Impacts of climate change on herpetofauna diversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Although numerous studies on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity have been published, only a handful are focused on the intraspecific level or consider population-level models (separate models per population). We endeavored to fill this knowledge gap relative to the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP) by combining species distribution modeling (SDMs) with population genetics (i.e., population-level models) and phylogenetic methods (i.e., phylogenetic tree reconstruction and phylogenetic diversity analyses). We applied our models to 11 endemic and widely distributed herpetofauna species inhabiting high elevations in the QTP. We aimed to determine the influence of environmental heterogeneity on species' responses to climate change, the magnitude of climate-change impacts on intraspecific diversity, and the relationship between species range loss and intraspecific diversity losses under 2 shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) and 3 future periods (2050s, 2070s, and 2090s). The effects of global climatic change were more pronounced at the intraspecific level (22% of haplotypes lost and 36% of populations lost) than the morphospecies level in the SSP585 climate change scenario. Maintenance of genetic diversity was in general determined by a combination of factors including range changes, species genetic structure, and the part of the range predicted to be lost. This is owing to the fact that the loss and survival of populations were observed in species irrespective of the predicted range changes (contraction or expansion). In the southeast (mountainous regions), climate change had less of an effect on range size (>100% in 3 species) than in central and northern QTP plateau regions (range size <100% in all species). This may be attributed to environmental heterogeneity, which provided pockets of suitable climate in the southeast, whereas ecosystems in the north and central regions were homogeneous. Generally, our results imply that mountainous regions with high environmental heterogeneity and high genetic diversity may buffer the adverse impacts of climate change on species distribution and intraspecific diversity. Therefore, genetic structure and characteristics of the ecosystem may be crucial for conservation under climate change.

Impactos del cambio climático sobre la diversidad de herpetofauna en la meseta Qinghai-Tíbet Región Aunque se han publicado numerosos estudios sobre los impactos del cambio climática en la biodiversidad, son muy pocos los que se enfocan en el nivel intraespecífico o que consideran modelos a nivel poblacional (modelos separados por población). Intentamos cerrar este vacío de conocimiento en relación con la meseta Qinghai-Tíbet (MQT) con la combinación entre modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) y genética poblacional (modelos a nivel poblacional) y métodos filogenéticos (reconstrucción de árboles filogenéticos y análisis de diversidad filogenética). Aplicamos nuestros modelos a once especies endémicas de herpetofauna con distribución amplia en las elevaciones más altas de la MQT. Nos planteamos determinar la influencia de la heterogeneidad de las especies sobre la respuesta de las especies al cambio climático, la magnitud de los impactos del cambio climático sobre la diversidad intraespecífica y la relación entre la pérdida de distribución de la especie y las pérdidas de diversidad intraespecífica bajo dos vías socioeconómicas (SSP245 y SSP585) y tres periodos del futuro (2050s, 2070s y 2090s). Los efectos del cambio climático global fueron más pronunciados a nivel intraespecífico (22% de pérdida en los haplotipos y 36% en las poblaciones) que al nivel morfoespecie en el escenario de cambio climático SSP585. El mantenimiento de la diversidad genética casi siempre estuvo determinado por una combinación de factores que incluyen cambios en la distribución, estructura genética de las especies y la parte de la distribución que se pronosticó se perdería. Esto se debe a que observamos la pérdida y supervivencia de las poblaciones sin importar los cambios pronosticados en la distribución (contracción o expansión). En las regiones montañosas del sureste, el cambio climático tuvo un efecto menor sobre la distribución (>100% en tres especies) comparado con las regiones de la meseta central y del norte de la MQT (distribución <100% en todas las especies). Esto puede atribuirse a la heterogeneidad ambiental, la cual proporciona recovecos de clima adecuado en el sureste, mientras que los ecosistemas en las regiones central y norte fueron homogéneos. De manera general, nuestros resultados implican que las regiones montañosas con una elevada heterogeneidad ambiental y una gran diversidad genética podrían reducir los impactos adversos del cambio climático sobre la distribución de las especies y la diversidad intraespecífica. Por lo tanto, la estructura genética y las características del ecosistema pueden ser cruciales para conservar bajo el cambio climático.

