RESUMO
Transcript-selective translational regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is directed by the hnRNP E1-containing TGF-ß-activated-translational (BAT) mRNP complex. Herein, eukaryotic elongation factor-1 A1 (eEF1A1) is identified as an integral component of the BAT complex. Translational silencing of Dab2 and ILEI, two EMT transcripts, is mediated by the binding of hnRNP E1 and eEF1A1 to their 3'UTR BAT element, whereby hnRNP E1 stalls translational elongation by inhibiting the release of eEF1A1 from the ribosomal A site. TGF-ß-mediated hnRNP E1 phosphorylation, through Akt2, disrupts the BAT complex, thereby restoring translation of target EMT transcripts. Attenuation of hnRNP E1 expression in two noninvasive breast epithelial cells (NMuMG and MCF-7) not only induced EMT but also enabled cells to form metastatic lesions in vivo. Thus, translational regulation by TGF-ß at the elongation stage represents a critical checkpoint coordinating the expression of EMT transcripts required during development and in tumorigenesis and metastatic progression.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/genética , Elongação Traducional da Cadeia Peptídica/fisiologia , Ribonucleoproteínas/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/fisiologia , Fator de Iniciação 1 em Eucariotos/genética , Fator de Iniciação 1 em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Peptídeos Independentes de Ácido Nucleico/fisiologia , Ribonucleoproteínas/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
Regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) subcellular localization, stability and translation is a central aspect of gene expression. Much of this control is mediated via recognition of mRNA 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins. The gold standard approach to assess the regulation imparted by a transcript's 3' UTR is to fuse the UTR to a reporter coding sequence and assess the relative expression of this reporter as compared to a control. Yet, transient transfection approaches or the use of highly active viral promoter elements may overwhelm a cell's post-transcriptional regulatory machinery in this context. To circumvent this issue, we have developed and validated a novel, scalable piggyBac-based vector for analysis of 3' UTR-mediated regulation in vitro and in vivo. The vector delivers three independent transcription units to the target genome--a selection cassette, a turboGFP control reporter and an experimental reporter expressed under the control of a 3' UTR of interest. The pBUTR (piggyBac-based 3' UnTranslated Region reporter) vector performs robustly as a siRNA/miRNA sensor, in established in vitro models of post-transcriptional regulation, and in both arrayed and pooled screening approaches. The vector is robustly expressed as a transgene during murine embryogenesis, highlighting its potential usefulness for revealing post-transcriptional regulation in an in vivo setting.
Assuntos
Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Genes Reporter , Humanos , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , Estabilidade de RNA , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite functional significance of nonmuscle myosin II in cell migration and invasion, its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or TGF-ß signaling is unknown. Analysis of normal mammary gland expression revealed that myosin IIC is expressed in luminal cells, whereas myosin IIB expression is up-regulated in myoepithelial cells that have more mesenchymal characteristics. Furthermore, TGF-ß induction of EMT in nontransformed murine mammary gland epithelial cells results in an isoform switch from myosin IIC to myosin IIB and increased phosphorylation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIA on target sites known to regulate filament dynamics (S1916, S1943). These expression and phosphorylation changes are downstream of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 (E1), an effector of TGF-ß signaling. E1 knockdown drives cells into a migratory, invasive mesenchymal state and concomitantly up-regulates MHC IIB expression and MHC IIA phosphorylation. Abrogation of myosin IIB expression in the E1 knockdown cells has no effect on 2D migration but significantly reduced transmigration and macrophage-stimulated collagen invasion. These studies indicate that transition between myosin IIC/myosin IIB expression is a critical feature of EMT that contributes to increases in invasive behavior.
Assuntos
Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Miosina Tipo II/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/fisiologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Camundongos , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) comprise a family of RNA-binding proteins. The complexity and diversity associated with the hnRNPs render them multifunctional, involved not only in processing heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) into mature mRNAs, but also acting as trans-factors in regulating gene expression. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP E1), a subgroup of hnRNPs, is a KH-triple repeat containing RNA-binding protein. It is encoded by an intronless gene arising from hnRNP E2 through a retrotransposition event. hnRNP E1 is ubiquitously expressed and functions in regulating major steps of gene expression, including pre-mRNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Given its wide-ranging functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm and interaction with multiple proteins, we propose a post-transcriptional regulon model that explains hnRNP E1's widespread functional diversity.
