Dominant Contribution of NO3 Radical to NO3- Formation during Heavy Haze Episodes: Insights from High-Time Resolution of Dual Isotopes Δ17O and δ18O.

δ18O is widely used to track nitrate (NO3-) formation but overlooks NO3 radical reactions with hydrocarbons (HCs), particularly in heavily emitting hazes. This study introduces high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- as a powerful tool to quantify NO3- formation during five hazes in three cities. Results show significant differences between Δ17O-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- in identifying NO3- formation. δ18O-NO3- results suggested N2O5 hydrolysis (62.0-88.4%) as the major pathway of NO3- formation, while Δ17O-NO3- shows the NO3- formation contributions of NO2 + OH (17.7-66.3%), NO3 + HC (10.8-49.6%), and N2O5 hydrolysis (22.9-33.3%), revealing significant NO3 + HC contribution (41.7-56%) under severe pollution. Furthermore, NO3- formation varies with temperatures, NOx oxidation rate (NOR), and pollution levels. Higher NO2 + OH contribution and lower NO3 + HC contribution were observed at higher temperatures, except for low NOR haze where higher NO2 + OH contributions were observed at low temperatures (T ← 10 °C). This emphasizes the significance of NO2 + OH in emission-dominated haze. Contributions of NO2 + OH and NO3 + HC relate to NOR as positive (fP1 = 3.0*NOR2 - 2.4*NOR + 0.8) and negative (fP2 = -2.3*NOR2 + 1.8*NOR) quadratic functions, respectively, with min/max values at NOR = 0.4. At mild pollution, NO2 + OH (58.1 ± 22.2%) dominated NO3- formation, shifting to NO3 + HC (35.5 ± 16.3%) during severe pollution. Additionally, high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- reveals that morning-evening rush hours and high temperatures at noon promote the contributions of NO3 + HC and NO2 + OH, respectively. Our results suggested that the differences in the NO3- pathway are attributed to temperatures, NOR, and pollution levels. Furthermore, high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- is vital for quantifying NO3 + HC contribution during severe hazes.

Influence of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Oxidation States of Soot Organics on the Metabolome of Human-Lung Cells (A549): Implications for Vehicle Fuel Selection.

Decades of research have established the toxicity of soot particles resulting from incomplete combustion. However, the unique chemical compounds responsible for adverse health effects have remained uncertain. This study utilized mass spectrometry to analyze the chemical composition of extracted soot organics at three oxidation states, aiming to establish quantitative relationships between potentially toxic chemicals and their impact on human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) through metabolomics-based evaluations. Targeted analysis using MS/MS indicated that particles with a medium oxidation state contained the highest total abundance of compounds, particularly oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) composed of fused benzene rings and unsaturated carbonyls, which may cause oxidative stress, characterized by the upregulation of three specific metabolites. Further investigation focused on three specific OPAH standards: 1,4-naphthoquinone, 9-fluorenone, and anthranone. Pathway analysis indicated that exposure to these compounds affected transcriptional functions, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, cell proliferation, and the oxidative stress response. Biodiesel combustion emissions had higher concentrations of PAHs, OPAHs, and nitrogen-containing PAHs (NPAHs) compared with other fuels. Quinones and 9,10-anthraquinone were identified as the dominant compounds within the OPAH category. This knowledge enhances our understanding of the compounds contributing to adverse health effects observed in epidemiological studies and highlights the role of aerosol composition in toxicity.

Direct targeting of DOCK4 by miRNA-181d in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-mediated neuronal injury.

