The burden of alcohol, tobacco and others drugs among incarcerated population diagnosed with tuberculosis: time trends and spatial determinants in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a public health problem worldwide. It is estimated that 90% of the patients diagnosed with TB live in vulnerable environments with limited health resources, such as individuals living in correctional facilities. This study aimed to identify the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs among prisoners diagnosed with TB and the spatial determinants and time trends of the phenomenon in southern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using data from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System was carried out. TB cases confirmed from 2014 to 2018 in prisons located in Paraná, Brazil, were selected. The Prais-Winsten procedure was performed to identify time trends by calculating monthly rates and the percentage of monthly variation. The Seasonal-Trend by Loess decomposition method was used to verify the time series and trends. The spatial association was verified with the Getis-Ord Gi* technique, and the risk areas were identified using spatial scan statistics. RESULTS: A total of 1,099 TB cases were found in the studied population. The consumption of tobacco (n = 460; 41.9%), illegal drugs (n = 451; 41.0%), and alcohol (n = 179; 16.3%) stood out. An ascending trend was found for the consumption of alcohol (+ 19.4%/mo. (95%CI: 12.20-23.03)), tobacco (+ 20.2%/mo. (95%CI: 12.20-28.82)), and illegal drugs (+ 62.2%/mo. (95%CI: 44.54-81.97)). Spatial analysis revealed clusters for the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs. CONCLUSIONS: This study advances knowledge presenting the burden of drug use and its typology among individuals diagnosed with TB in the prison system. There is a growing trend among patients to use drugs, especially illegal drugs. The clusters show differences between the places where the prisons are located.

Sexual risk behaviors in non-injecting substance-dependent Brazilian patients.

This study seeks to evaluate sexual risk behaviors in non-injecting substance-dependent patients admitted for specialized inpatient Brazilian care. A cross-sectional study using socio-demographic and sexual behavior information, drug of choice, Short Alcohol Dependence Data, Drug Abuse Screening, and Test for Nicotine Dependence was used in 299 subjects with different levels of sexual vulnerability as measured by the number of sexual partners in the last year and the frequency of condom use with intercourse/penetration. The findings showed that approximately 39% the subjects of the high risk sexual behavior group exhibited a higher prevalence of others sexual risk behaviors, including having sex with sex workers (RP=1.96), homosexual experiences, and homosexual experiences in exchange for drugs, history of STIs (RP=1.39), HIV testing, use of the morning– after pill (RP=1.78) and induced abortion. The probability of alcohol and cocaine snorted user having high risk sexual behaviors is 2.47 and 1.66 times respectively higher than crack users. In addition, users with substantial or severe levels of problems with drugs had a probability of 3.64 times greater of high risk sexual behaviors. Identifying, preventing, and managing these high risk sexual behaviors related to alcohol and other drugs are an excellent opportunity to bolster their treatment.

Factors associated with the use of personal protective equipment among Brazilian physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to analyze the factors associated with use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) among Brazilian physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2020 with 1298 Brazilian physicians. The respondent driven sampling technique was used by sharing the survey through social media. RESULTS: Factors associated with the use of PPE while caring for COVID-19 patients were: being female (AOR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.24-1.98; p ≤ 0.001); working in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.06-3.75; p ≤ 0.001); training (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.25-2.09; p ≤ 0.001); access to sufficient PPE (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.27-3.90; p = 0.0050), and PPE of good quality (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.16-2.92; p = 0.009). The following factors were associated with the use of recommended PPE during procedures that generate aerosols in the context of COVID-19: working in the ICU (ORA=2.73; 95% CI: 2.06-3.62; p < 0.01); working in a field hospital (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.06-1.79; p = 0.018;) training (AOR = 1.72 95% CI: 1.32-2.24; p < 0.01); access to sufficient PPE (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.91-2.92; p < 0.01), PPE of good quality (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.28-3.35; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with the use of necessary PPE with COVID-19 patients and for procedures that generate aerosols were identified. Educational interventions for professionals and managers must be implemented to direct them towards protecting themselves and others.

Grupo operativo com professores do ensino fundamental: integrando o pensar, o sentir e o agir / Operative group with elementary education teachers: integrating thoughts, feelings and action / Grupo operativo con maestros de educación básica: la integración entre pensamiento, sentimiento y acción

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um relato de experiência de coordenação de um grupo operativo realizado com professores do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Em média 25 professores participaram dos encontros grupais, com frequência semanal e duração de uma hora. O grupo era aberto e foi conduzido durante as reuniões de Aula de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo (ATPC). Os resultados mostram que a intervenção grupal é uma estratégia que permitiu abordar as dimensões subjetivas e intersubjetivas dos participantes. Os professores valorizaram a construção de um espaço compartilhado no qual era possível explicitar as dificuldades que se cristalizavam no cotidiano escolar. Foi possível observar que o processo de aprendizagem é altamente favorecido pelo dispositivo grupal, que fortalece a disposição dos participantes para refletirem sobre possíveis condutas alternativas, a serem adotadas diante de problemas e impasses que se apresentavam na trajetória de cada professor.

