GSTT1, an increased risk factor for prostate cancer in patients with metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome (Mets) are generally considered to be risk factors for prostate cancer (PCa). However, this conclusion is still controversial. There is a close relationship between GSTs gene polymorphism and Mets. We suspect that the effect of GSTs gene polymorphism and Mets on PCa may be the result of their joint action. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effect of GSTs gene polymorphism on PCa in patients with Mets. METHODS: We collected blood samples from 128 patients with PCa and 200 controls. The GSTs gene polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Age, characteristics of Mets, frequencies of GSTs gene polymorphism, total prostate volume (TPV), Gleason score, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: There were significant differences in BMI, TG, LDL-C, FBG, SBP, DBP, and HDL-C among the control group, N-PCa group, and Mets-PCa group (p < 0.05). GSTT1 null genotype (OR = 2.844, 95% CI: 1.791-4.517), GSTM1 null genotype (OR = 2.192, 95% CI: 1.395-3.446), and GSTP1 (A/G + G/G) genotype (OR = 2.315, 95% CI: 1.465-3.657) were associated with PCa susceptibility and malignancy. Only the GSTT1 null genotype in Mets patients was positively correlated with PCa. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that GSTs gene polymorphism may be a risk factor for PCa and can predict the susceptibility and malignancy of PCa. Secondly, in Mets patients, GSTT1 null genotype significantly increased the risk of PCa. GSTM1 null genotype and the effect of GSTP1 (AG + GG) on PCa were not significantly related to Mets.

Potential role of glutathione S-transferase P1 gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome (MS) on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: This study included 195 patients diagnosed with LUTS secondary to BPH as case group, divided into simple BPH group (S-BPH group) and combined with MS group (MS-BPH group). Control group included 200 healthy elderly men without LUTS. Use peripheral blood samples detected the GSTP1 gene polymorphism (Ile 105 Val A → G polymorphism) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Recorded age, GSTP1 gene polymorphism, international prostate symptom score (IPSS), prostate volume (PV), residual urine volume (RV), maximal urinary flowrate (Qmax), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Pairwise compared between control group, S-BPH group and MS-BPH, the PV (P < 0.001), PSA (P < 0.001), RV (P < 0.001), Qmax (P < 0.001), IPSS (P < 0.001), frequencies of GSTP1 gene (P < 0.05) were shown significant different, and MS-BPH group had larger PV, and more severe LUTS. In case group, variation genotypes (GSTP1 A/G + G/G) always had larger PV, higher PSA and IPSS, more RV and lower Qmax than homozygote (GSTP1 A/A) and the comparison were significant different (P < 0.05). Variation genotypes were positively correlated with PV (ß = 0.092, P < 0.001), RV (ß = 0.228, P = 0.004), IPSS (ß = 0.274, P = 0.038), PSA (ß = 1.243, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with Qmax (ß = -0.362, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: In patients with BPH, GSTP1 variation genotypes and MS might be potential risk factors for faster progression of benign prostatic enlargement and LUTS, which might increase the surgical rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-IPR-14005580.

Glutathione S-transferase genetic polymorphisms and fluoride-induced reproductive toxicity in men with idiopathic infertility.

Male infertility caused by idiopathic oligoasthenospermia (OAT) is known as idiopathic male infertility. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and fluoride may play important roles in idiopathic male infertility, but their effects are still unknown. Our study examined the relationship between GST polymorphisms and fluoride-induced toxicity in idiopathic male infertility and determined the underlying mechanism. Sperm, blood, and urine samples were collected from 560 males. Fluoride levels were measured by a highly selective electrode method, and GST genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Semen parameters, DNA fragmentation index (DFI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers were statistically assessed at the P < 0.05 level. Compared with healthy fertile group, semen parameters, fluoride levels, OS biomarkers, sex hormone levels, and MMP and DFI levels were lower in the idiopathic male infertility group. For glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1[-]) and glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1[-]) or glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) mutant genotypes, levels of semen fluoride, OS, MMP, and DFI were considerably higher, and the mean levels of sperm parameters and testosterone were statistically significant in GSTM1(+), GSTT1(+), and GSTP1 wild-type genotypes. Both semen and blood fluoride levels were associated with oxidative stress in idiopathic male infertility patients. Elevated fluoride in semen with the genotypes listed above was linked to reproductive quality in idiopathic male infertility patients. In conclusion, GST polymorphisms and fluorine may have an indicative relationship between reproductive quality and sex hormone levels, and OS participates in the development of idiopathic male infertility.

Primary urethral carcinoma with variant histology: A case report and literature review.

Primary urethral carcinoma (PUC) has rarely been reported, notably with variant histology. The present case reports a 68-year-old male patient with a 3-month history of difficulty voiding urine accompanied by a burning sensation in the urinary tract and hematuria. Urethrography and computed tomography (CT) indicated a mass localized in the urethral bulb. A fine needle biopsy revealed the mass to be a malignant tumor of the urethra. Partial penectomy was eventually performed and postoperative histopathological examination confirmed that the lesion was PUC, with mixed characteristics of urothelial and squamous differentiation. The patient was postoperatively followed up and at 9 months, a repeat CT scan revealed local recurrence and metastases. The patient rejected further treatment and eventually succumbed to the disease three months later. The present case report demonstrates an example in which urothelial and squamous differentiation simultaneously exist in the pathological report. The clinical features, diagnosis and treatment status of PUC were also summarized and analyzed to improve the clinical understanding of this unique disease.

Metabolic enzyme gene polymorphisms predict the effects of antioxidant treatment on idiopathic male infertility.

To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes such as CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 and idiopathic male infertility. By observing the efficacy of antioxidants in the treatment of idiopathic male infertility, the effect of metabolic enzyme gene polymorphisms on antioxidant therapy in patients with idiopathic male infertility was prospectively studied. This case-control study included 310 men with idiopathic infertility and 170 healthy controls. The cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1), and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) genotypes in peripheral blood samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The idiopathic male infertility group was treated with vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 for 3 months and followed up for 6 months. GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), and GSTM1/T1(-/-) in the idiopathic male infertility groups were more common than those in the control group. The sperm concentration, motility, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level in patients with GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), and GSTM1/T1(-/-) were lower than those in wild-type carriers, and the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were higher. Therefore, oxidative damage may play an important role in the occurrence and development of idiopathic male infertility, but antioxidant therapy is not effective in male infertility patients with GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions.

Adult adrenal neuroblastoma: A case report.

Adrenal neuroblastoma (NB) is very rare in adults. According to the literature, <100 cases have been reported worldwide to date, with >90% of the patients aged <10 years. As the early symptoms of the disease are not obvious, distant metastasis has often already occurred when the patients develop clinical symptoms. This lack of obvious symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment. Imaging and laboratory examinations are crucial for the diagnosis of NB, but reaching a definitive diagnosis prior to surgery is challenging, as the final diagnosis ultimately depends on histopathological examination. The aim of the present study was to report the rare case of a 40-year-old woman with adrenal left NB who underwent tumor resection. No tumor recurrence was observed at the 3-month and 1-year postoperative follow-up, but a repeat computed tomography at the 3-year postoperative follow-up indicated metastases; the patient refused further treatment and eventually succumbed to the disease within 1 month. The aim of the present case was to emphasize the importance of individualized therapy and long-term, close follow-up of the patients. The clinical characteristics and treatment of this case of adrenal NB were also summarized and analyzed in order to raise clinical awareness of this rare disease.