Digitally enhanced hands-on surgical training (DEHST) enhances the performance during freehand nail distal interlocking.

PURPOSE: Freehand distal interlocking of intramedullary nails remains a challenging task. Recently, a new training device for digitally enhanced hands-on surgical training (DEHST) was introduced, potentially improving surgical skills needed for distal interlocking. AIM: To evaluate whether training with DEHST enhances the performance of novices (first-year residents without surgical experience in freehand distal nail interlocking). METHODS: Twenty novices were randomly assigned to two groups and performed distal interlocking of a tibia nail in mock operation under operation-room-like conditions. Participants in Group 1 were trained with DEHST (five distal interlocking attempts, 1 h of training), while those in Group 2 did not receive training. Time, number of X-rays shots, hole roundness in the X-rays projection and hit rates were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Time to complete the task [414.7 s (range 290-615)] and X-rays exposure [17.8 µGcm2 (range 9.8-26.4)] were significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 [623.4 s (range 339-1215), p = 0.041 and 32.6 µGcm2 (range 16.1-55.3), p = 0.003]. Hole projections were significantly rounder in Group 1 [95.0% (range 91.1-98.0) vs. 80.8% (range 70.1-88.9), p < 0.001]. In Group 1, 90% of the participants achieved successful completion of the task in contrast to a 60% success rate in Group 2. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.121). CONCLUSIONS: In a mock-operational setting, training with DEHST significantly enhanced the performance of novices without surgical experience in distal interlocking of intramedullary nails and hence carries potential to improve safety and efficacy of this important and demanding surgical task to steepen the learning curve without endangering patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Ventilation of coronavirus disease 2019 patients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the current knowledge of pathophysiology and ventilatory management of acute respiratory failure in COVID-19. RECENT FINDINGS: Early reports suggested that COVID-19 is an 'atypical ARDS' with profound hypoxemia with normal respiratory system compliance (Crs). Contrarily, several more populated analyses showed that COVID-19 ARDS has pathophysiological features similar to non-COVID-19 ARDS, with reduced Crs, and high heterogeneity of respiratory mechanics, hypoxemia severity, and lung recruitability. There is no evidence supporting COVID-19-specific ventilatory settings, and the vast amount of available literature suggests that evidence-based, lung-protective ventilation (i.e. tidal volume ≤6 ml/kg, plateau pressure ≤30 cmH2O) should be enforced in all mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. Mild and moderate COVID-19 can be managed outside of ICUs by noninvasive ventilation in dedicated respiratory units, and no evidence support an early vs. late intubation strategy. Despite widely employed, there is no evidence supporting the efficacy of rescue therapies, such as pronation, inhaled vasodilators, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. SUMMARY: Given the lack of evidence-based specific ventilatory strategies and a large amount of literature showing pathophysiological features similar to non-COVID-19 ARDS, evidence-based lung-protective ventilatory strategies should be pursued in all patients with COVID-19 ARDS.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA in plasma samples of COVID-19 affected individuals: a cross-sectional proof-of-concept study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies showed that plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA seems to be associated with worse COVID-19 outcome. However, whether specific population can be at higher risk of viremia are to date unexplored. METHODS: This cross-sectional proof-of-concept study included 41 SARS-CoV-2-positive adult individuals (six affected by haematological malignancies) hospitalized at two major hospital in Milan, for those demographic, clinical and laboratory data were available. SARS-CoV-2 load was quantified by ddPCR in paired plasma and respiratory samples. To assess significant differences between patients with and patients without viremia, Fisher exact test and Wilcoxon test were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS: Plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in 8 patients (19.5%), with a median (IQR) value of 694 (209-1023) copies/mL. Viremic patients were characterized by an higher mortality rate (50.0% vs 9.1%; p = 0.018) respect to patients without viremia. Viremic patients were more frequently affected by haematological malignancies (62.5% vs. 3.0%; p < 0.001), and had higher viral load in respiratory samples (9,404,000 [586,060-10,000,000] vs 1560 [312-25,160] copies/mL; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Even if based on a small sample population, this proof-of-concept study poses the basis for an early identification of patients at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 viremia, and therefore likely to develop severe COVID-19, and supports the need of a quantitative viral load determination in blood and respiratory samples of haematologic patients with COVID-19 in order to predict prognosis and consequently to help their further management.

Secondary infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19.

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2021 . Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from https://link.springer.com/bookseries/8901 .

Mechanical ventilation parameters in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The mortality of critically ill patients with COVID-19 is high, particularly among those receiving mechanical ventilation (MV). Despite the high number of patients treated worldwide, data on respiratory mechanics are currently scarce and the optimal setting of MV remains to be defined. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of available data about respiratory mechanics, gas exchange and MV settings in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure, and to identify knowledge gaps. MAIN TEXT: PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases were searched from inception to October 30, 2020 for studies providing at least one ventilatory parameter collected within 24 h from the ICU admission. The quality of the studies was independently assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for Cohort Studies. A total of 26 studies were included for a total of 14,075 patients. At ICU admission, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) values ranged from 9 to 16.5 cm of water (cmH2O), suggesting that high levels of PEEP were commonly used for setting MV for these patients. Patients with COVID-19 are severely hypoxemic at ICU admission and show a median ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ranging from 102 to 198 mmHg. Static respiratory system compliance (Crs) values at ICU admission were highly heterogenous, ranging between 24 and 49 ml/cmH2O. Prone positioning and neuromuscular blocking agents were widely used, ranging from 17 to 81 and 22 to 88%, respectively; both rates were higher than previously reported in patients with "classical" acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CONCLUSIONS: Available data show that, in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19, respiratory mechanics and MV settings within 24 h from ICU admission are heterogeneous but similar to those reported for "classical" ARDS. However, to date, complete data regarding mechanical properties of respiratory system, optimal setting of MV and the role of rescue treatments for refractory hypoxemia are still lacking in the medical literature.