Assuntos
Ribonucleoproteínas Nucleares Heterogêneas/metabolismo , RNA Nuclear Heterogêneo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Humanos , Precursores de RNA/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria (cblC) is the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism and due to mutations in Methylmalonic Aciduria type C and Homocystinuria (MMACHC). Recently, mutations in the transcriptional regulators HCFC1 and RONIN (THAP11) were shown to result in cellular phenocopies of cblC. Since HCFC1/RONIN jointly regulate MMACHC, patients with mutations in these factors suffer from reduced MMACHC expression and exhibit a cblC-like disease. However, additional de-regulated genes and the resulting pathophysiology is unknown. Therefore, we have generated mouse models of this disease. In addition to exhibiting loss of Mmachc, metabolic perturbations, and developmental defects previously observed in cblC, we uncovered reduced expression of target genes that encode ribosome protein subunits. We also identified specific phenotypes that we ascribe to deregulation of ribosome biogenesis impacting normal translation during development. These findings identify HCFC1/RONIN as transcriptional regulators of ribosome biogenesis during development and their mutation results in complex syndromes exhibiting aspects of both cblC and ribosomopathies.
Assuntos
Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/genética , Homocistinúria/genética , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/genética , Oxirredutases/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Ribossomos/genética , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/genética , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/patologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Homocistinúria/metabolismo , Homocistinúria/patologia , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/deficiência , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação , Biogênese de Organelas , Oxirredutases/deficiência , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Subunidades Proteicas/genética , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/deficiência , Proteínas Ribossômicas/genética , Proteínas Ribossômicas/metabolismo , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Ribossomos/patologia , Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/patologiaRESUMO
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating such transitions have generated a lot of interest among cancer researchers. Much of this can be attributed to the apparent similarities in the molecular processes regulating embryonic EMT that can be recapitulated during tumor progression and metastasis. It appears that both embryonic and oncogenic EMT are regulated by an intricate interplay of transcriptional and post-transcriptional programs, and the recent discovery of a transcript-selective translational regulatory pathway controlling expression of EMT-associated mRNAs demonstrates the high fidelity and tight regulation associated with the process of EMT and metastatic progression. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP E1) is emerging as a critical and integral modulator of TGFß-induced EMT and subsequent tumor metastasis. Through its RNA-binding ability, hnRNP E1 binds distinct 3'-UTR structural elements present in mRNA transcripts required for EMT and translationally silences their expression. Translational silencing, mediated by hnRNP E1, occurs specifically at the translation elongation step through effects on the eukaryotic elongation factor-1 A1 (eEF1A1), and is relieved by Akt2-mediated phosphorylation. Interestingly, modulation of either the steady-state expression or the posttranscriptional modification of hnRNP E1 has a temporo-spatial effect on translational repression, tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis.
Assuntos
Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Ribonucleoproteínas Nucleares Heterogêneas/genética , Ribonucleoproteínas Nucleares Heterogêneas/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is a secreted cytokine, which intricately controls a plethora of physiological and pathological processes during development and carcinogenesis. TGFbeta exerts antiproliferative effects and functions as a tumor suppressor during early stages of tumorigenesis, whereas at later stages it functions as a tumor promoter aiding in metastatic progression through an autocrine TGFbeta loop. Intricate knowledge of TGFbeta signaling and its regulation are still evolving. In this review, we make an attempt to showcase the associated enigma of TGFbeta signaling in its dual functional role as tumor suppressor and metastatic promoter during early and late stages of carcinogenesis, respectively.
Assuntos
Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/fisiologia , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Animais , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Previsões , Humanos , Mesoderma/patologia , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/genética , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Proteínas Smad/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genéticaRESUMO
Telomere shortening is associated with stem cell decline, fibrotic disorders, and premature aging through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Here, we show that telomere shortening in livers of telomerase knockout mice leads to a p53-dependent repression of all seven sirtuins. P53 regulates non-mitochondrial sirtuins (Sirt1, 2, 6, and 7) post-transcriptionally through microRNAs (miR-34a, 26a, and 145), while the mitochondrial sirtuins (Sirt3, 4, and 5) are regulated in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha-/beta-dependent manner at the transcriptional level. Administration of the NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide maintains telomere length, dampens the DNA damage response and p53, improves mitochondrial function, and, functionally, rescues liver fibrosis in a partially Sirt1-dependent manner. These studies establish sirtuins as downstream targets of dysfunctional telomeres and suggest that increasing Sirt1 activity alone or in combination with other sirtuins stabilizes telomeres and mitigates telomere-dependent disorders.
