Performance of Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass Index and Body Mass Index for Detecting Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Brazilian Adults.

Obesity is a recognized risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate anthropometric and body composition indicators used for its diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass index (FMI) and body mass index (BMI) for detecting cardiometabolic outcomes in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving adults at 30 years of age from Pelotas, RS (n = 3517) and at 37-39 years from Ribeirão Preto, SP (n = 1696). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the cut-off points for predicting cardiometabolic risk factors, including altered blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDDL-c), C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin. The cut-off points of BF% ranged from 25.2 to 27.8 in men and from 37.4 to 39.7 in women at 30 years, and from 26.1 to 27.8 in men and from 38.5 to 42.2 in women at 37-39 years. For FMI (kg/m2), the cut-off points ranged from 6.3 to 7.5 in men and from 9.5 to 10.8 in women at 30 years, and from 7.3 to 7.8 in men and from 10.2 to 12.2 in women at 37-39 years. The BMI cut-off points (kg/m2) ranged from 26.3 to 27.3 in men and from 25.4 to 27.2 in women at 30 years, and from 28.3 to 29.0 in men and from 27.2 to 29.6 in women at 37-39 years. The areas under the curve were similar for the three indicators, ranging from 0.523 to 0.746. BMI showed a performance similar to that of the body fat-based indicators in identifying cardiometabolic outcomes. The cut-off points of the three indicators showed acceptable discriminatory power in subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors.

The Frequency of Daily Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Reduced Muscle Mass Index in Adolescents.

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased in recent years and has become a cause of concern because these beverages pose a risk to human health. Thus, we evaluated the association between SSBs consumption and muscle mass index (MMI) in adolescents. This cross-sectional study evaluated 2393 adolescents (18/19-years-old). Consumption of SSBs was analyzed based on the frequency of daily consumption and energy contribution categorized into tertiles. MMI was examined using the ratio of muscle mass (kilograms) to height (meters squared). The highest tertile of the frequency of daily SSB intake was associated with a reduced MMI in men (ß = -0.31; 95%CI: -0.60, -0.01) and women (ß = -0.24; 95%CI: -0.45, -0.02). However, these associations were not observed after adjusting for sugar contained in SSBs in men (ß = -0.26; 95%CI: -0.69, 0.17) and for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein intake in women (ß = -0.19; 95%CI: -0.42, 0.04). The highest energy contribution tertile of SSBs was associated with a reduced MMI in male adolescents (ß = -0.34; 95%CI: -0.64, -0.04). This association was not observed after adjusting for intake of sugar in SSBs (ß = -0.38; 95%CI: -0.75, 0.01). The frequency of daily consumption of SSBs was considered a risk factor for decreased MMI in both sexes, and the energy contribution of these drinks was a risk factor for MMI reduced only in male adolescents.

Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults.

Longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of UPF consumption on the incidence of MetS and its components in adults. A prospective study was conducted with 896 participants from the 1978/79 Ribeirão Preto cohort, São Paulo, Brazil. UPF consumption was evaluated in %kcal and %g at ages 23-25 years. Incidence of MetS and its components were estimated at ages 37-39 years, according to the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Poisson regression was used to assess associations, and interactions with sex were investigated. UPF consumption had no association with MetS (%kcal Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01; %g Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01). However, women with higher UPF consumption, in %kcal and %g, had a higher risk of abdominal obesity (%kcal: p = 0.030; %g: p = 0.003); and women with higher UPF consumption, in %g, had a higher risk of low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.041). For the other components of MetS, no significant associations were observed in either sex. These findings suggest evidence of no association between UPF consumption and MetS; however, consumption of UPF was associated with increased WC and low HDL-c, but only in women.

[Sociodemographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents of São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil]. / Fatores sociodemográficos, alimentares e hábitos de vida associados à maior adiposidade corporal em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil.