The miRNA-181 (miR-181) family regulates neuronal persistence during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI). Since the effect of miR-181d on CI/RI has never been studied, the current work sought to determine the involvement of miR-181d in neuronal apoptosis after brain I/R injury. To replicate in vivo and in vitro CI/RI, a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model in rats and an oxygen-glucose deficiency/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in neuro 2A cells were developed. In both in vivo and in vitro stroke models, the expression of miR-181d was considerably higher. miR-181d suppression reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress in OGD/R-treated neuroblastoma cells, but miR-181d overexpression increased both. Furthermore, it was observed that miR-181d has a direct target in dedicator of cytokinesis 4 (DOCK4). The overexpression of DOCK4 partially overcame cell apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by miR-181d upregulation and OGD/R injury. Furthermore, the DOCK4 rs2074130 mutation was related to lower DOCK4 levels in ischemic stroke (IS) peripheral blood and higher susceptibility to IS. These findings suggest that downregulating miR-181d protects neurons from ischemic damage by targeting DOCK4, implying that the miR-181d/DOCK4 axis might be a novel therapeutic target for IS.

Study on the mechanism of efficient extracellular expression of toxic streptomyces phospholipase D in Brevibacillus choshinensis under Mg2+ stress.

BACKGROUND: Phospholipase D (PLD) has significant advantages in the food and medicine industries due to its unique transphosphatidylation. However, the high heterologous expression of PLD is limited by its cytotoxicity. The present study sought to develop an efficient and extracellular expression system of PLD in the non-pathogenic Brevibacillus choshinensis (B. choshinensis). RESULTS: The extracellular PLD was effectively expressed by the strong promoter (P2) under Mg2+ stress, with the highest activity of 10 U/mL. The inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) results elucidated that the over-expression of PLD by P2 promoter without Mg2+ stress induced the ionic homeostasis perturbation caused by the highly enhanced Ca2+ influx, leading to cell injury or death. Under Mg2+ stress, Ca2+ influx was significantly inhibited, and the strengths of P2 promoter and HWP gene expression were weakened. The study results revealed that the mechanism of Mg2+ induced cell growth protection and PLD expression might be related to the lowered strength of PLD expression by P2 promoter repression to meet with the secretion efficiency of B. choshinensis, and the redistribution of intracellular ions accompanied by decreased Ca2+ influx. CONCLUSIONS: The PLD production was highly improved under Mg2+ stress. By ICP-MS and qPCR analysis combined with other results, the mechanism of the efficient extracellular PLD expression under Mg2+ stress was demonstrated. The relatively low-speed PLD expression during cell growth alleviated cell growth inhibition and profoundly improved PLD production. These results provided a potential approach for the large-scale production of extracellular PLD and novel insights into PLD function.

Sagittal imaging study of the lumbar spine with the short rod technique.

PURPOSE: The short rod technique (SRT) is a novel method for lumbar pedicle screw placement to reduce surgical trauma and avoid damage to the facet joint and articular surface. The core concept is to change the entry point and angle of the screw on the vertebrae at both ends in the sagittal plane to shorten the length of the longitudinal rods. The purpose of this study is to determine the sagittal screw angle (SSA) and its safe Maximum (MAX) value on each lumbar vertebra for the SRT and to observe the shortening effect on the longitudinal rods. METHODS: A total of 152 healthy adults were investigated by measuring the lumbar spine lateral view images. The SSA and MAX-SSA were measured with SRT as reference to the conventional placement technique method. The distance between the entry points of the proximal and distal vertebrae was measured to compare the changes in the length of the longitudinal rods using the two screw placement techniques. RESULTS: + SSA increased from L1 to L4, and -SSA increased from L2 to L5, in which the -SSA of L2, L3, and L4 were significantly greater than those of + SSA (P < 0.05). + MAX-SSA at L1-L4 was 23.26 ± 3.54°, 23.68 ± 3.37°, 24.12 ± 3.29°, and 24.26 ± 3.42°, respectively. -MAX-SSA at L2-L5 was 36.25 ± 3.26°, 38.26 ± 3.73°, 38.62 ± 3.63° and 37.33 ± 3.31°, respectively. Theoretical reductions by calculation for the 2-segment lumbar pedicles were: L1-2: 9 mm, L2-3: 9.29 mm, L3-4: 6.23 mm, and L4-5: 7.08 mm; And the 3-segment lumbar pedicles were: L1-3: 16.97 mm, L2-4: 16.73 mm, L3-5, and 18.24 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the SRT to lumbar pedicles is a safe screw placement method that can significantly shorten the length of the used longitudinal rods.