Application of optical coherence tomography and keratograph in the measurements of lower lid margin thickness.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the applicability of lower lid margin thickness (LLMT) measurements in adults with and without meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and keratograph. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational study. A hundred and eight volunteers aged 20 to 79, including 68 MGD patients and 40 normal subjects, were recruited. Using OCT and keratograph to measure the LLMT from the posterior lash line to anterior edge or outer edge of the tear meniscus was separately performed two times by the same person. RESULTS: The mean age of normal and MGD subjects was 50.5 ± 14.2 years and 55.8 ± 15.5 years, respectively. The LLMT with OCT and keratograph in MGD patients was significantly greater than that in normal subjects (1.06 ± 0.27 and 1.03 ± 0.25 mm vs. 0.90 ± 0.20 and 0.86 ± 0.16 mm, respectively). In both normal and MGD subjects, the tear meniscus height and LLMT with OCT were both greater than that with keratograph (P < 0.05), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) demonstrated a good agreement in the LLMT measurements between two devices (ICC = 0.83 and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, the LLMT in MGD patients was appeared to be positively correlated with meiboscore (rs = 0.37, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The OCT and keratograph were two reliable tools in the LLMT measurements, which may have potential applications for diagnosis and evaluation of MGD. Furthermore, we found that the LLMT measured by OCT was greater than that measured by keratograph.

Complete Genome Sequence of Streptomyces sp. HP-A2021, a Promising Bacterium for Natural Product Discovery.

Streptomyces are one of the most prolific sources of bioactive and structurally diverse secondary metabolites for natural product drug discovery. Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the genomes of Streptomyces harbor a wealth of cryptic secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters that could encode novel compounds. In this work, a genome mining approach was employed to investigate the biosynthetic potential of Streptomyces sp. HP-A2021, isolated from rhizosphere soil of Ginkgo biloba L. The complete genome of HP-A2021 was sequenced and contained the 9,607,552 base pair linear chromosome with a GC content of 71.07%. The annotation results revealed the presence of 8534 CDSs, 76 tRNA genes, and 18 rRNA genes in HP-A2021. The highest dDDH and ANI values based on genome sequences between HP-A2021 and the most closely related type strain, Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JCM 4359, were 64.2% and 92.41%, respectively. In total, 33 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters with an average length of 105,594 bp were identified, including the putative thiotetroamide, alkylresorcinol, coelichelin, and geosmin. The antibacterial activity assay confirmed that the crude extracts of HP-A2021 showed potent antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Our study demonstrated that Streptomyces sp. HP-A2021 will propose a potential use in biotechnological and novel bioactive secondary metabolite biosynthetic applications.

Measurement of the Lower Lid Margin Thickness by Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE: To verify the feasibility of using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to measure the lower lid margin thickness (LLMT) from posterior lash line to the mucocutaneous junction. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-center, observational study. Fifty-six volunteers between 20 and 79 years old with normal healthy eyes were included in this study. Using AS-OCT to measure the LLMT at the middle position was separately performed by two operators under the same conditions. RESULTS: The mean age of 56 subjects (24 males and 32 females) was 45.4 ± 15.7 years. The LLMT measured by AS-OCT between two operators was 0.86 ± 0.23 mm and 0.85 ± 0.22 mm, respectively. The reliability and repeatability between two operators were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.97). Based on one operator's measurements, the LLMT was 0.70 ± 0.10 mm at ages 20-29, 0.68 ± 0.09 mm at ages 30-39, 0.94 ± 0.12 mm at ages 40-49, 0.93 ± 0.20 mm at ages 50-59, 1.03 ± 0.15 mm at ages 60-69, and 1.24 ± 0.19 mm at ages 70-79, which indicated a significant positive correlation with age (rs = 0.74, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant difference in the LLMT between genders (0.94 ± 0.26 vs. 0.80 ± 0.19 mm, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A good agreement between two operators indicated that it seemed to be feasible to use AS-OCT to measure the LLMT. Additionally, we found that the LLMT appeared to be closely related to age and gender.

