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1.
Int J Med Sci ; 14(11): 1065-1071, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29104459

RESUMO

Background and Aims: Abdominal radiotherapy (RT) causes harm to the mid gastrointestinal mucosa by release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes autophagic changes in tumor cells. This study was aimed to measure the effect of glutamine administration on markers of inflammation and autophagy in cancer patients treated with RT. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot trial 43 patients under abdominal RT diagnosed of pelvic or abdominal malignancies receiving glutamine (30 g/d) or placebo (casein, 30 g/d). Patient recruitment took place in the Complejo Asistencial Universitario of León (CAULE), Spain. Patient evaluation took place at three different time points during the study: before RT (pre-treatment), in the middle of the RT period (mid-treatment), and after finishing RT (post-treatment). Data were compared by analysis of variance and the Newmann Keuls test. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results Abdominal RT increased whole blood mRNA levels of inflammatory and autophagic markers, but glutamine administration showed significantly lower expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD36, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Moreover, glutamine reduced the expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Glutamine also inhibited the autophagic response, with changes in expression of beclin-1, UV radiation resistance associated gene (UVRAG), autophagy-related protein-5 (Atg5), protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) and lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1. Conclusions Findings provide evidence that glutamine decreases the inflammatory response and abolishes the changes of the autophagy machinery in patients receiving abdominal RT. The protective effect of glutamine must continue being investigated to disclose further molecular pathways.


Assuntos
Glutamina/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Autofagia/fisiologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Membrana Associada ao Lisossomo/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
2.
Rev Esp Enferm Dig ; 107(10): 641-2, 2015 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26437984

RESUMO

Comments related to a review article about percutaneous gastrostomies written by Lucendo et al. in REED.

4.
J Pineal Res ; 49(2): 193-200, 2010 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20609075

RESUMO

This work was undertaken to investigate whether treatment with melatonin prevents oxidative stress and changes in the expression and activity of factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant enzymes in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure of viral origin. Rabbits were experimentally infected with 2 x 10(4) hemagglutination units of a rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) isolate and received melatonin at two concentrations of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg at 0, 12 and 24 hr postinfection. Blood transaminases, blood lactate dehydrogenase, liver concentration of thiobarbituric reactive acid substances and the liver oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio significantly increased at 36 hr postinfection in infected animals. Significant decreases were found in the mRNA levels and in the liver activities of Mn-superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in infected rabbits. These effects were prevented by melatonin administration in a concentration-dependent manner. Melatonin treatment was not accompanied by changes in protein levels of Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 (Keap1) but resulted in an increased protein expression of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, which was confirmed by the results of Nrf2 immunostaining. Nuclear extracts from livers of melatonin-treated rats displayed an enhanced antioxidant responsive element (ARE)-binding activity of Nrf2. Our results suggest a potential hepatoprotective role of melatonin in fulminant hepatic failure, partially mediated through the abrogation of oxidative stress and the prevention of the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes via the Nrf2 pathways.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Falência Hepática Aguda/metabolismo , Melatonina/farmacologia , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Western Blotting , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citosol/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/genética , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Vírus da Doença Hemorrágica de Coelhos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Falência Hepática Aguda/enzimologia , Falência Hepática Aguda/virologia , Masculino , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias Protetoras , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Coelhos , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo
6.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr ; 29(4): 262-5, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15961682

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Glutamine, a nonessential amino acid, has received increasing attention because it becomes essential during stress and catabolic conditions. Many investigations have shown that during severe stress, the consumption of glutamine exceeds glutamine synthesis, resulting in depletion of glutamine stores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing parenteral diets with a glutamine-containing dipeptide, L-alanyl-L-glutamine, on rat nutrition status. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used. Animals (n = 36) were centrally catheterized and randomly assigned to 1 of the following groups based on method of parenteral nutrition (PN): control group with oral nutrition and IV infusion of a saline solution; standard parenteral nutrition (SPN) group; or alanyl-glutamine-supplemented PN (ALA-GLN PN) group (20 g/L). Parenteral nutrition was isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Infusions were administered at a rate of 2.0 mL/h over 5 days. Nutrition status was assessed by body weight change, plasma proteins, accumulated urinary creatinine, and nitrogen balance. RESULTS: Accumulated urinary creatinine increased significantly after day 4 in the ALA-GLN PN group, compared with the SPN group and the controls. Body weight change significantly differed on day 5 between the ALA-GLN PN and SPN groups. After 3 days, nitrogen balance was significantly lower and nitrogen retention higher in the ALA-GLN PN group when compared with the SPN group. Albumin and transferrin concentrations decreased significantly in the SPN group, but did not differ from the controls in the ALA-GLN PN group. CONCLUSIONS: Weight, plasma proteins, urinary accumulated creatinine, and nitrogen retention showed a better evolution in the group supplemented with the glutamine dipeptide when compared with the SPN group. Our results suggest a more suitable nutrition support in animals receiving L-alanyl-L-glutamine.