Dual efficacy of Fasudil at improvement of survival and reinnervation of flap through RhoA/ROCK/PI3K/Akt pathway.

Fasudil is reported to be effective at protecting against ischaemic diseases, and at augmenting axon growth. In this study, we aim to evaluate its efficacy in promoting flap survival and reinnervation. Ninety-two Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were used and divided into the control, Fasudil, LY294002, Fasudil+LY294002 groups, receiving a daily intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, Fasudil (10 mg/kg), LY294002 (5 mg/kg), and Fasudil (10 mg/kg) + LY294002 (5 mg/kg), respectively. On days 0 and 5, the blood perfusion and diameter of the iliolumbar artery in the pedicle of the flaps in the four groups were evaluated using laser speckling contrast imaging (LSCI). On day 5, the flaps were photographed and the necrosis rate of the flaps was calculated using Photoshop CS6. In addition, tissues were harvested from the flaps and divided into two parts. One part underwent routine cryosection and immunofluorescent staining using the antibody against CD31 for evaluation of the microvascular density in the four groups. In the other part, the expression of RhoA, ROCK1+2, p-CPI-17, p-MYPT, p-PTEN, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the flaps were determined using western blotting. Moreover, at days 0, 7, 15, and 30 after flap surgery, the axons within the flaps were evaluated using immunofluorescent staining with the antibody against Neurofilament-200. It turned out that the necrosis rate was (24.4 ± 7.7)%, (5.2 ± 1.6)%, (29.8 ± 4.2)%, and (30.9 ± 7.1)%, respectively, in the control, Fasudil, LY294002, LY294002+Fasudil groups. There was a significant reduction in the necrosis rate of the flaps in the Fasudil group (P < .001). The LSCI and immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that Fasudil could significantly expand the diameter of the iliolumbar artery in the pedicle, boost the overall blood perfusion, and increase the microvascular density of the flaps in the Fasudil group (P < .05), which could all be abolished by PI3K inhibitor LY294002. On day 5, the expression of p-CPI-17, p-MYPT, and p-PTEN were downregulated, whereas pPI3K, p-Akt, and VEGF were upregulated in the Fasudil group (P < .001). As for reinnervation, Neurofilament-200 fluorescent staining revealed that at days 15 and 30 after flap harvest, only in the Fasudil group could new axons be observed. It can be concluded that Fasudil could simultaneously improve the survival and axon growth after flap harvest, a dual efficacy achieved by inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathway, which in turn activates /PI3K/AKT pathway.

microRNA-186 alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury by directly targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α.