Measurement of the Lower Lid Margin Thickness by Oculus Keratograph.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the lower lid margin thickness (LLMT) from the posterior lash line to the anterior edge of tear meniscus with Oculus Keratograph 4 (K4). METHODS: This was a prospective, single-center, observational study. A total of 90 volunteers aged 18 to 79 years with no ocular diseases were included in this study. The LLMT of 90 subjects was measured twice by the same person with K4. To determine the reliability of K4, measuring the LLMT of 30 normal subjects was separately performed by two operators. RESULTS: The LLMT measurements with K4 between two operators demonstrated a good reproducibility (0.94±0.18 vs. 0.96±0.16 mm; intraclass correlation coefficient=0.88; P=0.18). The mean age of 90 volunteers (42 men and 48 women) was 45.5±14.1 years. The LLMT was 0.95±0.17 mm, which was a significant positive correlation with age (rs=0.57; P<0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference in the LLMT between genders (0.97±0.16 vs. 0.93±0.18 mm; P=0.32). CONCLUSIONS: We found that K4 was a reliable tool in the LLMT measurements, and the LLMT seemed to be closely related to age but not to gender.

Comparison of two measurements for the lower lid margin thickness: vernier micrometer and anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: To investigate the reliability of using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to measure the lower lid margin thickness (LLMT) from the posterior lash line to the Marx's line by comparing with a vernier micrometer. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-center, diagnostic test study. Sixty volunteers aged between 20 and 79 without ocular diseases were recruited. A vernier micrometer and AS-OCT were, respectively, used to measure the same lid margin thickness at the central lower lid. RESULTS: The mean age of volunteers was 39.1 ± 13.7 years. The LLMT in 60 subjects (25 males and 35 females) measured by a vernier micrometer and AS-OCT was 1.03 ± 0.25 mm and 0.82 ± 0.21 mm, respectively. There was a significant difference between two measurements (P < 0.001). In addition, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was engaged to evaluate the reliability and agreement of two measurements (ICC = 0.83). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated that 57 of 60 spots were within 95% limits of agreement. No adverse events were detected in all subjects after the measurements. CONCLUSION: Although the LLMT measured by AS-OCT was less than that measured by a vernier micrometer, AS-OCT providing quantitative measurements and imaging data was also seemed to be a reliable method with a good agreement. It could be a substitute for a vernier micrometer in clinical practice in the future.

Protective effect of cyclosporine A in the treatment of severe hydronephrosis in a rabbit renal pelvic perfusion model

Background/aim: Cyclosporine A (CsA), a traditional immunosuppressive compound, has been reported to specifically prevent isch-emia reperfusion tissue injury via apoptosis pathway. This study aimed to explore the renoprotective effects of CsA on the kidneys of rabbits undergoing renal pelvic perfusion. Materials and methods: A total of 30 rabbits were randomly assigned into a control group (n = 6) and an experimental group (n = 24). The experimental group underwent a surgical procedure that induced severe hydronephrosis and was then stochastically divided into 4 groups (S1, S1', S2, and S2'), consisting of 6 rabbits each. Groups S1 and S1' were perfused with 20 mmHg of fluid, while groups S2 and S2' were perfused with 60 mmHg of fluid. Administration to groups S1' and S2' was done intravenously, with CsA once a day for 1 week before perfusion. In the control group, after severe hydronephrosis was induced, a sham operation was performed in a second laparoto-my. Acute kidney damage was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining, in addition to analyzing the mitochondrial ultrastructure and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The cytochrome C (CytC) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression were examined immunohistochemically using Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: It was found that the renal histopathological damage was ameliorated, mitochondrial vacuolization was lower, MMP was high-er, and the CytC and NGAL contents were decreased after drug intervention (groups S1' and S2') when compared to the experimental groups (S1 and S2). Furthermore, there was no difference between drug intervention groups S1' and S2'. Conclusion: These results suggest that CsA can attenuate renal damage from severe hydronephrosis induced by renal pelvic perfusion in rabbits. It plays a protective role in the acute kidney injury process, possibly through increased MMP and mitochondrial changes.

Correlations of fascin-1 and cadherin-17 protein expression with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

We aim to explore the associations of fascin-1 and cadherin-17 in gastric cancer (GC) to the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of GC. Case group included 204 GC tissues while control group comprised 204 paired adjacent cancer tissues. Expressions of fascin-1 and cadherin-17 were measured with immunohistochemistry and western blot and then analyzed statistically in relation to clinicopathologic features and survival time. Survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method, and independent prognostic factors were identified with Cox proportional hazards regression model. Fascin-1 was positively expressed in 45.1 % of GC tissues and in 27.5 % of adjacent cancer tissues, respectively (P < 0.05); cadherin-17 was positively expressed in 51.5 % of GC tissues and in 33.8 % of adjacent cancer tissues (P < 0.05). Fascin-1 expression in GC tissues was related to tumor size (P = 0.001) and Lauren classification (P = 0.001). Cadherin-17 expression in GC tissues was related to tumor size (P < 0.001), Lauren classification (P = 0.009), clinical staging (P = 0.001), and distant metastasis (P = 0.002). Fascin-1 expression was positively correlated with cadherin-17 expression in GC tissues (r = 0.828, P < 0.01). Patients with positive expression of both fascin-1 and cadherin-17 had lower survival rates than those with negative expression (all P < 0.01). Cox regression analysis showed that fascin-1 expression, cadherin-17 expression, tumor size, and differentiation were independent risk factors for GC (all P < 0.05). Fascin-1 and cadherin-17 are related to clinicopathologic features of GC and are independent adverse prognostic factors for GC.