Assuntos
Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Estado Nutricional , Nutrição Parenteral , Animais , Proteínas Sanguíneas , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Creatinina/urina , Dipeptídeos/metabolismo , Masculino , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Albumina Sérica/metabolismo , Transferrina/metabolismo , Resultado do Tratamento
7.
Nutr Hosp ; 31(6): 2337-45, 2015 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26040337

RESUMO

Amyloid Light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a very rare disease. Nutritional and pharmaconutrional aspects are described. Nutrition repletion of malnourished AL patients is an essential strategy for improving treatment efficacy and clinical outcomes. Early diagnosis of AL amiloidosis is difficult to establish due to the fact that signs and symptoms appearing mimic other processes that delay the final correct histological diagnosis. Untreated patients with this disease have a dismal outcome, with a median survival of 10-14 months from diagnosis. The sooner the treatment is established the better the results are. Modern chemotherapeutical agents, based primarily in cyclophosphamide, bortethomid and dexametasone, produce a rapid, deep, and durable response in the majority of patients. Autologous stem cell transplantation remains restricted to selected patients who are generally without advanced cardiac amyloidosis.


La amiloidosis de cadenas ligeras (amiloidosis AL) es una enfermedad muy rara. En este artículo se describen los aspectos nutritivos y farmaconutritivos de la enfermedada. La renutrición de los pacientes con amiloidosis malnutridos es una estrategia esencial para mejorar la eficacia del tratamiento y el resultado a largo plazo. El diagnóstico precoz de la amiloidosis AL es difícil, debido a que los signos y síntomas que aparecen emulan otras entidades morbosas y retrasan el correcto diagnóstico histológico final. Los pacientes no tratados tienen un porvenir oscuro, con una supervivencia media de entre 10 y 14 meses desde el diagnóstico. Cuanto antes se establezca el tratamiento, mejores son los resultados. Los agentes quimioterapéuticos modernos, en concreto ciclofosfamida, bortezomid y dexametasona, producen una respuesta rápida, importante y duradera en la mayoría de los pacientes. El trasplante de células autólogas debe restringirse a un grupo selecto de pacientes sin enfermedad cardiaca avanzada secundaria a la amiloidosis.


Assuntos
Amiloidose/complicações , Amiloidose/diagnóstico , Desnutrição/etiologia , Apoio Nutricional , Amiloidose/terapia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Tardio , Alimento Funcional , Cardiopatias/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Raras , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento
8.
Nutr Hosp ; 32(1): 403-10, 2015 Jul 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26262746

RESUMO

Nowadays, balanced scorecards have updated traditional management systems in the business sector. In this way, Kaplan and Norton propose performance measurement through several perspectives with a logical sequence: internal processes and learning impact client services, so that financial performance is affected. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the main characteristics of balanced scorecard when it is applied to non-for-profit companies and, specifically to the health sector in the clinical nutrition field. This model improves the economic vision of management with clinical indicators that represent healthcare professional's perspective. The balanced scorecard would allow a proper monitoring and tracking system for the main healthcare indicators. This contributes to a better control in comparison with standards that are associated with adequate quality assistance. Owing to the role of management accounting and cost calculations, the definition of healthcare professionals as clients or users, and clinical results relevance, it is necessary to adapt the balanced scorecard to the specific characteristics of the clinical field, redefining both perspectives and indicators.