Portal hypertension-like pattern in coronavirus disease 2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Although respiratory failure is the most common feature in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), abdominal organ involvement is likewise frequently observed. To investigate visceral and thoracic circulation and abdominal organ damage in COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monocentric observational study was carried on. In COVID-19 patients affected by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (n = 31) or mild pneumonia (n = 60) thoracoabdominal circulation was evaluated using Doppler-ultrasound and computed tomography. The study also included non-COVID-19 patients affected by ARDS (n = 10) or portal hypertension (n = 10) for comparison of the main circulatory changes. RESULTS: Patients affected by COVID-19 ARDS showed hyperdynamic visceral flow and increased portal velocity, hepatic artery resistance-index, and spleen diameter relative to those with mild-pneumonia (p = 0.001). Splanchnic circulatory parameters significantly correlated with the main respiratory indexes (p < 0.001) and pulmonary artery diameter (p = 0.02). The chest and abdominal vascular remodeling pattern of COVID-19 ARDS patients resembled the picture observed in the PH group, while differed from that of the non-COVID ARDS group. A more severe COVID-19 presentation was associated with worse liver dysfunction and enhanced inflammatory activation; these parameters both correlated with abdominal (p = 0.04) and chest imaging measures (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: In COVID-19 ARDS patients there are abdominal and lung vascular modifications that depict a portal hypertension-like pattern. The correlation between visceral vascular remodeling, pulmonary artery enlargement, and organ damage in these critically ill patients is consistent with a portal hyperlfow-like syndrome that could contribute to the peculiar characteristics of respiratory failure in these patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: our data suggest that the severity of COVID-19 lung involvement is directly related to the development of a portal hyperflow-like syndrome. These observations should help in defining the need for a closer monitoring, but also to develop dedicated therapeutic strategies.

Enhanced extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal by acidification and metabolic control.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) promotes protective ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure, but devices with high CO2 extraction capacity are required for clinically relevant impact. This study evaluates three novel low-flow techniques based on dialysate acidification, also combined with renal replacement therapy, and metabolic control. METHODS: Eight swine were connected to a low-flow (350 mL/min) extracorporeal circuit including a dialyzer with a closed-loop dialysate circuit, and two membrane lungs on blood (MLb) and dialysate (MLd), respectively. The following 2-hour steps were performed: 1) MLb-start (MLb ventilated); 2) MLbd-start (MLb and MLd ventilated); 3) HLac (lactic acid infusion before MLd); 4) HCl-NaLac (hydrochloric acid infusion before MLd combined with renal replacement therapy and reinfusion of sodium lactate); 5) HCl-ßHB-NaLac (hydrochloric acid infusion before MLd combined with renal replacement therapy and reinfusion of sodium lactate and sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate). Caloric and fluid inputs, temperature, blood glucose and arterial carbon dioxide pressure were kept constant. RESULTS: The total MLs CO2 removal in HLac (130±25 mL/min), HCl-NaLac (130±21 mL/min) and HCl-ßHB-NaLac (124±18 mL/min) were higher compared with MLbd-start (81±15 mL/min, P<0.05) and MLb-start (55±7 mL/min, P<0.05). Minute ventilation in HLac (4.3±0.9 L/min), HCl-NaLac (3.6±0.8 L/min) and HCl-ßHB-NaLac (3.6±0.8 L/min) were lower compared to MLb-start (6.2±1.1 L/min, P<0.05) and MLbd-start (5.8±2.1 L/min, P<0.05). Arterial pH was 7.40±0.03 at MLb-start and decreased only during HCl-ßHB-NaLac (7.35±0.03, P<0.05). No relevant changes in electrolyte concentrations, hemodynamics and significant adverse events were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The three techniques achieved a significant extracorporeal CO2 removal allowing a relevant reduction in minute ventilation with a sufficient safety profile.

Induced myocardial ischemia in candidates to liver transplantation without evidence of heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with perioperative liver transplantation (LT) mortality. In absence of a defined risk algorithm, we aimed to test whether stress echocardiography and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) could detect CAD in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients without previous evidence of heart disease. METHODS: LT candidates ≥30 years underwent a cardiovascular (CV) assessment through stress echocardiography. CCTA was performed in patients ≥50 years with two or more CV risk factors (e.g. diabetes, CAD family history, dyslipidaemia). Coronary angiography (CAG) was scheduled when stress echocardiography and/or CCTA were positive. Sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of stress echocardiography and CCTA were assessed by numbers of coronary revascularization (true positives) and lack of acute coronary events over a mean follow-up of 3 years (true negatives). RESULTS: Stress echocardiography was performed in 273 patients, CCTA in 34 and CAG in 41. Eight patients had critical coronary lesions, and 19 not-critical lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 50.0%, 90.2%, 13.3% and 98.4% for stress echocardiography and 100%, 76.7%, 36.4% and 100% for CCTA. Among 163 patients who underwent LT (57.6%), 16 died and 5 had major adverse CV events over a mean follow-up of 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: A very low prevalence of CAD in a selected population of ESLD at intermediate to high CV risk was found. A screening based on stress echocardiography and CCTA resulted in low incidence of post-LT acute coronary events in ELSD patients. CAD has no impact on mid-term survival.