The study aimed to verify factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study in which the data source was a birth cohort launched in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil, in 1997/1998 and revisited in 2016. Body fat was measured with air displacement plethysmography. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables were included as possible factors associated with elevated body fat, stratified by sex. Body fat was considered elevated when ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The highest prevalence rates of high body fat were associated with female gender and age 19 years (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.02-1.35), alcohol consumption (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.00-1.30), and never eating breakfast (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.17-1.81) or lunch (PR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.18-1.93). Male adolescents with the highest prevalence of high body fat were physically active (PR = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.07-2.09). Lower prevalence of high body fat was found in male adolescents belonging to economic class D/E (PR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.16-0.90). In conclusion, female adolescents 19 years of age that consumed alcohol and that did not eat breakfast or lunch had higher body fat, as did physically active male adolescents. Meanwhile, male adolescents in socioeconomic class D/E had less body fat.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal tendo como fonte de dados uma coorte de nascimentos iniciada em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, em 1997/1998 e reentrevistada em 2016. A adiposidade corporal foi mensurada por meio de pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida e alimentares foram incluídos como possíveis fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal, sendo estratificada por sexo. A adiposidade corporal foi considerada elevada quando ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ 30% para o sexo feminino. Verificaram-se maiores prevalências de alta adiposidade corporal nas adolescentes do sexo feminino que tinham 19 anos (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumiam bebida alcoólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), as que nunca faziam o desjejum (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) ou o almoço (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Os adolescentes do sexo masculino que tinham maior prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal eram ativos fisicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal foi encontrada nos adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe econômica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Conclui-se que adolescentes do sexo feminino de 19 anos, que consumiam bebida alcoólica, e as que não costumavam fazer o desjejum e o almoço tinham maior adiposidade corporal, assim como os adolescentes do sexo masculino ativos fisicamente. Enquanto adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe socioeconômica D/E tinham menor adiposidade corporal.

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar los factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal, teniendo como fuente de datos una cohorte de nacimientos iniciada en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, en 1997/1998 y reentrevistada en 2016. La adiposidad corporal se midió mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Las variables sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida y alimentarios fueron incluidos como posibles factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal, siendo estratificada por sexo. La adiposidad corporal se consideró elevada cuando ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino y ≥ 30% para el sexo femenino. Se verificaron mayores prevalencias de alta adiposidad corporal en las adolescentes del sexo femenino que tenían 19 años (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumían bebida alcohólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), quienes nunca tomaban el desayuno (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) o la comida (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Los adolescentes del sexo masculino que tenían una mayor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal eran activos físicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal se encontró en los adolescentes del sexo masculino, pertenecientes a la clase económica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Se concluye que las adolescentes del sexo femenino de 19 años, que consumían bebida alcohólica y las que no estaban acostumbradas a desayunar y comer tenían mayor adiposidad corporal, así como los adolescentes del sexo masculino activos físicamente. Mientras que los adolescentes del sexo masculino pertenecientes a la clase socioeconómica D/E tenían menor adiposidad corporal.

Incidence of metabolic syndrome in adults with healthy weight, normal weight obesity, and overweight/obesity.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals with a healthy weight (HWI), normal weight obesity (NWO), or overweight/obesity (OWO). METHODS: In all, 787 adults belonging to a 1978/1979 birth cohort from Ribeirão Preto were placed into one of three groups: HWI (body mass index [BMI] ≥18.5 and <25 kg/m2 + ∑skinfolds ≤90th percentile); NWO (BMI ≥18.5 and <25 kg/m2 +∑skinfolds >90th percentile); and OWO (BMI ≥25 kg/m2 +∑skinfolds >90th percentile). Those diagnosed with MetS at the 23 to 25 y of age were excluded according to Joint Interim Statement criteria. The incidence of MetS and its components in individuals 37 to 39 y of age was evaluated by Poisson regression with robust estimation of variance, which was adjusted for family income; physical activity level; and daily intake of calories, lipids, and added sugar. RESULTS: MetS was detected in 279 adults at 37 to 39 y of age. NWO and OWO individuals showed higher risk ratios (RRs) for the development of MetS (RR,1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-2.57; RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.29-2.03), increased blood glucose levels (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.12-2.79; RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.12-2.04), and increased waist circumferences (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.32-1.61; RR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.38-1.62). There was a higher risk for increased blood pressure (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.35-2.19) among OWO individuals, but not among those with NWO. CONCLUSION: Individuals with NWO have a risk ratio for MetS similar to individuals with OWO. This demonstrates the need to assess body fat percentages, even in BMI-designated normal weight individuals, both for prevention and management of obesity.