En la actualidad, los sistemas tradicionales de gestión empresarial han sido superados por modelos estratégicos materializados en el diseño de cuadros de mando. En esta línea, Kaplan y Norton proponen la medición del performance a partir de varias perspectivas entre las que se establece una secuencia lógica. Así, el desarrollo de los procesos internos y el aprendizaje condicionan el servicio al cliente, que mide la actuación de la entidad reflejada finalmente a través de sus resultados financieros. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las características del modelo en su aplicación a las entidades sin ánimo de lucro y, en concreto, al sector sanitario en el ámbito de la nutrición clínica. Este modelo permite superar la visión meramente economicista de los equipos de gestión y complementarla con indicadores clínicos más cercanos a la labor de los profesionales sanitarios. La eficiente implantación del cuadro de mando integral permite el seguimiento y la monitorización de los principales indicadores de la actividad sanitaria. Esto contribuye a un adecuado control de acuerdo a niveles de referencia que delimitan el buen funcionamiento y la calidad asistencial. El papel de la contabilidad de gestión, el cálculo de costes sanitarios, la inclusión del personal sanitario como usuario y/o cliente del modelo y la relevancia de los resultados clínicos hacen necesaria la adaptación del cuadro de mando integral a las particularidades del ámbito clínico, siendo preciso redefinir las perspectivas y/o indicadores propuestos.


Assuntos
Gerenciamento Clínico , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Humanos
9.
Nutr Hosp ; 32(6): 2360-8, 2015 Dec 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26667680

RESUMO

After 36 years of continued publication of the journal Nutrición Hospitalaria, a list with the ten most cited articles published in it is elaborated. The top ten most cited articles in the world literature and stratification according to language, English or Spanish, subject, or period of time published are also analyzed. Nutr Hosp is the most important Ibero latin American nutrition journal. Nutr Hosp published 369 items in 2014 gaining the fourth position among all the world's journals devoted to nutrition. Article publication in English, or simultaneously in Spanish and English and Open Access policy probably benefit the number of citations.


Después de 36 años de publicación ininterrumpida de la revista Nutrición Hospitalaria, hemos recopilado los diez artículos más citados. Se muestra también la relación de los diez artículos con más citas a escala mundial; asimismo se estratifican las citaciones según el idioma, inglés o español, la temática o los años analizados. Nutr. Hosp. es, a nivel mundial, la revista de nutrición ibero-latinoamericana mejor valorada. Por el volumen de artículos publicados, con 369 ítems citables en 2014, Nutr Hosp se sitúa en cuarto lugar de todas las revistas de nutrición. Permitir la publicación de artículos en inglés o hacerlo simultáneamente en castellano y en inglés, así como estar en régimen de "Open Access" sin restricción de ningún tipo en la difusión desde el momento de aparición de los artículos, son probablemente elementos favorecedores de las citas.


Assuntos
Bibliometria , Fator de Impacto de Revistas , Ciências da Nutrição , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Humanos , Idioma , Espanha
10.
Nutr Hosp ; 32(6): 2369-73, 2015 Dec 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26667681

RESUMO

The reason of higher number of citations of some articles is discussed. Some considerations about the journals' impact factor, its merits and its pitfalls are also made. Scientific journals' impact factor, popularized by the Institute for Scientific Information, has become an objective parameter for authors' evaluation and also for institutions and other related circumstances. There is no reason for the impact factor's gap between some English journals and those written in other languages. English journals probably benefit of the "Mathew's effect", according to which eminent scientists are more rewarded by similar contributions than others less known. It is paradoxical that most of the major achievements of our age do not appear among the 100 most cited articles. There is no homogeneity among all the articles appearing in each scientific journal: half of the articles are cited ten times more than the other half. However, those articles cited 0 times are credited like the better ones. Each article should be evaluated by its own citations, which would be its impact factor; the authors should be evaluated by their H index.


Se analiza el porqué de las citaciones de los artículos. Se realizan también algunas consideraciones sobre el factor de impacto de las revistas, sus ventajas y sus posibles defectos. El factor de impacto de las revistas, desde su popularización por el Institute for Scientific Information, ha tomado una gran importancia como parámetro objetivo de evaluación de las revistas científicas y, por extensión, de todo lo que las rodea. No hay correlación con el desfase en factores de impacto de algunas revistas anglosajonas y el de las revistas escritas en otros idiomas. Probablemente se benefician de publicar en inglés y del llamado "efecto Mateo", según el cual los investigadores científicos eminentes cosechan aplausos mucho más nutridos que otros investigadores, menos conocidos, por contribuciones equivalentes. Es paradójico también que los grandes descubrimientos de nuestra época no figuren entre los 100 artículos más citados. No hay tampoco una correlación entre todos los artículos aparecidos en una publicación y su factor de impacto; la mitad de los artículos de una revista son citados diez veces más que la otra mitad. Los artículos citados 0 veces reciben el mérito de los mejores. Lo ortodoxo sería utilizar en cada artículo el número de citas que recibe, que sería su propio factor de impacto y, para los autores, el índice H.