Previous studies have suggested that microRNA-186 (miR-186) can be induced under hypoxic conditions, and is associated with apoptosis. This study was undertaken to explore the exact role of this microRNA (miRNA) in the apoptotic death of neurons during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. To model cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries, we utilized a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion approach in rats, as well as a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in Neuro2a cells. We found that in both in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral I/R injuries, levels of miR-186 were markedly decreased. When we overexpressed miR-186, this was associated with a reduction in the apoptotic death of neuroblastoma cells in the OGD/R model system, whereas the opposite was true when this miRNA was instead inhibited. We further found miR-186 to directly target hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by interacting with the 3'-untranslated region of this mRNA. When we knocked down HIF-1α, this partially overcame the apoptotic death of cells in response to OGD/R injury and associated miR-186 downregulation. Our findings indicate that miR-186 is able to reduce ischemic injury to neurons at least in part through downregulating HIF-1α, suggesting that the miR-186/HIF-1α axis is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Extracellular vesicles derived from CD73 modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate inflammation after spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an inflammatory condition, and excessive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released into the extracellular space, which can be catabolized into adenosine by CD73. Extracellular vesicles have been designed as nano drug carriers in many diseases. However, their impacts on delivery of CD73 after SCI are not yet known. We aimed to construct CD73 modified extracellular vesicles and explore the anti-inflammatory effects after SCI. METHODS: CD73 engineered extracellular vesicles (CD73+ hucMSC-EVs) were firstly established, which were derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) transduced by lentiviral vectors to upregulate the expression of CD73. Effects of CD73+ hucMSC-EVs on hydrolyzing ATP into adenosine were detected. The polarization of M2/M1 was verified by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, A2aR and A2bR inhibitors and A2bR knockdown cells were used to investigate the activated adenosine receptor. Biomarkers of microglia and levels of cAMP/PKA were also detected. Repetitively in vivo study, morphology staining, flow cytometry, cytokine analysis, and ELISA assay, were also applied for verifications. RESULTS: CD73+ hucMSC-EVs reduced concentration of ATP and promoted the level of adenosine. In vitro experiments, CD73+ hucMSC-EVs increased macrophages/microglia M2:M1 polarization, activated adenosine 2b receptor (A2bR), and then promoted cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. In mice using model of thoracic spinal cord contusion injury, CD73+ hucMSC-EVs improved the functional recovery after SCI through decreasing the content of ATP in cerebrospinal fluid and improving the polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. Thus, the cascaded pro-inflammatory cytokines were downregulated, such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated, such as IL-10 and IL-4. CONCLUSIONS: CD73+ hucMSC-EVs ameliorated inflammation after spinal cord injury by reducing extracellular ATP, promoting A2bR/cAMP/PKA pathway and M2/M1 polarization. CD73+ hucMSC-EVs might be promising nano drugs for clinical application in SCI therapy.

Mechanically Induced Vasospasm-Evaluation of Spasmolytic Efficacy of 10 Pharmaceutical Agents Using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vasospasm is a thorny problem often encountered in microvascular surgery that seriously threatens the survival of vascularized tissue transfers. This investigation is dedicated to establishing a model of vasospasm and to evaluating the antispasmodic efficacy of 10 pharmacologic agents. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. After anesthesia and depilation, the femoral neurovascular bundle was exposed, and a pair of microsurgical forceps were used to trigger vasospasm of the femoral vessels by blunt dissection. Then, 10 pharmacological agents, namely, prostaglandin E1, sodium nitroprusside, magnesium sulfate, papaverine, normal saline, phentolamine, verapamil, 2% lidocaine hydrochloride, amrinone, and 12% lidocaine hydrochloride, were dripped to the femoral vessels, after which laser speckle contrast imaging was used to collect perfusion images, acquiring the perfusion and the inner caliber of the femoral vessels at multiple timepoints. Furthermore, blood perfusion and the time consumed to escape vasospasm and reach hyperperfusion in each group were calculated. The difference of spasmolytic efficacy among the agents was statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in antispasmodic ability among the 10 agents (P < 0.001). 10% magnesium sulfate and 12% lidocaine were distinguished among the 10 agents in resolving the vasospasm. 10% magnesium sulfate demonstrated the best antispasmodic potency, which enabled the shortest time consumed for vessels to escape spasm and reach hyperperfusion. 12% lidocaine ranked second in efficacy, demonstrating a similar effect except that it could not propel the femoral vein to a state of hyperperfusion. For the remaining agents, the time consumed for the artery to escape spasm was all significantly shortened when compared with normal saline (P < 0.001). For the venous spasm, all agents except prostaglandin E1 could significantly shorten the time consumed for the vein to escape spasm (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In terms of resolving mechanically induced vasospasm, 10% magnesium sulfate is the best antispasmodic, followed by 12% lidocaine. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Characteristics analysis of segmental and regional lumbar spontaneous compensation post thoracic fusion in Lenke 1 and 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of compensation of unfused lumbar region post thoracic fusion in Lenke 1 and 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BACKGROUND: Preserving lumbar mobility in the compensation is significant in controlling pain and maintaining its functions. The spontaneous correction of the distal unfused lumbar curve after STF has been widely reported, but previous study has not concentrated on the characteristics of compensation of unfused lumbar region post thoracic fusion. METHOD: A total of 51 Lenke 1 and2 AIS patients were included, whose lowest instrumented vertebrae was L1 from January 2013 to December 2019. For further analysis, demographic data and coronal radiographic films were collected before surgery, at immediate erect postoperatively and final follow-up. The wedge angles of each unfused distal lumbar segments were measured, and the variations in each disc segment were calculated at the immediate postoperative review and final follow-up. Meanwhile, the unfused lumbar curve was divided into upper and lower parts, and we calculated their curve angles and compensations. RESULTS: The current study enrolled 41 females (80.4%) and 10 males (19.6%). Thirty-six patients were Lenke type 1, while 15 patients were Lenke type 2. The average main thoracic Cobb angle and thoracolumbar/lumbar Cobb angle were 44.1 ± 7.7°and 24.1 ± 9.3°, preoperatively. At the final follow-up, the disc wedge angle variation of L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, L4/5 and L5/S1 was 3.84 ± 5.96°, 3.09 ± 4.54°, 2.30 ± 4.53°, - 0.12 ± 3.89° and - 1.36 ± 2.80°, respectively. The compensation of upper and lower coronal lumbar curves at final follow-up were 9.22 ± 10.39° and - 1.49 ± 5.14°, respectively. CONCLUSION: When choosing L1 as the lowest instrumented vertebrae, the distal unfused lumbar segments' compensation showed a decreasing trend from the proximal end to the distal end. The adjacent L1/2 and L2/3 discs significantly contributed to this compensation.