Assuntos
Cirrose Hepática/genética , Sirtuínas/genética , Encurtamento do Telômero/fisiologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo/genética , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Mononucleotídeo de Nicotinamida/farmacologia , Sirtuína 1/genética , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Sirtuínas/metabolismo , Telomerase/genética , Telomerase/metabolismo , Homeostase do Telômero/efeitos dos fármacos , Homeostase do Telômero/fisiologia , Encurtamento do Telômero/efeitos dos fármacos , Encurtamento do Telômero/genéticaRESUMO
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell survival and autophagy, and its activity is regulated by amino acid availability. Rag GTPase-GATOR1 interactions inhibit mTORC1 in the absence of amino acids, and GATOR1 release and activation of RagA/B promotes mTORC1 activity in the presence of amino acids. However, the factors that play a role in Rag-GATOR1 interaction are still poorly characterized. Here, we show that the tyrosine kinase Src is crucial for amino acid-mediated activation of mTORC1. Src acts upstream of the Rag GTPases by promoting dissociation of GATOR1 from the Rags, thereby determining mTORC1 recruitment and activation at the lysosomal surface. Accordingly, amino acid-mediated regulation of Src/mTORC1 modulates autophagy and cell size expansion. Finally, Src hyperactivation overrides amino acid signaling in the activation of mTORC1. These results shed light on the mechanisms underlying pathway dysregulation in many cancer types.
Assuntos
Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Quinases da Família src/fisiologia , Autofagia , Ciclo Celular , Transdução de Sinais , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoRESUMO
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14338.
RESUMO
Neurodegenerative diseases characterized by aberrant accumulation of undigested cellular components represent unmet medical conditions for which the identification of actionable targets is urgently needed. Here we identify a pharmacologically actionable pathway that controls cellular clearance via Akt modulation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal pathways. We show that Akt phosphorylates TFEB at Ser467 and represses TFEB nuclear translocation independently of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a known TFEB inhibitor. The autophagy enhancer trehalose activates TFEB by diminishing Akt activity. Administration of trehalose to a mouse model of Batten disease, a prototypical neurodegenerative disease presenting with intralysosomal storage, enhances clearance of proteolipid aggregates, reduces neuropathology and prolongs survival of diseased mice. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt promotes cellular clearance in cells from patients with a variety of lysosomal diseases, thus suggesting broad applicability of this approach. These findings open new perspectives for the clinical translation of TFEB-mediated enhancement of cellular clearance in neurodegenerative storage diseases.
Assuntos
Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Trealose/farmacologia , Animais , Astrócitos , Autofagia/fisiologia , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/patologia , Núcleo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fibroblastos , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células HeLa , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacologia , Humanos , Masculino , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/patologia , Neurônios , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Fosforilação , Cultura Primária de Células , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Trealose/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Posttranscriptional control of mRNA subcellular localization, stability, and translation is a central aspect of gene regulation and expression. Much of this control is mediated via recognition of a given mRNA transcript's 3' untranslated region (UTR) by microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins. Here we describe how a novel, scalable piggyBac-based vector, pBUTR, can be utilized for analysis of 3' UTR-mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation (PTGR) both in vitro and in vivo. This vector is specifically designed to express a selection marker, a control reporter, and an experimental reporter from three independent transcription units. Expression of spliced reporter transcripts from medium-copy non-viral promoter elements circumvents several potential confounding factors associated with saturation and stability, while stable integration of these reporter and selection elements in the context of a DNA transposon facilitates experimental reproducibility.