[Establishment and evaluation of a murine model of brain injury induced by high altitude hypoxic inflammation].

The aim of this study was to develop a murine model of brain injury induced by high altitude hypoxic inflammation. In the study, we used a decompression chamber to mimic an acute hypobaric hypoxia, and 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory response. We determined the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) in mice serum using ELISA assays to confirm the high altitude hypoxic inflammation, and verified the brain injury after the inflammation using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The results showed that, among four experiment groups (ctrl, acute hypobaric hypoxia, LPS, and acute hypobaric hypoxia plus LPS groups), the acute hypobaric hypoxia plus LPS treatment group displayed the highest levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10. Meanwhile, the acute hypobaric hypoxia plus LPS treatment group showed the most severe cortex and hippocampus injuries, including cellular swelling, the widened pericellular spaces, angiogenesis, and shrunken neurons with darkly stained pyknotic nuclei, etc. Strikingly, nuclei ventrales posteriors thalami were found to be more sensitive to acute hypobaric hypoxia plus LPS treatment, and their destroy degrees were higher than those neurons in cortex and hippocampus. These results suggested that we established a reliable murine model of brain injury induced by high altitude hypoxic inflammation, and might be useful to the relevant studies.

Identification and utilization of cleistogamy gene cl7(t) in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Gene transformation is an important method for improvement of plants into elite varieties. However, the possibility of gene flow between genetically modified (GM) crops and similar species is a serious public issue that may potentially endanger ecological stability. Cleistogamy is expected to be an ideal genetic tool for preventing transgene propagation from GM crops. A rice mutant, cl7(t), was created by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. The mutant exhibited cleistogamy, and had closed spikelets, reduced plant height, and altered morphology of the leaves, panicle, and seeds. Anatomical investigations revealed that the cl7(t) mutant contained more vascular bundles and thicker stems than the wild type, which increased the mechanical strength of its internodes, and anti-lodging ability. Further studies demonstrated that the force required to open the lemma and palea was higher in the cl7(t) mutant, and there was weak swelling ability in the lodicules, which leads to cleistogamy. Allelic analyses and complementation tests indicated that cl7(t) was a novel allele of dep2, a mutant that was previously reported to have similar panicle morphology. Sequence analysis showed that cl7(t) had a single nucleotide substitution (C to A) in the third exon that leads to a Ser substitution with a stop codon, giving a truncated DEP2 protein. Quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization tests demonstrated that there was lower CL7(t) expression level in the spikelets and weaker CL7(t) signals in the lodicules of the cl7(t) mutant compared with wild type, which implies that CL7(t) might participate in the development of lodicules. To improve the agronomic traits of cl7(t) to fit the needs of field production, the cl7(t) mutant was crossed with an intermediate-type rice variety named Guanghui102, which bears some important agronomic traits, including increased grain numbers and high rate of seed setting. Through multi-generational pedigree selection, cleistogamy lines with improved economic traits were obtained, which can be used for the selection of ecologically safe GM rice varieties.

Effect of Si and Holding Time on Ti2Al20La Phase in Al-Ti-La Intermediate Alloy.

The effects of holding time and Si on the content, shape size and structure of Ti2Al20La phase in Al-Ti-La intermediate alloy were investigated by an X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that the volume fraction and aspect ratio of Ti2Al20La phase in Al-Ti-La intermediate alloy decrease significantly, from 21% and 2.3 without Si addition to 4% and 2.0 with the addition of 2.3 wt.% Si at a holding time of 15 min at 750 °C, respectively. The Si element will attach to the Ti2Al20La phase and form La-Si binary phase at the grain boundary of α-Al. With the increase of holding time from 15 min to 60 min, the content of Ti2Al20La phase in the alloy gradually decreases and the size decreases significantly. Meanwhile, Al11La3 will dissolve and disappear, while the content of La-Si binary phase increases, and part of Ti2Al20La phase transforms into Ti2(Al20-x,Six)La phase.