Deployment Optimization Method of Multistatic Radar for Constructing Circular Barrier Coverage.

To construct circular barrier coverage (CBC) with multistatic radars, a deployment optimization method based on equipartition strategy is proposed in this paper. In the method, the whole circular area is divided into several sub-circles with equal width, and each sub-circle is blanketed by a sub-CBC that is built based on the multistatic radar deployment patterns. To determine the optimal deployment patterns for each sub-CBC, the optimization conditions are firstly studied. Then, to optimize the deployment of the whole circular area, a model based on minimum deployment cost is proposed, and the proposed model is divided into two sub-models to solve the optimization issue. In the inner model, it is assumed that the width of a sub-circle is given. Based on the optimization conditions of the deployment pattern, integer linear programming (ILP) and exhaustive method (EM) are jointly adopted to determine the types and numbers of deployment patterns. Moreover, a modified formula is introduced to calculate the maximum valid number of receivers in a pattern, thus narrowing the search scope of the EM. In the outer model, the width of a sub-circle is assumed to be a variable, and the EM is adopted to determine the minimum total deployment cost and the optimal deployment patterns on each sub-circle. Moreover, the improved formula is exploited to determine the range of width for a sub-circle barrier and reduce the search scope of the EM. Finally, simulations are conducted in different conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can spend less deployment cost and deploy fewer transmitters than the state-of-the-artwork.