Association between the Degree of Processing of Consumed Foods and Sleep Quality in Adolescents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between food consumption by the degree of processing and sleep quality in adolescents from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. A cross-sectional study with 2499 adolescents (aged 18 to 19 years) was developed. Exposure variables included energy contributions of food groups stratified by the NOVA classification: fresh or minimally processed foods (FMPF), processed foods (PF), and ultra-processed foods (UPF), categorized into quartiles. The outcome variable was sleep quality assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Associations between these variables were estimated by Poisson regression, with robust estimation of variance. Most of the adolescents had poor sleep quality (57.1%). There were associations between FMPF in the third (57.1%-66.0% of total calories; prevalence ratio PR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.97) and fourth quartile (66.1%-95.8% of total calories; PR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.96) and lower prevalence of poor sleep quality. The fourth quartile of UPF (44.3%-81.8% of total calories; PR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.27) was associated with a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality. Higher intake of FMPF is a protective factor for poor sleep quality, whereas higher UPF consumption is a risk factor for poor sleep quality.

Assessment of blood biomarkers in adolescents classified by body mass index and body fat percentage. / Avaliação do perfil de biomarcadores sanguíneos em adolescentes classificados pelo índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura corporal.

The study aimed to compare biomarkers in groups of adolescents classified simultaneously according to body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage measured by air displacement plethysmography. This was a cross-sectional study with 533 adolescents 18 to 19 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. BMI was classified as adequate (< 25kg/m2) versus excess weight (≥ 25kg/m2). High body fat percentage was defined as ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The adolescents were classified in four groups: "normal weight" (adequate BMI and body fat percentage), "normal weight obese" (adequate BMI with high body fat percentage), "excess weight with adequate body fat percentage", and "excess weight with high body fat percentage". Girls showed higher proportions of "normal weight obesity" (15.6%) and "excess weight with high body fat percentage" (17.1%). "Normal weight obese" adolescents exhibited higher mean values for total cholesterol (172.5mg/dL) and LDL-cholesterol (103.5mg/dL). Those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage" showed lower mean HDL-cholesterol (43.2mg/dL) compared to the other groups, higher mean interleukin-6 (2.7pg/mL) than "normal weight" and "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" adolescents, and higher median triglycerides (114.0mg/dL) and C-reactive protein (0.14ng/mL) than "normal weight" and "normal weight obese" adolescents. Those with "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" exhibited the same C-reactive protein levels as those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage". Assessment of nutritional status by BMI alone is limited, since 6.8% of the adolescents presented high body fat percentage despite normal BMI, and those who were "normal weight obese" had two biomarkers that were worse than for adolescents with "excess weight and high body fat percentage".

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar biomarcadores em grupos de adolescentes classificados simultaneamente pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal, mensurados por meio da pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Estudo transversal com 533 adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. O IMC foi classificado em adequado (< 25kg/m2) e excesso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Definiu-se percentual de gordura corporal elevado ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ o feminino. Os adolescentes foram classificados em quatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC e percentual de gordura corporal adequados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adequado com percentual de gordura corporal elevado), "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal adequado" e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado". As meninas registraram maiores valores de "obesidade de peso normal" (15,6%) e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado" (17,1%). Os adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" apesentaram maiores médias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) e LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aqueles com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado" registraram a menor média para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL) em relação aos outros grupos; maior média para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado"; e maiores medianas para triglicerídeos (114,0mg/dL) e proteína C reativa (0,14ng/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "obesos de peso normal". Os com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado" apresentaram proteína C reativa igual aos com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado". A avaliação do estado nutricional pelo IMC é limitada, pois 6,8% dos adolescentes registraram percentual de gordura corporal elevado apesar do IMC normal, além disto, os "obesos de peso normal" apresentaram dois biomarcadores piores que os adolescentes com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado".

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar biomarcadores en grupos de adolescentes, clasificados simultáneamente por el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), medido mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Estudio transversal con 533 adolescentes de 18 y 19 años de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. El IMC fue clasificado en adecuado (< 25kg/m2) y exceso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Se definió el porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino, y ≥ 30% para el femenino. Los adolescentes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adecuado con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado), "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". Las niñas tuvieron mayores valores de "obesidad de peso normal" (15,6%) y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" (17,1%). Los adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" presentaron mayores medias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) y LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aquellos con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" tuvieron una media menor para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL), en relación con los otros grupos; mayor media para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado"; y mayores medianas para triglicéridos (114,0mg/dL) y proteína C reactiva (0,14ng/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "obesos de peso normal". Quienes tenían "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" presentaron proteína C reactiva igual a los de "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". La evaluación del estado nutricional por el IMC es limitada, puesto que un 6,8% de los adolescentes presentaron porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado, a pesar del IMC normal, asimismo los "obesos de peso normal" tuvieron dos biomarcadores peores que los adolescentes con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado".

