences with the number of B genes in the hybrid accessions. Differences in the juvenile and pre-flowering data led to low correlation between the growth stages for prediction purposes.

Phytochemical analysis of salal berry (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.), a traditionally-consumed fruit from western North America with exceptionally high proanthocyanidin content.

Salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) is a wild perennial shrub of the Ericaceae and common in coastal forests of western North America, and its berries were an important traditional food for First Nations in British Columbia. Salal berries were investigated for phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity over the course of fruit development. The proanthocyanidin content was extremely high in young berries (280.7 mg/g dry wt) but dropped during development to 52.8 mg/g dry wt. By contrast, anthocyanins accumulated only at the late berry stages. Total antioxidant capacity, as measured by the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method, reflected both proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin content, and in mature berries reached 36 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g dry wt. More detailed phytochemical analysis determined that delphinidin 3-O-galactoside is the dominant anthocyanin, and that the berries are also rich in procyanidins, including procyanidin A2 which has been implicated in anti-adhesion activity for uropathogenic E. coli. Proanthocyanidins were 60% prodelphinidin, and overall concentrations were higher than reported for many Vaccinium species including blueberry, lingonberry, and cranberry. Overall, the phenolic profile of salal berries indicates that these fruit contain a diversity of health-promoting phenolics.

Good practices in normal childbirth: reliability analysis of an instrument by Cronbach's Alpha.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the internal consistency of the evaluation instrument of the adherence to the good practices of childbirth and birth care in the professionals, through Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient for each of the dimensions and for the total instrument. METHOD: this is a descriptive and cross-sectional study performed in obstetric centers of eleven public hospitals in the Federal District, with a questionnaire applied to 261 professionals who worked in the delivery care. RESULTS: The study was attended by 261 professionals, 42.5% (111) nurses and 57.5% (150) physicians. The reliability evaluation of the instrument by the Cronbach Alfa resulted in 0.53, 0.78 and 0.76 for dimensions 1, 2 and 3, after debugging that resulted in the exclusion of 11 items. CONCLUSIONS: the instrument obtained Cronbach's alpha of 0.80. There is a need for improvement in the items of dimension 1 that refer to attitudes, knowledge, and practices of the organization of the network of care to gestation, childbirth, and birth. However, it can be applied in the way it is used to evaluate practices based on scientific evidence of childbirth care.

O ensino das boas práticas obstétricas na perspectiva dos preceptores da Residência / The teaching of good obstetric practices from the Residency preceptors' perspective

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo compreender como o tema das boas práticas obstétricas é ensinado nos programas de residência na percepção dos preceptores. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, com triangulação de dados, de abordagem qualitativa. Participaram da pesquisa 35 profissionais, sendo 21 médicos e 14 enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados entre março e junho de 2018. A análise teve o suporte do Software NVivo. Os núcleos de sentidos e as categorias foram identificados nas diversas etapas: nos projetos pedagógicos - os aspectos estruturantes, perfil de competências e políticas norteadoras do parto normal; nas entrevistas - abordagem teórico-prática e as práticas presentes na formação; e na observação participante - aspectos relacionados à estrutura dos cenários e à utilização das práticas. Foram observados possibilidades e limites na atuação dos preceptores no processo de formação, configurando-se em uma área que requer atenção contínua e direcionada ao fortalecimento dos processos pedagógicos, de forma a ampliar o potencial disruptivo dos novos profissionais de saúde.

Abstract The aim of this study was to understand how the topic of good obstetric practices is taught in residency programs according to the preceptors' perception. This is a descriptive, exploratory study, with data triangulation, with a qualitative approach. A total of 35 professionals participated in the study, of which 21 were physicians and 14 nurses. Data were collected from March to June 2018. The analysis was supported by NVivo software. The nuclei of meanings and categories were identified in the different stages, in pedagogical projects: the structuring aspects, competence profile and guiding policies for normal childbirth; in the interviews: theoretical-practical approach and the practices present in the training and, in participant observation: aspects related to the structure of the scenarios and the use of practices. Possibilities and limits were observed in the role of preceptors in the training process, constituting an area that requires continuous attention, aimed at the strengthening of the pedagogical processes in order to expand the disruptive potential of new health professionals.

Influence of wine pectic polysaccharides on the interactions between condensed tannins and salivary proteins.

Alpha-amylase, a major human salivary protein, and IB8c, a representative of the proline-rich proteins, were obtained by isolation from saliva and by solid-phase synthesis, respectively. The interactions between these proteins and condensed tannins isolated from grape seeds were studied at different protein and tannin concentrations by measuring their aggregation. Pectic polysaccharides were isolated from wine, and their effect on protein tannin aggregation was assessed. The results presented in this study showed that the most acidic fractions of arabinogalactan proteins have the ability to inhibit the formation of aggregates between the grape seed tannins and the two different salivary proteins. Rhamnogalacturonan II has the same ability toward alpha-amylase but not IB8c under the conditions of the present study. Polysaccharides show effects at concentrations at which they are present in wine, which could mean an influence in wine astringency. The interaction between condensed tannins and alpha-amylase is differently affected by ionic strength when compared with IB8c.

Boas práticas para mudança do modelo obstétrico: o que pensam os preceptores da residência? / Good practices for changing the obstetric model: what do the preceptors of the residence think? / Buenas prácticas para cambiar el modelo obstétrico: ¿qué piensan los preceptores de la residencia?