Association of Polymorphisms of the Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Gene with Ischaemic Stroke in a Southern Chinese Population.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), a potent endopeptidase degrading extracellular matrix, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke (IS). The present study was undertaken to determine the association of MMP9 gene polymorphisms and the risk of IS in a southern Chinese population. METHODS: A cohort of 1274 patients and 1258 age-matched healthy controls were genotyped to detect the four MMP9 polymorphisms (rs17156, rs3787268, rs3918241 and rs3918242) using SNaPshot. RESULTS: Our study demonstrated a significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies of the MMP9 rs3918242 polymorphism between the IS patients and the controls (P = 0.012 for the genotype and P = 0.0092 for the allele). Stratification by smoking status showed statistically significant differences in the frequency and allele of the rs3918242 polymorphism between IS patients and the controls (P = 0.0052 for the genotype and P = 0.0019 for the allele). Further stratification by IS subtypes revealed that the presence of the T allele of the MMP9 rs3918242 polymorphism confers a higher risk of the large artery atherosclerosis subtype of IS (P = 0.017). Moreover, IS patients with the rs3918242 T allele of MMP9 presented with increased serum MMP9 production, and this increase was more significant in smokers with IS (P = 0.022). Patients carrying the variant T allele of the MMP9 rs3918242 polymorphism exhibited significantly higher infarct volumes than those with the major CC genotype (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION: Our study provides preliminary evidence that the MMP9 rs3918242 polymorphism is linked to a higher risk of IS, confirming the role of MMP9 in the pathophysiology of IS, with potentially important therapeutic implications.

Nonomuraea flavida sp. nov., a novel species of soil actinomycete isolated from Aconitum napellus rhizosphere.

A novel actinomycete strain, YN-5-1T, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a medicinal plant, Aconitum napellus, was characterized by a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. The strain showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.3, 97.2 and 97.1 % to Nonomuraea turkmeniaca DSM 43926T, Nonomuraea ferruginea DSM 43553T and Nonomuraea candida DSM 45086T, respectively. A wide range of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, as well as levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain YN-5-1T and N. turkmeniaca DSM 43926T (57.46 %), N. ferruginea DSM 43553T (53.50 %) and N. candida DSM 45086T (48.80 %), distinguished the novel isolate from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. The morphological characteristics of strain YN-5-1T were typical of the genus Nonomuraea. Chemotaxonomic characteristics, such as diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan, whole-cell sugars, phospholipid type, major menaquinone and major fatty acids, further supported the assignment of strain YN-5-1T to the genus Nonomuraea. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.1 mol%. Based on the above data, strain YN-5-1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea flavida sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YN-5-1T ( = CCTCC AB 2012909T = KCTC 29143T).

Effect of Transcatheter Intra-Arterial Therapies on Tumor Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Its Relation to Drug Penetration in a Rabbit Liver Tumor Model.

PURPOSE: To determine the change in tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) after transcatheter intra-arterial (IA) therapies and its relation to drug penetration in liver cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: VX2 tumors were grown in the livers of 16 rabbits. The rabbits were treated with intravenous injection of doxorubicin (group 1; n = 4), hepatic IA injection of doxorubicin (group 2; n = 4), hepatic IA injection of doxorubicin followed by embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles (group 3; n = 4), or hepatic IA injection of doxorubicin mixed with Lipiodol followed by polyvinyl alcohol embolization (group 4; n = 4). Tumor IFP was measured with a Mikro-Tip pressure catheter before and 1 hour after treatment. Doxorubicin penetration was evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Tumor IFP after treatment decreased by 5.0% ± 2.8, 3.9% ± 9.0, 27.1% ± 5.2, and 31.8% ± 7.4 in groups 1-4, respectively. The difference in IFP reduction between embolization-treated groups (groups 3 and 4) and nonembolized groups (groups 1 and 2) was significant (P < .001). Doxorubicin penetration distances were 20.3 µm ± 3.7, 45.7 µm ± 10.5, 69.5 µm ± 9.3, and 47.9 µm ± 6.4 in groups 1-4, respectively. IFP reduction was significantly correlated with doxorubicin penetration distance (r = .671, P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: A greater reduction of tumor IFP was associated with embolization in a preclinical liver tumor model, and embolization may indirectly contribute to increased drug penetration.

Stability and sedimentation of silver nanoparticles in the presence of monovalent, divalent and trivalent electrolyte solutions.