[Establishment and preliminary application of dengue virus envelope domain III IgG antibody capture enzyme-linked immuno-absorbent assay].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a highly sensitive and specific assay to detect dengue virus (DENV) envelope protein domain III (EDIII) IgG antibody, and to explore its value in the diagnosis and seroepidemiological survey of dengue. METHODS: The DENV EDIII IgG antibody capture ELISA was developed using the recombinant full-length DENV EDIII, which was prepared by Pichia yeast expression system as the capture antigen. The serum samples were collected from the same group of 35 DENV-1 patients of primary infection during disease period in 2006 and their follow-up phase in 2010; and the sensitivity of the assay was compared to that of the commercial Panbio DENV IgG ELISA. RESULTS: The sensitivity of DENV EDIII IgG ELISA in detecting the serum samples from disease period and follow-up phase was 87% (20/23) and 94% (33/35), respectively; whereas the sensitivity of Panbio DENV IgG ELISA was 71% (25/35) and 0, respectively. The sensitivity of DENV EDIII IgG ELISA in detecting the serum samples from both periods was similar, without statistical significance (χ(2) = 0.946, P = 0.331). For serum samples from disease period, the sensitivity of DENV EDIII IgG ELISA was comparable with that of Panbio DENV IgG ELISA (χ(2) = 1.924, P = 0.165). However, DENV EDIII IgG ELISA demonstrated a significantly higher sensitivity than Panbio DENV IgG ELISA in detecting the serum samples from follow-up phase (χ(2) = 62.432, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: DENV EDIII IgG capture ELISA is highly sensitive in detecting IgG in the serum samples from either disease period or follow-up phase. This method might be a promising alternative for diagnosis and seroepidemiologic survey of dengue.

[Surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy study of vitamin B12 on copper electrode].

The vitamin B12 molecule has long fascinated chemists because of its exclusive complex structure and unusual reactivities in biological systems. In order to achieve a better understanding of the structural attribute of the Vitamin B12 molecule when it interacted with metal, in the present paper, the vitamin B12 molecules adsorbed on variation of copper electrode potential from 0 to -1.0 V was studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). An excellent SERS substrate was obtained with insitu electrochemical oxidation-reduction cycle (ORC), and its surface roughness was characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM). Assignments of Raman peaks observed by normal Raman spectrum (NRS) and SERS spectra of vitamin B12 molecule were given based on previous literatures. It was found that the potential-dependent relative intensity changed in SERS spectra which depended on the vitamin B12 molecular orientation with respect to the copper surface according to the surface selection rule (SSR). It was concluded that the corrin ring was adsorbed in tilt form on copper surface and the Co-CN group was farther away from the copper surface at higher potentials. With the decrease in potential, the tilt angle between the corrin ring and copper surface became smaller, then the Co-N group and 5,6 dimethylbenzimidazole group got close to the copper surface. The results offered an important structural attribute of vitamin B12 molecule when it interacted with copper electrode for the first time, and supplied a meaningful reference for the electrochemical bioactivity of the vitamin B12 molecule.

Modified lateral approach combined with medial percutaneous approach versus triceps tongue-shaped flap approach and bilateral triceps brachii approach for pin fixation in treatment of irreducible displaced pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures.

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of the modified lateral approach combined with the medial percutaneous approach (MLACMPA) versus the triceps tongue-shaped flap approach (TTSFA) and the bilateral triceps brachii approach (BTBA) in the treatment of irreducible displaced supracondylar humeral fractures (SHFs) in children. Between March 2000 and July 2022, a total of 135 children who underwent open reduction and Kirschner wire cross internal fixation for irreducible displaced SHFs caused by trauma were retrospectively analyzed. According to the surgical approach, the patients were assigned to the TTSFA group (n = 36), the BTBA group (n = 40) and the MLACMPA group (n = 59). The duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, and elbow range of motion were compared. The 3 groups were similar in terms of mean age, sex distribution, and time from injury to operation. The duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, incision length and postoperative elbow range of motion in the MLACMPA group were significantly superior to those in the TTSFA group and BTBA group (P < .05). Compared the use of the TTSFA or the BTBA, using the MLACMPA for pin fixation in the treatment of irreducible displaced pediatric SHFs could significantly shorten the duration of surgery, reduce the operation trauma, facilitate earlier functional exercise of joints after operation and yield better elbow function.