Assuntos
Fator de Impacto de Revistas , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Bibliometria , Idioma , Ciências da Nutrição
11.
Biochem Pharmacol ; 66(3): 439-45, 2003 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12907243

RESUMO

We investigated the effect of two immunosuppressant drugs, FK506 and rapamycin, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated rat hepatocytes. Primary culture of rat hepatocytes was treated with LPS in the presence and absence of FK506 or rapamycin. LPS increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitrite into the culture medium. Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated increased levels of iNOS protein and mRNA. Both immunosuppressant agents inhibited the induction of iNOS mRNA and protein stimulated by LPS. ROS generation, assessed by flow cytometry using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was significantly decreased by FK506 and rapamycin. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments indicated that both drugs blocked the LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Inhibitor kappa B protein levels were decreased by LPS and this effect was partly blocked by FK506 or rapamycin. In summary, both immunosuppressant agents decreased the intracellular generation of ROS and inhibited NO production and iNOS expression at mRNA level in association to NF-kappaB activation. In addition to its capacity to reduce acute allograft rejection, this study highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of FK506 and rapamycin.


Assuntos
Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sirolimo/farmacologia , Tacrolimo/farmacologia , Animais , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Proteínas I-kappa B/biossíntese , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II , Nitritos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar
12.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr ; 26(1): 30-41, 2002.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11833749

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fatty acids from the diet or from IV fat emulsions are incorporated into the plasma and cell membrane phospholipids and act as substrates in the synthesis of eicosanoids. This study reports the effect of 2 parenteral lipid emulsions in plasma phospholipids fatty acids. METHODS: A total of 83 patients aged 18 to 75 years were randomized to receive long-chain triglycerides (LCT) or 50/50 mix of long- and medium-chain triglyceride emulsion (LCT/MCT). Blood samples were collected at baseline and at weekly intervals for 28 days. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. RESULTS: Patients receiving LCT versus MCT/LCT emulsion have an increase in 18:2n6 and a decrease in 20:4n6 and 22:4n6 after 7, 14, and 21 days of treatment with parenteral nutrition. Phospholipid fatty acids at 15 days of treatment with parenteral nutrition with LCT versus MCT/LCT for 18:2n6 were 17.30% versus 22,90% (p < .05), for 20:4n6 10.44% versus 8.38% (p < .05), and for 22:4n6 0.51% versus 0.40% (p < .05). The 20:4n6 percentage inversely correlated with the percentage of 18:2n6 on days 7, 14, and 21: regression coefficients: -7.40 (p < .001), -7.39 (p < .001), and 5.70 (p < .001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Parenteral lipid emulsions modify fatty acid profiles in plasma phospholipids. MCT/LCT emulsions produce in phospholipids a fatty-acid profile that is closer to normality than that achieved with LCT emulsions. These changes in phospholipid fatty acids are suggestive of an inhibition of A-5-desaturase in patients who received LCT emulsions.


Assuntos
Emulsões Gordurosas Intravenosas/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Fosfolipídeos/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Cromatografia Gasosa , Dessaturase de Ácido Graxo Delta-5 , Método Duplo-Cego , Emulsões Gordurosas Intravenosas/administração & dosagem , Emulsões Gordurosas Intravenosas/química , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/química , Feminino , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nutrição Parenteral Total , Fosfolipídeos/sangue , Análise de Regressão , Triglicerídeos/administração & dosagem , Triglicerídeos/farmacologia
13.
Nutr Hosp ; 29(4): 712-8, 2014 Apr 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24679012