Diagnostic performance of body mass index in detection of obesity using different cutoff points for excess body fat.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic sensitivity of body mass index (BMI) in detecting obesity according to different cutoff points in order to classify a high body fat percentage (%BF) in adolescents and young adults. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 2447 adolescents 18 and 19 y of age residing in São Luís, Brazil and 951 young adults 21 to 23 y of age residing in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Three references were used to define a high %BF (i.e., those of Williams et al., Ramírez-Vélez et al., and Macias et al.). The area under the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess the performance of BMI. RESULTS: Sensitivity ranged from 38.3% to 54.1% among boys and from 12.7% to 72.7% among girls. Among young adults, it ranged from 52.3% to 67.1% in men and from 33.7% to 86.6% in women. The AUC ranged from 0.69 to 0.76 among boys, from 0.56 from 0.85 among girls, from 0.75 to 0.80 among men, and from 0.67 to 0.88 among women. The best cutoff points for the BMI were 24.79 to 25.10 kg/m2 for boys, 21.89 to 27.04 kg/m2 for girls, 26.43 to 28.22 kg/m2 for men, and 23.34 to 29.28 kg/m2 for women. CONCLUSION: The use of different references for the classification of a high %BF implied a difference in the diagnostic sensitivity of the BMI. Higher cutoff points resulted in greater sensitivity and ability to differentiate individuals with and without obesity.

Fatores sociodemográficos, alimentares e hábitos de vida associados à maior adiposidade corporal em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil / Sociodemographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents of São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil / Factores sociodemográficos, alimentarios y hábitos de vida asociados a una mayor adiposidad corporal en adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal tendo como fonte de dados uma coorte de nascimentos iniciada em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, em 1997/1998 e reentrevistada em 2016. A adiposidade corporal foi mensurada por meio de pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida e alimentares foram incluídos como possíveis fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal, sendo estratificada por sexo. A adiposidade corporal foi considerada elevada quando ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ 30% para o sexo feminino. Verificaram-se maiores prevalências de alta adiposidade corporal nas adolescentes do sexo feminino que tinham 19 anos (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumiam bebida alcoólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), as que nunca faziam o desjejum (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) ou o almoço (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Os adolescentes do sexo masculino que tinham maior prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal eram ativos fisicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal foi encontrada nos adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe econômica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Conclui-se que adolescentes do sexo feminino de 19 anos, que consumiam bebida alcoólica, e as que não costumavam fazer o desjejum e o almoço tinham maior adiposidade corporal, assim como os adolescentes do sexo masculino ativos fisicamente. Enquanto adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe socioeconômica D/E tinham menor adiposidade corporal.

Abstract: The study aimed to verify factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study in which the data source was a birth cohort launched in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil, in 1997/1998 and revisited in 2016. Body fat was measured with air displacement plethysmography. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables were included as possible factors associated with elevated body fat, stratified by sex. Body fat was considered elevated when ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The highest prevalence rates of high body fat were associated with female gender and age 19 years (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.02-1.35), alcohol consumption (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.00-1.30), and never eating breakfast (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.17-1.81) or lunch (PR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.18-1.93). Male adolescents with the highest prevalence of high body fat were physically active (PR = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.07-2.09). Lower prevalence of high body fat was found in male adolescents belonging to economic class D/E (PR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.16-0.90). In conclusion, female adolescents 19 years of age that consumed alcohol and that did not eat breakfast or lunch had higher body fat, as did physically active male adolescents. Meanwhile, male adolescents in socioeconomic class D/E had less body fat.

Resumo: El objetivo del estudio fue verificar los factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal, teniendo como fuente de datos una cohorte de nacimientos iniciada en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, en 1997/1998 y reentrevistada en 2016. La adiposidad corporal se midió mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Las variables sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida y alimentarios fueron incluidos como posibles factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal, siendo estratificada por sexo. La adiposidad corporal se consideró elevada cuando ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino y ≥ 30% para el sexo femenino. Se verificaron mayores prevalencias de alta adiposidad corporal en las adolescentes del sexo femenino que tenían 19 años (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumían bebida alcohólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), quienes nunca tomaban el desayuno (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) o la comida (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Los adolescentes del sexo masculino que tenían una mayor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal eran activos físicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal se encontró en los adolescentes del sexo masculino, pertenecientes a la clase económica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Se concluye que las adolescentes del sexo femenino de 19 años, que consumían bebida alcohólica y las que no estaban acostumbradas a desayunar y comer tenían mayor adiposidad corporal, así como los adolescentes del sexo masculino activos físicamente. Mientras que los adolescentes del sexo masculino pertenecientes a la clase socioeconómica D/E tenían menor adiposidad corporal.

