Interleukin-6 polymorphism and prostate cancer risk in population of Eastern Croatia.

Recent studies suggest that chronic inflammation is crucial in the development and progression of prostate cancer (CaP). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in intraprostatic inflammation and thus carcinogenesis. The -174G > C polymorphism of IL-6 gene has been associated with high IL-6 producer phenotype and an increased risk for CaP. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the mentioned IL-6 polymorphism and CaP risk, as well as to compare the genotype frequency between the different tumour grades of CaP, in population of Eastern Croatia. We analyzed the IL-6 polymorphism in 120 CaP patients and 120 controls with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). CaP patients and BPH controls did not statistically differ in studied IL-6 polymorphism. Furthermore, high IL-6 producer genotypes (GG or GC) were more frequent in controls than in CaP group (86.7% vs 80.8%, respectively, p = 0.147). Also, no statistically significant difference in IL-6 high and low producer genotype frequency was noticed between well, moderately and poorly differentiated tumours. Our results, taken together with other studies on the subject, suggest that IL-6 - 174 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution may differ between various ethnic groups and that a single cytokine gene polymorphism has probably just a minor effect on CaP susceptibility. Further studies should be performed to clarify the link between SNPs of different cytokines and the risk for CaP.

Lack of association between TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism and prostate carcinoma susceptibility in eastern Croatian population.

A single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene are involved in regulation of expression levels of TNF-alpha and therefore are associated with oncogenesis of several cancers. Aim of our study was to investigate the effect of G--->A polymorphism at -308 position in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene on prostate cancer (CalphaP) susceptibility in a subset of patients from Eastern Croatia. Study population consisted of 240 patients (120 with CalphaP, 120 controls). They were genotyped for TNF-alpha G-308A polymorphism using real-time PCR (LightCycler Instrument, Roche Diagnostics) and melting curve analysis method. X(2) test was used to compare distribution of TNF-alpha polymorphism genotypes between patients and control group. Relative risk was estimated by the odds ratio (OR). There was no significant statistical difference (X(2)=0.000, DF=1, p=1, OR=1, 95%CI=0.5537-1.8059) between patients and control group. Besides, data of CalphaP patients were stratified according to pathohistological diagnosis (PHD) by Gleason score and groups were compared according to TNF-alpha genotypes. Also, all patients and CalphaP patients were grouped according to prostate volume (V) into three groups: V<50 mL, V50-100 mL, V>100 mL. These groups were also compared according to TNF-alpha genotypes. There were no significant statistical differences between any of groups. Our findings suggest that TNF-alpha -308 SNP is not associated with CalphaP in Eastern Croatia population.

Discriminant Analysis Approach in Morphometric Differentiation and Characterization of Serbian Autochthonous Goats.

This study investigated the possibility of using morphometric measurements to differentiate the autochthonous Serbian White goat breed from Saanen and Balkan goats, which were used as sire and dam breeds in its creation. For this purpose, a multivariate discriminant analysis was used. A total of 11 morphometric traits were measured in 98 does of 3 breeds: Saanen (n = 28), Balkan (n = 28), and Serbian White (n = 42), aged 2 to 7 years, in 4 different locations. Univariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in body measurements of all three breeds, with Saanen goat being the largest in format and Balkan the smallest. Discriminant analysis extracted six out of eleven tested morphometric traits with the strongest discriminatory power: heart girth, head length, chest depth, head width, pelvic width, and body length. Mahalanobis distances were significant between all three genetic groups. The discriminant function correctly classified 95.24% of the Domestic White goats investigated to their source group. The classification accuracy of the function was cross-validated and indicated an overall success rate of 91.84%. The results of this research showed that there was a clear separation between Serbian White, Saanen, and Balkan goats. The present findings could help a more rapid field assessment of Serbian White goats.