RESUMO

In this lecture, given at the International Conferences on Neuroscience, in Quito, May 31st-June 1st of 2013, the topic of famine situations during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939, was approached. Madrid, the capital of Spain, was under food, water and milk rationing during that period. This situation led to conditions that showed the relationships between the nervous system and nutrition. The Madrilenian population was submitted to a real experiment of hyponutrition, similar to the one that may be reproduced at the laboratory. At the end of the war, the National Direction on Health and the Institute of Medical Investigations, with the collaboration of the Rockefeller Foundation, carried out a series of clinical and food consumption surveys among the Madrilenian population. There were three medical situations that were of particular relevance during the Civil War and after it: the pellagra epidemics, the onset of lathyrism, and the socalled Vallecas syndrome. The occurrence of pellagra cases was paramount because it allowed reconsidering all the unspecific symptoms observed from an already known vitamin deficiency. Pellagra became the most prevalent deficitrelated disease, and most clearly related to nutrition. Lathyrism is a chronic intoxication produced by the accumulation of neurotoxins. It is due to common intake of chickling peas (Lathyrus sativus). Chickling peas are toxic only if they represent more than 30% of the daily calories consumed for a prolonged period greater than two to three months. Lathyrism would reoccur in the Spanish population after the war, in 1941 and 1942, the so called "famine years", when due to the scarcity of foods chickling pea flour was again consumed in high amounts. Deficiency-related neuropathies observed in Madrid during the Civil War led to new and original clinical descriptions. In children from schools of the Vallecas neighborhood, a deficiency syndrome, likely related to vitamin B complex deficiency, was described, which manifested by muscle cramps and weakness, and was termed the Vallecas syndrome. Poor fat content in the diet and a light decrease in calcium levels, which were already very low, were observed in the group with cramps. Both the administration of tablets containing an adequate amount of calcium and phosphorus and the daily intake of 4-6 milligrams of thiamine, achieved a considerable reduction in the frequency and severity of the cramps, or their complete resolution.


En esta conferencia, dictada en el marco de las Jornadas Internacionales de Neurociencias, Quito, Mayo 31 a Junio 1, 2013, se hizo una exposición de lo que fueron las situaciones de hambruna acaecidas en España durante la Guerra Civil de 1936-39. Su capital, Madrid sufrió durante todo ese periodo racionamientos de alimentos, agua y leche. Esta situación dio lugar a unas condiciones que pusieron de manifiesto las relaciones entre sistema nervioso y alimentación. La población madrileña estuvo sometida a un verdadero experimento de hipo alimentación, análogo al que se puede realizar en el laboratorio. Al concluir la guerra, la Dirección General de Sanidad y el Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, con la colaboración de la Fundación Rockefeller, realizaron una serie de encuestas clínicas y de consumo alimentario entre la población de Madrid. Hubo tres situaciones médicas que tuvieron especial relevancia durante la Guerra Civil y durante la posguerra: La epidemia de pelagra, la aparición de latirismo y el denominado síndrome de Vallecas. La aparición de casos de pelagra fue trascendental porque permitió, a partir de una avitaminosis conocida, replantearse toda la sintomatología inespecífica que se había estado observando. La pelagra pasó a ser la enfermedad carencial más prevalente, y la más claramente vinculada a la alimentación. El latirismo es una intoxicación crónica producida por la acumulación de neurotoxinas. Se debe al consumo frecuente de almortas (Lathyrus sativus) . La almorta es toxica solo cuando constituye más del 30% de las calorías diarias consumidas durante un período continuado de dos a tres meses. El Latirismo volvería a afectar a los españoles durante los años 1941 y 1942, en los llamados "años del hambre" de la posguerra, cuando, debido a la escasez de alimentos, fue consumida gran cantidad de harina de almortas. Las neuropatías carenciales observadas en Madrid durante la Guerra Civil dieron lugar a descripciones clínicas novedosas y originales. En niños de colegios del barrio de Vallecas se describió un síndrome carencial, probable mente de vitaminas del complejo B, que originaba calambres musculares y debilidad muscular, que se dio en llamar síndrome de Vallecas. Se destacó la pobreza en grasas de la dieta y una ligera disminución de la cifra de calcio, ya muy pobre, en el grupo con calambres. Tanto con la administración de tabletas conteniendo una proporción adecuada de calcio y fósforo como con la ingestión diaria de 4 a 6 miligramos de tiamina, consiguieron hacer desaparecer los calambres musculares o aminorar considerablemente su frecuencia e intensidad.