Mating-Induced Common and Sex-Specific Behavioral, Transcriptional Changes in the Moth Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) in Laboratory.

The intermediate process between mating and postmating behavioral changes in insects is still poorly known. Here, we studied mating-induced common and sex-specific behavioral and transcriptional changes in both sexes of Spodoptera frugiperda and tested whether the transcriptional changes are linked to postmating behavioral changes in each sex. A behavioral study showed that mating caused a temporary suppression of female calling and male courting behavior, and females did not lay eggs until the next day after the first mating. The significant differences on daily fecundity under the presence of males or not, and the same or novel males, suggest that females may intentionally retain eggs to be fertilized by novel males or to be fertilized competitively by different males. RNA sequencing in females revealed that there are more reproduction related GO (gene ontology) terms and KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathways (mainly related to egg and zygote development) enriched to upregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) than to downregulated DEGs at 0 and 24 h postmating. In males, however, mating induced DEGs did not enrich any reproduction related terms/pathways, which may be because male reproductive bioinformatics is relatively limited in moths. Mating also induced upregulation on soma maintenance (such as immune activity and stress reaction) related processes in females at 0, 6 and 24 h postmating. In males, mating also induced upregulation on soma maintenance related processes at 0 h postmating, but induced downregulation on these processes at 6 and 24 h postmating. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that mating induced sex-specific postmating behavioral and transcriptional changes in both sexes of S. frugiperda and suggested that the transcriptional changes are correlated with postmating physiological and behavioral changes in each sex.

Circulating inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a systemic immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease; its systemic manifestations and periodic recurrence negatively affect a patient's quality of life. Inflammatory cytokines are known to have an important role in the onset and progression of psoriasis, however, data on the association between circulating inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis risk is inconclusive. Here, we explore the relevance of circulating proinflammatory factors to the pathogenesis of psoriasis using a meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between circulating levels of inflammatory factors and psoriasis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying psoriasis and improve clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: We systematically retrieved articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and the Web of Science from the establishment of each database to January 2023. The standard mean difference (SMD) in cytokine levels of individuals with psoriasis and healthy controls was used to check for correlations between circulating inflammatory factor levels and psoriasis. RESULTS: Fifty-seven studies, with data from 2838 patients, were retrieved and included in the meta-analysis. Eleven inflammatory factors were studied (circulating interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23, IL-35, IL-36, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) and gamma-interferon (IFN-γ)). Of these, IL-2 [SMD = 1.29 (95% CI: 0.61-1.97; P <0.001)], IL-17 [SMD = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.12-1.30; P = 0.018)], IL-18 [SMD = 1.27 (95% CI: 0.64-1.90; P <0.001)], and IFN-γ [SMD = 1.90 (95% CI: 1.27-2.52; P <0.001)] levels had significant correlations with psoriasis. CONCLUSION: Increased serum concentrations of the circulating inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-17, IL-18 and IFN-γ were significantly correlated with psoriasis.

DNA barcoding of Chinese snakes reveals hidden diversity and conservation needs.

DNA barcoding has greatly facilitated studies of taxonomy, biodiversity, biological conservation, and ecology. Here, we establish a reliable DNA barcoding library for Chinese snakes, unveiling hidden diversity with implications for taxonomy, and provide a standardized tool for conservation management. Our comprehensive study includes 1638 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from Chinese snakes that correspond to 17 families, 65 genera, 228 named species (80.6% of named species) and 36 candidate species. A barcode gap analysis reveals gaps, where all nearest neighbour distances exceed maximum intraspecific distances, in 217 named species and all candidate species. Three species-delimitation methods (ABGD, sGMYC, and sPTP) recover 320 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), of which 192 OTUs correspond to named and candidate species. Twenty-eight other named species share OTUs, such as Azemiops feae and A. kharini, Gloydius halys, G. shedaoensis, and G. intermedius, and Bungarus multicinctus and B. candidus, representing inconsistencies most probably caused by imperfect taxonomy, recent and rapid speciation, weak taxonomic signal, introgressive hybridization, and/or inadequate phylogenetic signal. In contrast, 43 species and candidate species assign to two or more OTUs due to having large intraspecific distances. If most OTUs detected in this study reflect valid species, including the 36 candidate species, then 30% more species would exist than are currently recognized. Several OTU divergences associate with known biogeographic barriers, such as the Taiwan Strait. In addition to facilitating future studies, this reliable and relatively comprehensive reference database will play an important role in the future monitoring, conservation, and management of Chinese snakes.