Assuntos
Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas/genética , Linhagem Celular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Genes Reporter/genética , Humanos , Biossíntese de Proteínas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/biossíntese , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Oxidative stress and aberrant accumulation of misfolded proteins in the cytosol are key pathological features associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). NADPH oxidase (Nox2) is upregulated in the pathogenesis of PD; however, the underlying mechanism(s) of Nox2-mediated oxidative stress in PD pathogenesis are still unknown. Using a rotenone-inducible cellular model of PD, we observed that a short exposure to rotenone (0.5 µM) resulted in impaired autophagic flux through activation of a Nox2 dependent Src/PI3K/Akt axis, with a consequent disruption of a Beclin1-VPS34 interaction that was independent of mTORC1 activity. Sustained exposure to rotenone at a higher dose (10 µM) decreased mTORC1 activity; however, autophagic flux was still impaired due to dysregulation of lysosomal activity with subsequent induction of the apoptotic machinery. Cumulatively, our results highlight a complex pathogenic mechanism for PD where short- and long-term oxidative stress alters different signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in anomalous autophagic activity and disease phenotype. Inhibition of Nox2-dependent oxidative stress attenuated the impaired autophagy and cell death, highlighting the importance and therapeutic potential of these pathways for treating patients with PD.
Assuntos
Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Apoptose , Autofagia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina , NADPH Oxidase 2 , Estresse Oxidativo , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Rotenona/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the release pattern of different cardiac metabolites and biomarkers directly from the coronary sinus (CS) and to establish the diagnostic discrimination limits of each marker protein and metabolites to evaluate perioperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight patients undergoing first mitral and/or aortic valve replacements with/without coronary artery bypass grafting and Bentall procedure under CPB and blood cardioplegic arrest were studied. All cardiac metabolites and biomarkers were measured in serial CS-derived blood samples at pre-CPB, immediate post aortic declamping, 10 minutes post-CPB and 12 hrs post-CPB. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of cardiac biomarkers indicated lactate-pyruvate ratio as the superior diagnostic discriminator of myocardial injury with an optimal "cut-off" value >10.8 immediately after aortic declamping (AUC, 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85-0.98). Lactate was the second best diagnostic discriminator of myocardial injury with an optimal "cut-off" value >2mmol/l at immediately after aortic declamping (AUC, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80-0.96). Cardiac troponin-I was the third best diagnostic discriminator of myocardial injury with an optimal "cut-off" value >2.1ng/ml at immediately after aortic declamping (AUC, 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80-0.95). Creatine kinase-MB was the fourth best diagnostic discriminator of myocardial injury with an optimal "cut-off" value >58 log units/ml prior to decanulation (AUC, 0.85; 95% CI: 0.78-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Measurable cardiac damage exists in all patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardioplegic arrest. The degree of myocardial injury is more in patients with poor ventricular function and those requiring longer aortic clamp time. CS-derived lactate-pyruvate ratio, lactate, cTn-I served as superior diagnostic discriminators of peri-operative myocardial damage.
Assuntos
Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Creatina Quinase Forma MB/sangue , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Período Perioperatório , Ácido Pirúvico/sangue , Troponina I/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Seio Coronário/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Hypoxia occurs in many pathological conditions, including chronic inflammation and tumors, and is considered to be an inhibitor of T cell function. However, robust T cell responses occur at many hypoxic inflammatory sites, suggesting that functions of some subsets are stimulated under low oxygen conditions. Here, we investigated how hypoxic conditions influence human T cell functions and found that, in contrast to naive and central memory T cells (TN and TCM), hypoxia enhances the proliferation, viability, and cytotoxic action of effector memory T cells (TEM). Enhanced TEM expansion in hypoxia corresponded to high hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression and glycolytic activity compared with that observed in TN and TCM. We determined that the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH negatively regulates HIF1A expression by binding to adenylate-uridylate-rich elements in the 3'-UTR region of HIF1A mRNA in glycolytically inactive TN and TCM. Conversely, active glycolysis with decreased GAPDH availability in TEM resulted in elevated HIF1α expression. Furthermore, GAPDH overexpression reduced HIF1α expression and impaired proliferation and survival of T cells in hypoxia, indicating that high glycolytic metabolism drives increases in HIF1α to enhance TEM function during hypoxia. This work demonstrates that glycolytic metabolism regulates the translation of HIF1A to determine T cell responses to hypoxia and implicates GAPDH as a potential mechanism for controlling T cell function in peripheral tissue.
