RESUMO
Helicobacter pylori CagA directly injected by the bacterium into epithelial cells via a type IV secretion system, leads to cellular changes such as morphology, apoptosis, proliferation and cell motility, and stimulates gastric carcinogenesis. We investigated the effects of cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and gastrokine 1 (GKN1) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in CagA- or GKN1-transfected gastric epithelial cells and mucosal tissues from humans and mice infected with H.pylori. On the molecular level, H.pylori CagA induced increased cell proliferation, ROS production, antiapoptotic activity, cell migration and invasion. Moreover, CagA induced activation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and EMT-related proteins. In addition, H.pylori CagA reduced GKN1 gene copy number and expression in gastric cells and mucosal tissues of humans and mice. However, GKN1 overexpression successfully suppressed the carcinogenic effects of CagA through binding to CagA. These results suggest that GKN1 might be a target to inhibit the effects from H.pylori CagA.
Assuntos
Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Helicobacter pylori/patogenicidade , Hormônios Peptídicos/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/genética , Apoptose/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Neoplasias Gástricas/microbiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologiaRESUMO
Background: Hemorrhoids are a common anal disorder and are more frequent in women than in men. Urinary incontinence (UI) also occurs more frequently in women than in men. Although both diseases share similar risk factors, research on the association between the two diseases is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hemorrhoids and UI in adult Korean women. Methods: This study was based on the data of the 2008-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression test was performed to determine the relationship between hemorrhoids and UI after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, heavy drinking, physical activity, education level, income, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Results: Analysis of the data of 8,139 adult women revealed that the prevalence of hemorrhoids, which were self-reported and diagnosed by a physician, was 17.5% and 7.9%, respectively. Both types of hemorrhoids were more prevalent in older women with spouses, those with a large waist circumference, and those with a high BMI. The prevalence of UI was significantly high in the hemorrhoid group, regardless of whether it was self-reported or diagnosed by a physician. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed a significant association between the prevalence of UI and hemorrhoids, both of which were found to peak at 19-39 years of age. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that hemorrhoids are significantly correlated with UI in adult Korean women. When treating adult women with hemorrhoids, it is, therefore, necessary to consider other pelvic floor diseases such as UI.