Objetivo: Analisar, a partir do ponto de vista dos preceptores, como o processo de formação na modalidade residência aborda as boas práticas recomendadas pelas diretrizes nacionais e internacionais de assistência ao parto normal. Método: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo realizado com trinta e cinco preceptores, sendo 14 enfermeiros e 21 médicos que atuam nos serviços de obstetrícia da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal. Os dados foram coletados entre março a junho de 2018 por meio de entrevistas e analisadas de acordo com a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin com o suporte dos Software NVivo®. Resultados: Foram codificadas cinco temáticas: abordagem das boas práticas de atenção ao parto normal; práticas desnecessárias que permanecem; normas e rotinas na assistência ao parto normal; processos de trabalho no cenário da residência e, busca e atualização das evidências para o ensino das boas práticas clínicas. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou a necessidade de reorganização do cenário de ensino dos programas de residência com ações contínuas e direcionadas ao fortalecimento dos processos pedagógicos de forma a ampliar o potencial disruptivo dos novos profissionais de saúde. (AU)

Objective: To analyze, from the point of view of the preceptors, how the training process in the residency modality addresses the good practices recommended by the national and international guidelines for assistance in normal childbirth. Methods: Qualitative, exploratory descriptive study carried out with thirty-five preceptors, 14 nurses and 21 doctors who work in the obstetrics services of the State Department of Health of the Federal District. Data were collected between March and June 2018 through interviews and analyzed according to Bardin's Content Analysis with the support of NVivo® Software. Results: Five thematic categories were identified: addressing good practices in care for normal childbirth; unnecessary practices that remain; norms and routines in the assistance to normal childbirth; work processes in the residency setting, and search and update the evidence for teaching good clinical practices. Conclusion: The study showed the need to reorganize the teaching scenario for residency programs with continuous actions aimed at strengthening the pedagogical processes in order to expand the disruptive potential of new health professionals. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar, desde el punto de vista de los preceptores, cómo el proceso de capacitación en la modalidad de residencia aborda las buenas prácticas recomendadas por las directrices nacionales e internacionales para la asistencia en el parto normal. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio descriptivo realizado con treinta y cinco preceptores, 14 enfermeras y 21 médicos que trabajan en los servicios de obstetricia del Departamento de Salud del Estado del Distrito Federal. Los datos se recopilaron entre marzo y junio de 2018 a través de entrevistas y se analizaron de acuerdo con el Análisis de contenido de Bardin con el soporte del software NVivo®. Resultados: Se identificaron cinco categorías temáticas: abordar las buenas prácticas en la atención del parto normal; prácticas innecesarias que quedan; normas y rutinas en la asistencia al parto normal; procesos de trabajo en el entorno de residencia, y buscar y actualizar la evidencia para enseñar buenas prácticas clínicas. Conclusión: El estudio mostró la necesidad de reorganizar el escenario de enseñanza para los programas de residencia con acciones continuas dirigidas a fortalecer los procesos pedagógicos para expandir el potencial disruptivo de los nuevos profesionales de la salud. (AU)

Nonsense Mutation Inside Anthocyanidin Synthase Gene Controls Pigmentation in Yellow Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.).

Yellow raspberry fruits have reduced anthocyanin contents and offer unique possibility to study the genetics of pigment biosynthesis in this important soft fruit. Anthocyanidin synthase (Ans) catalyzes the conversion of leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin, a key committed step in biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Molecular analysis of the Ans gene enabled to identify an inactive ans allele in a yellow fruit raspberry ("Anne"). A 5 bp insertion in the coding region was identified and designated as ans+5. The insertion creates a premature stop codon resulting in a truncated protein of 264 amino acids, compared to 414 amino acids wild-type ANS protein. This mutation leads to loss of function of the encoded protein that might also result in transcriptional downregulation of Ans gene as a secondary effect, i.e., nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Further, this mutation results in loss of visible and detectable anthocyanin pigments. Functional characterization of raspberry Ans/ans alleles via complementation experiments in the Arabidopsis thaliana ldox mutant supports the inactivity of encoded protein through ans+5 and explains the proposed block in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in raspberry. Taken together, our data shows that the mutation inside Ans gene in raspberry is responsible for yellow fruit phenotypes.

Discovery of A-type procyanidin dimers in yellow raspberries by untargeted metabolomics and correlation based data analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Raspberries are becoming increasingly popular due to their reported health beneficial properties. Despite the presence of only trace amounts of anthocyanins, yellow varieties seems to show similar or better effects in comparison to conventional raspberries. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to characterize the metabolic differences between red and yellow berries, focussing on the compounds showing a higher concentration in yellow varieties. METHODS: The metabolomic profile of 13 red and 12 yellow raspberries (of different varieties, locations and collection dates) was determined by UPLC-TOF-MS. A novel approach based on Pearson correlation on the extracted ion chromatograms was implemented to extract the pseudospectra of the most relevant biomarkers from high energy LC-MS runs. The raw data will be made publicly available on MetaboLights (MTBLS333). RESULTS: Among the metabolites showing higher concentration in yellow raspberries it was possible to identify a series of compounds showing a pseudospectrum similar to that of A-type procyanidin polymers. The annotation of this group of compounds was confirmed by specific MS/MS experiments and performing standard injections. CONCLUSIONS: In berries lacking anthocyanins the polyphenol metabolism might be shifted to the formation of a novel class of A-type procyanidin polymers.