Assuntos
Glicólise/genética , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Hipóxia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Animais , Hipóxia Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Humanos , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/citologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/citologiaRESUMO
The importance of translational regulation in tumour biology is increasingly appreciated. Here, we leverage polyribosomal profiling to prospectively define translational regulatory programs underlying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast epithelial cells. We identify a group of ten translationally regulated drivers of EMT sharing a common GU-rich cis-element within the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of their mRNA. These cis-elements, necessary for the regulatory activity imparted by these 3'-UTRs, are directly bound by the CELF1 protein, which itself is regulated post-translationally during the EMT program. CELF1 is necessary and sufficient for both mesenchymal transition and metastatic colonization, and CELF1 protein, but not mRNA, is significantly overexpressed in human breast cancer tissues. Our data present an 11-component genetic pathway, invisible to transcriptional profiling approaches, in which the CELF1 protein functions as a central node controlling translational activation of genes driving EMT and ultimately tumour progression.
Assuntos
Proteínas CELF1/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama , Proteínas CELF1/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Epiteliais , Feminino , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Experimentais , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise Serial de Proteínas , Biossíntese de Proteínas , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly being used for transcriptome-wide analysis of differential gene expression. The NGS data are multidimensional count data. Therefore, most of the statistical methods developed well for microarray data analysis are not applicable to transcriptomic data. For this reason, a variety of new statistical methods based on count data of transcript reads have been correspondingly proposed. But due to high cost and limitation of biological resources, current NGS data are still generated from a few replicate libraries. Some of these existing methods do not always have desirable performances on count data. We here developed a very powerful and robust statistical method based on beta and binomial distributions. Our method (mBeta t-test) is specifically applicable to sequence count data from small samples. Both simulated and real transcriptomic data showed mBeta t-test significantly outperformed the existing top statistical methods chosen in all 12 given scenarios and performed with high efficiency and high stability. The differentially expressed genes found by our method from real transcriptomic data were validated by qPCR experiments. Our method shows high power in finding truly differential expression, conservatively estimating FDR and high stability in RNA sequence count data derived from small samples. Our method can also be extended to genome-wide detection of differential splicing events.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Estatística como Assunto , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Camundongos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Curva ROC , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
The brain is sensitive to the dose of MeCP2 such that small fluctuations in protein quantity lead to neuropsychiatric disease. Despite the importance of MeCP2 levels to brain function, little is known about its regulation. In this study, we report eleven individuals with neuropsychiatric disease and copy-number variations spanning NUDT21, which encodes a subunit of pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im. Investigations of MECP2 mRNA and protein abundance in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells from one NUDT21 deletion and three duplication cases show that NUDT21 regulates MeCP2 protein quantity. Elevated NUDT21 increases usage of the distal polyadenylation site in the MECP2 3' UTR, resulting in an enrichment of inefficiently translated long mRNA isoforms. Furthermore, normalization of NUDT21 via siRNA-mediated knockdown in duplication patient lymphoblasts restores MeCP2 to normal levels. Ultimately, we identify NUDT21 as a novel candidate for intellectual disability and neuropsychiatric disease, and elucidate a mechanism of pathogenesis by MeCP2 dysregulation via altered alternative polyadenylation.
Assuntos
Fator de Especificidade de Clivagem e Poliadenilação/genética , Dosagem de Genes , Transtornos Mentais/fisiopatologia , Proteína 2 de Ligação a Metil-CpG/análise , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Deleção de Genes , Duplicação Gênica , Humanos , Linfócitos/química , Proteína 2 de Ligação a Metil-CpG/genética , PoliadenilaçãoRESUMO
A major challenge in the clinical management of human cancers is to accurately stratify patients according to risk and likelihood of a favorable response. Stratification is confounded by significant phenotypic heterogeneity in some tumor types, often without obvious criteria for subdivision. Despite intensive transcriptional array analyses, the identity and validation of cancer specific 'signature genes' remains elusive, partially because the transcriptome does not mirror the proteome. The simplification associated with transcriptomic profiling does not take into consideration changes in the relative expression among transcripts that arise due to post-transcriptional regulatory events. We have previously shown that TGFß post-transcriptionally regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by causing increased expression of two transcripts, Dab2 and ILEI, by modulating hnRNP E1 phosphorylation. Using a genome-wide combinatorial approach involving expression profiling and RIP-Chip analysis, we have identified a cohort of translationally regulated mRNAs that are induced during TGFß-mediated EMT. Coordinated translational regulation by hnRNP E1 constitutes a post-transcriptional regulon inhibiting the expression of related EMT-facilitating genes, thus enabling the cell to rapidly and coordinately regulate multiple EMT-facilitating genes.