Assuntos
Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/história , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/história , Guerra , Deficiência de Vitaminas , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/história , História do Século XX , Desnutrição/complicações , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/etiologia , Espanha , Inanição/epidemiologia , Inanição/história
14.
Nutr Hosp ; 30(3): 509-13, 2014 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25238824

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition in surgical patients is associated with delayed recovery, higher rates of morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stay, increased healthcare costs and a higher early re-admission rate. METHODS: Data synthesis after review of pertinent literature. RESULTS: The aetiology of malnutrition is multifactorial. In cancer patients, there is an abnormal peripheral glucose disposal, gluconeogenesis, and whole-body glucose turnover. Malnourished cancer patients undergoing major operations are at significant risk from perioperative complications such as infectious complications. Surgical aggression generates an inflammatory response which worsens intermediary metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional evaluation and nutritional support must be performed in all surgical patients, in order to minimize infectious complications. Enteral nutrition early in the postoperative period is effective and well tolerated reducing infectious complications, improving wound healing and reducing length of hospital stay. Pharmaconutrition is indicated in those patients, who benefit from enteral administration of arginine, omega 3 and RNA, as well as parenteral glutamine supplementation. When proximal sutures are used, tubes allowing early jejunal feeding should be used.


Introducción: La malnutrición en pacientes quirúrgicos está relacionada con un retraso en la recuperación, tasas más elevadas de morbilidad y mortalidad, estancia hospitalaria prolongada, mayores costes de atención sanitaria y una tasa más elevada de re-hospitalización temprana. Métodos: Síntesis de datos tras la revisión de la bibliografía pertinente. Resultados: La etiología de la malnutrición es multifactorial. En pacientes con cáncer, existe una alteración en la utilización de la glucosa periférica, en la gluconeogénesis, y en la producción de glucosa en todo el cuerpo. Los pacientes con cáncer que se someten a operaciones mayores tienen un riesgo significativo de complicaciones perioperativas, como es el caso de las complicaciones de tipo infeccioso. La agresión quirúrgica genera una respuesta inflamatoria que empeora el metabolismo intermediario. Conclusiones: Es necesario realizar una evaluación nutricional y llevar a cabo un soporte nutricional en todos los pacientes quirúrgicos con el fin de minimizar las posibles complicaciones infecciosas. La nutrición enteral justo al inicio del periodo postoperatorio es bien tolerada y resulta eficaz a la hora de reducir complicaciones infecciosas, mejorando el proceso de curación de la herida y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. La nutrición farmacológica está indicada en pacientes que reciben administración enteral de arginina, omega 3 y ARN, además de suplementación por vía parenteral. Cuando se utilizan suturas proximales, se deben emplear sondas que permitan una alimentación yeyunal temprana.


Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Desnutrição/complicações , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Apoio Nutricional , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/complicações , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/diagnóstico
17.
Nutr Hosp ; 33(2): 152, 2016 Mar 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27238814

RESUMO

En agosto de 1976, un joven llamado LeRoy cayó desde una cornisa fracturándose el fémur. Se sospechó una hemorragia interna importante. Durante una laparotomía se comprobó que todos los órganos internos estaban intactos y los cirujanos ortopédicos arreglaron la fractura. Treintadías después, LeRoy murió. Había comido poco; diariamente, tan solo había recibido tres litros de la glucosa, el equivalente a 510 calorías, por vía intravenosa. La glucosa fue insuficiente para satisfacer sus necesidades nutricionales, perdiendo más del 20% de su peso corporaldurante su estancia en el hospital. La causa de la muerte se debió a "desnutrición médicamente inducida". Mientras tanto, un artículo científico documentó que la prevalencia de desnutrición en los hospitales de Boston era del 44% y que la desnutrición en sí era un predictor de altas tasas de complicaciones y muerte.Como resultado, los médicos sensibilizados formaron una sociedad que creó programas de formación y alentó la formación de equipos de nutrición en los hospitales. La industria comercializó fórmulas de nutrición y catéteres. Las complicaciones en enfermos hospitalizados cayeron en picado, mientras que las tasas de supervivencia aumentaron. California aprobó una legislación para regular el soporte nutricional. Aunque la industria de la atención sanitaria reconoce la importancia de la nutrición en los cuidados al paciente, el Congreso no proporcionó apoyo fiscal para los equipos de nutrición. Como resultado, los hospitales disolvieron sus equipos de nutrición de reciente creación. La educación y las habilidades en nutrición disminuyeron, y las complicaciones hospitalarias y las tasas de mortalidad aumentaron de nuevo.

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