Compound betamethasone in the treatment of pain after supraspinatus tendon repair.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of compound betamethasone on pain points of the supraspinatus tendon by local blocking therapy after repair surgery. METHODS: This non-randomised controlled trial included patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of supraspinatus tendon tears and who had long-term pain. At 3 months following surgery, patients were assigned to an experimental group, whose pain points were treated with compound betamethasone, or a control group who did not receive compound betamethasone. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Constant shoulder score for pain were determined at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months following surgery and analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of 38 included patients, there were no statistically significant between-group differences in VAS score, PSQI or Constant shoulder scores at 3 months following surgery. At 4, 5 and 6 months after surgery, the VAS score and PSQI were significantly lower, and the Constant shoulder score was significantly higher, in the experimental group versus controls. CONCLUSIONS: Using compound betamethasone to locally block pain points after supraspinatus tendon repair surgery may significantly alleviate pain, improve sleep quality, facilitate functional shoulder exercise and achieve good shoulder function.

Case report: A case of corneal epithelial injury associated with Pthiriasis palpebrarum.

Significance: Phthiriasis palpebrarum is an uncommon infection due to Phthirus pubis inoculating the eyelashes and surrounding tissues of the eye. Because of its rarity, it may be misdiagnosed as blepharitis or conjunctivitis clinically. Purpose: This report described a rare case of corneal epithelial injury associated with Phthiriasis palpebrarum. Case report: A 59-year-old woman presented with 1 month history of repeated episodes of itching and irritation symptoms in both eyes. A slit-lamp examination was performed, which revealed mild conjunctival hyperemia and corneal epithelial defects in both eyes. On closer examination, crab-like lice, nits, and red pinpoint excretions were seen on her eyelashes and eyelids bilaterally. Corneal fluorescein staining in both eyes was observed, and tear film break-up time (BUT) in each eye was 2 s. Numerous lice were also found attached to the scalp hair. Therefore, a clinical diagnosis of corneal epithelial injury associated with Pthiriasis palpebrarum was made. For treatment, eyelashes with nits and/or lice were removed mechanically with a fine tweezers. Then, 0.01% Hypochlorous Acid eye wash was used to clean the eyelid margin twice daily. Also, she was prescribed a combination of Vitamin A Palmitate eye gel three times a day and Tobradex® eye ointment once daily. Meanwhile, the patient was provided with suggestions on how to improve personal hygiene and environmental hygiene, including cutting of the scalp hair and the application of 0.01% permethrin rinse. One week later, no evidence of lice and nits of the eyelashes and scalp hair was found, and the patient's symptoms and signs also improved significantly. Conclusion: This rare case suggested that the eyelashes of patients presenting with itching and irritation symptoms should be carefully examined with a slit-lamp. Besides removal of the parasites, attention should be paid to the treatment of corneal epithelial injury associated with Pthiriasis palpebrarum.

Case Report: A Case of Cystoid Macular Edema in Retinitis Pigmentosa With Central Retinal Vein Occlusion.

Significance: Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a common complication of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). However, CME in RP with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is rare. Prompt administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medication can achieve a satisfactory prognosis. Purpose: This report describes a case of using anti-VEGF medication to treat CME secondary to RP with impending or mild CRVO. Case Report: A 26-year-old female presented for blurred vision in both eyes. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/50 in the right eye and finger-counting in the left eye. According to ophthalmic examinations, CME secondary to RP in the right eye and CME secondary to RP with impending or mild CRVO in her left eye can be diagnosed. Central macular thickness (CMT) was 554 µ m in the right eye and 831 µm in the left eye. Only the left eye was treated with a single intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF medication. One month later, BCVA increased to 20/200 and CMT decreased to 162 µm in the left eye. Interestingly, BCVA in the right eye also had an improvement (20/40) and intraretinal fluid decreased significantly. However, 3 months after injection, these improvements of both eyes were not maintained. Conclusion: This is the second case of RP with CRVO. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF medication for addressing CME secondary to RP with CRVO is an effective treatment, but it needs to be reinjected.