Avaliação do perfil de biomarcadores sanguíneos em adolescentes classificados pelo índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura corporal / Evaluación del perfil de biomarcadores sanguíneos en adolescentes clasificados por el índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de grasa corporal / Assessment of blood biomarkers in adolescents classified by body mass index and body fat percentage

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar biomarcadores em grupos de adolescentes classificados simultaneamente pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal, mensurados por meio da pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Estudo transversal com 533 adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. O IMC foi classificado em adequado (< 25kg/m2) e excesso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Definiu-se percentual de gordura corporal elevado ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ o feminino. Os adolescentes foram classificados em quatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC e percentual de gordura corporal adequados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adequado com percentual de gordura corporal elevado), "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal adequado" e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado". As meninas registraram maiores valores de "obesidade de peso normal" (15,6%) e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado" (17,1%). Os adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" apesentaram maiores médias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) e LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aqueles com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado" registraram a menor média para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL) em relação aos outros grupos; maior média para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado"; e maiores medianas para triglicerídeos (114,0mg/dL) e proteína C reativa (0,14ng/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "obesos de peso normal". Os com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado" apresentaram proteína C reativa igual aos com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado". A avaliação do estado nutricional pelo IMC é limitada, pois 6,8% dos adolescentes registraram percentual de gordura corporal elevado apesar do IMC normal, além disto, os "obesos de peso normal" apresentaram dois biomarcadores piores que os adolescentes com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado".

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue comparar biomarcadores en grupos de adolescentes, clasificados simultáneamente por el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), medido mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Estudio transversal con 533 adolescentes de 18 y 19 años de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. El IMC fue clasificado en adecuado (< 25kg/m2) y exceso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Se definió el porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino, y ≥ 30% para el femenino. Los adolescentes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adecuado con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado), "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". Las niñas tuvieron mayores valores de "obesidad de peso normal" (15,6%) y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" (17,1%). Los adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" presentaron mayores medias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) y LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aquellos con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" tuvieron una media menor para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL), en relación con los otros grupos; mayor media para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado"; y mayores medianas para triglicéridos (114,0mg/dL) y proteína C reactiva (0,14ng/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "obesos de peso normal". Quienes tenían "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" presentaron proteína C reactiva igual a los de "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". La evaluación del estado nutricional por el IMC es limitada, puesto que un 6,8% de los adolescentes presentaron porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado, a pesar del IMC normal, asimismo los "obesos de peso normal" tuvieron dos biomarcadores peores que los adolescentes con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado".

Abstract: The study aimed to compare biomarkers in groups of adolescents classified simultaneously according to body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage measured by air displacement plethysmography. This was a cross-sectional study with 533 adolescents 18 to 19 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. BMI was classified as adequate (< 25kg/m2) versus excess weight (≥ 25kg/m2). High body fat percentage was defined as ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The adolescents were classified in four groups: "normal weight" (adequate BMI and body fat percentage), "normal weight obese" (adequate BMI with high body fat percentage), "excess weight with adequate body fat percentage", and "excess weight with high body fat percentage". Girls showed higher proportions of "normal weight obesity" (15.6%) and "excess weight with high body fat percentage" (17.1%). "Normal weight obese" adolescents exhibited higher mean values for total cholesterol (172.5mg/dL) and LDL-cholesterol (103.5mg/dL). Those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage" showed lower mean HDL-cholesterol (43.2mg/dL) compared to the other groups, higher mean interleukin-6 (2.7pg/mL) than "normal weight" and "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" adolescents, and higher median triglycerides (114.0mg/dL) and C-reactive protein (0.14ng/mL) than "normal weight" and "normal weight obese" adolescents. Those with "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" exhibited the same C-reactive protein levels as those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage". Assessment of nutritional status by BMI alone is limited, since 6.8% of the adolescents presented high body fat percentage despite normal BMI, and those who were "normal weight obese" had two biomarkers that were worse than for adolescents with "excess weight and high body fat percentage".