The aim of this study is to present a report regarding coordination experience from an operative group conducted with elementary school teachers from a public school in a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. On average, 25 teachers participated in the group meetings, with a weekly frequency and duration of one hour. The group was open and conducted during the Collective Pedagogical Work Class meetings. Results show that the group intervention strategy allowed addressing participants' subjective and inter-subjective dimensions. Teachers valued the construction of a shared space where it was possible to explain the difficulties that emerged in everyday school life. It was observed that the group device highly favours the learning process, which strengthens participants' willingness to reflect on possible alternative behaviours, to be adopted in response to issues and dilemmas present on each teacher's trajectory.

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una experiencia de coordinación de un grupo operativo llevado a cabo con los maestros de la educación primaria de una escuela pública en una ciudad en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. En promedio, 25 maestros participaron en las reuniones del grupo, con una frecuencia semanal y duración de una hora. El grupo estaba abierto y se llevó a cabo durante las reuniones de la Clase de Trabajo Pedagógico Colectivo. Los resultados muestran que la estrategia de intervención grupal permitió tratar de las dimensiones subjetivas e inter-subjetivas de los participantes. Los profesores valoran la construcción de un espacio compartido en el que era posible explicar las dificultades que se cristalizaron en el cotidiano escolar. Se observó que el proceso de aprendizaje es altamente favorecido por el dispositivo de grupo, que fortalece la voluntad de los participantes en reflexionar sobre posibles conductas alternativas, a seren adoptadas delante de problemas y dilemas que se presentaron en la trayectoria de cada profesor.

Consumo de alcohol entre estudiantes Mexicanos de medicina / O uso de álcool entre estudantes de medicina Mexicanos / Alcohol use among Mexican medical students

Este estudio tiene por objetivo identificar el patrón de consumo de alcohol entre los estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en la Universidad Veracruzana, en México, con 263 estudiantes (84,4 por ciento). El cuestionario contiene la Prueba de Identificación de Trastornos por el Uso del Alcohol y el Cuestionario de Estudiantes 2006. Los sujetos eran 60 por ciento mujeres, jóvenes. El uso en la vida fue de 71,9 por ciento y la edad de inicio 12,5 años. La frecuencia del consumo fue baja pero en alta cantidad, consumen en niveles de emborrachamiento, principalmente los hombres. El 46 por ciento consume bebidas en niveles problemáticos. Los estudiantes tienen la percepción de que los padres y maestros ven muy mal que ellos consuman bebidas alcohólicas. Este estudio tiene contribuciones para el planteamiento de programas preventivos en relación al consumo de bebidas alcohólicas para ser aplicados en el ámbito universitario.

O estudo teve por objetivo identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes de medicina mexicanos. Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado na Universidade Veracruzana, México, com 263 estudantes (84.4 por cento). Foram usados o questionário do teste de identificação do uso de álcool e o questionário de estudantes 2006. Os sujeitos eram mulheres jovens. O uso na vida foi de 71,9 por cento e a idade de início 12,5 anos. A frequência de consumo foi baixa, mas em alta quantidade, com padrão de embriaguez, principalmente entre os homens. Dos estudantes, 46 por cento consomem bebidas alcoólicas em níveis problemáticos. Os estudantes percebem que os pais e professores avaliam muito mal o fato de eles consomirem bebidas alcoólicas. Este estudo traz contribuições para o planejamento de programas preventivos em relação ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, no âmbito universitário.

The study aims to identify patterns of alcohol consumption in Mexican medical students. This is a cross-sectional study, conducted at the University of Veracruz, Mexico. The sample comprised 263 students (84.4 percent). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Student Questionnaire 2006 were used. Students were characterized by youth and women. Seventy-two percent used alcohol in the lifetime, with 12.5 years as the onset age. The frequency of consumption was low but the quantity high, with a pattern of drunkenness, mainly among men. Forty-six percent consumed beverage at a problematic level. Students perceive that parents and teachers badly assess alcoholic beverage consumption. This study contributes to the planning of preventive programs for alcohol consumption, to be applied in the university context.