The present study seeks to elucidate the effect of different electrolytes on the stability of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles synthesized by the reduction of the Ag(NH3)(2)(+) complex via Tollens' method. Time-resolved dynamic light scattering technique was used to measure the aggregation behavior of the nanoparticles over a range of electrolyte (NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3) concentrations. From the aggregation kinetic data, the critical coagulation concentration values were calculated as 0.11, 1.7 × 10⁻³, and 5.06 × 10⁻6 M for NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3, respectively. Supernatant of the nanoparticle suspension in presence of the three electrolytes was collected and measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify the sedimentation. It was found that the silver nanoparticle aggregates settled rapidly in the slow aggregation and fast aggregation regimes. Their sedimentation followed a nanoparticle size-dependent manner.

Innovating from the ground up: the impact of key technological advancements on collaborative carbon and haze governance.

Strengthening the synergistic management of carbon and haze is an important means to realize China's "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals" and green development. In this paper, the entropy method is used to measure the key core technology innovation level of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, and the fixed-effect model is used to empirically test the impact of key core technology innovation on carbon haze synergistic governance and the internal mechanism. The study found that (1) key core technological innovation helps to promote carbon haze synergistic governance. (2) The mechanism test shows that key core technology innovation promotes the synergistic management of carbon haze by improving the clean energy structure. (3) The moderating effect shows that both market incentives and government environmental regulations will strengthen the positive relationship between key core technology innovation and carbon haze synergistic governance. The main contribution of this paper is to reveal the influence mechanism of key core technology innovation on carbon haze synergistic governance, and also to provide theoretical basis for the mechanism and law of carbon haze synergistic governance.

An in Vivo, Three-Dimensional (3D), Functional Centers of Rotation of the Healthy Cervical Spine.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined cervical center of rotation (COR) positions in 7 postures using validated cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) combined with 3D-3D registration in healthy volunteers. METHODS: CBCT scans were performed on 20 healthy volunteers in 7 functional positions, constructing a three-dimensional (3D) model. Images were registered to the neutral position using 3D-3D registration, allowing analysis of kinematic differences and rotational axes. COR measurements were obtained for each segment (C2/3 to C6/7) in each posture. RESULTS: The CORs of C2/3 to C6/7 were predominantly posterior (-5.3 ± 3.8 ∼ -0.6 ± 1.2 mm) and superior (16.5 ± 6.0 ∼ 23.6 ± 3.2 mm) to the intervertebral disc's geometric center (GC) in flexion and extension. However, the C4/5 segment's COR was anterior to the GC (2.0 ± 9.8 mm) during flexion and close to it in the right-left direction. During left-right twisting, the CORs of C2/3-C6/7 were posterior (-21.8 ± 10.5 ∼-0.9 ± 0.8 mm) and superior (3.1 ± 7.5 ∼23.2 ± 3.6 mm) to the GCs in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions, without consistent right-left directionality. During left-right bending, each segment's COR was predominantly posterior (-25.2 ± 13.1 ∼-6.5 ± 9.9 mm) and superior (0.3 ± 12.5 ∼12.1 ± 5.1 mm) to the GC in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions, except for the C2/3 segment, located inferiorly (-5.9 ± 4.1 mm) in left bending. The right-left COR position varied across segments. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal segment-specific and posture-dependent COR variations. Notably, the CORs of C3/4, C4/5, and C5/6 consistently align near the intervertebral disc's GC at different postures, supporting their suitability for total disc replacement surgery within the C3/4 to C5/6 segments.

Clinical distribution of carbapenem genotypes and resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam in Enterobacteriaceae bacteria.

Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a major threat to public health worldwide. To gain an understanding of the clinical infection distribution, drug resistance information, and genotype of CRE in Dongguan, China, as well as the resistance of relevant genotypes to CAZ-AVI, this research aims to improve drug resistance monitoring information in Dongguan and provide a reliable basis for the clinical control and treatment of CRE infection. Methods: VITEK-2 Compact automatic analyzer was utilized to identify 516 strains of CRE collected from January 2017 to June 2023. To determine drug sensitivity, the K-B method, E-test, and MIC methods were used. From June 2022 to June 2023, 80 CRE strains were selected, and GeneXpert Carba-R was used to detect and identify the genotype of the carbapenemase present in the collected CRE strains. An in-depth analysis was conducted on the CAZ-AVI in vitro drug sensitivity activity of various genotypes of CRE, and the results were statistically evaluated using SPSS 23.0 and WHONET 5.6 software. Results: This study identified 516 CRE strains, with the majority (70.16%) being K.pneumoniae, followed by E.coli (18.99%). Respiratory specimens had highest detection rate with 53.77% identified, whereas urine specimens had the second highest detection rate with 17.99%. From June 2022 to June 2023, 95% of the strains tested using the CRE GeneXpert Carba-R assay possessed carbapenemase genes, of which 32.5% were blaNDM strains and 61.25% blaKPC strains. The results showed that CRE strains containing blaKPC had a significantly higher rate of resistance to amikacin, cefepime, and aztreonam than those harboring blaNDM. Conclusions: The CRE strains isolated from Dongguan region demonstrated a high resistance rate to various antibiotics used in clinical practice but a low resistance rate to tigecycline. These strains produce Class A serine carbapenemases and Class B metals ß-lactamases, with the majority of them carrying blaNDM and blaKPC. Notably, CRE strains with blaKPC and blaNDM had significantly lower resistance rates to tigecycline. CAZ-AVI showed a good sensitivity rate with no resistance to CRE strains carrying blaKPC. Therefore, CAZ-AVI and tigecycline should be used as a guide for rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice to effectively treat CRE.

Effect of different water conditions on dissolution of nanosilver.

This study evaluates the time-dependent dissolution of nanosilver (nAg) in common electrolytes and natural waters. nAg was synthesized via Tollens' method using sodium citrate as stabilizer; its morphology, UV-Vis spectrum, and particle size were characterized. The dissolved silver was monitored over time using filtration, centrifugation, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Our results indicated that nanoparticle aggregation, Cl(-) presence, and natural organic compounds could affect the dissolution behavior of nAg. The dissolution of nAg was highly dependent on Cl(-) concentration. Excessive Cl(-) enhanced nanoparticle dissolution, whereas natural organic compound inhibited the dissolution. The dissolution data fitted well with the first-order kinetic model, and the dissolution rate coefficients were calculated using the first-order equation. This study showed the dissolution of nAg under various water conditions. The obtained results may be helpful in predicting nAg behavior in relevant environmental aquatic systems.

Convex Temporal Convolutional Network-Based Distributed Cooperative Learning Control for Multiagent Systems.

Due to its great efficiency, scalability, and inclusivity, distributed cooperative learning control has gotten a lot of attention. For complex uncertain multiagent systems, it is challenging to model the uncertainties and exploit the cooperative learning ability of the systems. To address these issues, we proposed a novel convex temporal convolutional network-based distributed cooperative learning control for uncertain discrete-time nonlinear multiagent systems. A new concept of using a convex temporal convolutional network (CTCNet) is proposed for estimating the uncertain agent dynamics in a cooperative way. Unlike previous methods that require adjustment of network weights for different control tasks, the proposed CTCNet can map the high-dimensional input-output space into a deep space spanned by basis features that represent the inherent properties of the system, so it has good robustness for different tasks. Consequently, to improve the control performance, a CTCNet-based distributed cooperative learning control method that shares learned knowledge through the communication topology among adaptive laws of CTCNet is proposed. Furthermore, the asymptotic convergence of system tracking errors to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the origin is strictly proved. Finally, the simulation results are given to illustrate that our suggested method has higher control accuracy, stronger robustness, and anti-interference ability than the existing methods.