Continuous renal replacement therapy outcomes in acute kidney injury and end-stage renal disease: a cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a widely used but resource-intensive treatment. Despite its broad adoption in intensive care units (ICUs), it remains challenging to identify patients who would be most likely to achieve positive outcomes with this therapy and to provide realistic prognostic information to patients and families. METHODS: We analyzed a prospective cohort of all 863 ICU patients initiated on CRRT at an academic medical center from 2008 to 2011 with either new-onset acute kidney injury (AKI) or pre-admission end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We examined in-hospital and post-discharge mortality (for all patients), as well as renal recovery (for AKI patients). We identified prognostic factors for both in-hospital and post-discharge mortality separately in patients with AKI or ESRD. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 61% for AKI and 54% for ESRD. In patients with AKI (n=725), independent risk factors for mortality included age over 60 (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3, 2.7), serum lactate over 4 mmol/L (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5, 3.1), serum creatinine over 3 mg/dL at time of CRRT initiation (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43, 0.92) and comorbid liver disease (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.1, 2.9). Among patients with ESRD (n=138), liver disease was associated with increased mortality (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1, 11.1) as was admission to a medical (vs surgical) ICU (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1, 4.7). Following discharge, advanced age became a predictor of mortality in both groups (AKI: HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2, 3.0; ESRD: HR 4.1, 95% CI 1.5, 10.9). At the end of the study period, only 25% (n=183) of patients with AKI achieved dialysis-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients initiating CRRT, risk factors for mortality differ between patients with underlying ESRD or newly acquired AKI. Long-term dialysis-free survival in AKI is low. Providers should consider these factors when assessing prognosis or appropriateness of CRRT.

Hospitalized patients' participation and its impact on quality of care and patient safety.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the extent to which hospitalized patients participate in their care, and the association of patient participation with quality of care and patient safety. DESIGN: Random sample telephone survey and medical record review. SETTING: US acute care hospitals in 2003. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2025 recently hospitalized adults. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospitalized patients reported participation in their own care, assessments of overall quality of care and the presence of adverse events (AEs) in telephone interviews. Physician reviewers rated the severity and preventability of AEs identified by interview and chart review among 788 surveyed patients who also consented to medical record review. RESULTS: Of the 2025 patients surveyed, 99.9% of patients reported positive responses to at least one of seven measures of participation. High participation (use of >4 activities) was strongly associated with patients' favorable ratings of the hospital quality of care (adjusted OR: 5.46, 95% CI: 4.15-7.19). Among the 788 patients with both patient survey and chart review data, there was an inverse relationship between participation and adverse events. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, patients with high participation were half as likely to have at least one adverse event during the admission (adjusted OR = 0.49, 0.31-0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Most hospitalized patients participated in some aspects of their care. Participation was strongly associated with favorable judgments about hospital quality and reduced the risk of experiencing an adverse event.

Patient and Provider-Identified Factors Contributing to Surgical Readmission After Colorectal Surgery.

PURPOSE: Nearly one in seven surgical patients is readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. Few studies have identified patient-centric factors that raise the risk of both preventable and nonpreventable postoperative readmissions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over 6 months in 2012, 48 colorectal surgical patients were identified on re-admission within 30 days of discharge. We prospectively obtained information on the patient's and primary surgeon's views on factors that contributed to readmission, and compiled data to produce an external list of contributing factors. A standard cost analysis was performed. RESULTS: 48 colorectal surgery patients participated, and 47 were included in this patient-centric evaluation of factors leading to readmission. The three primary readmission diagnoses included dehydration, fever, and ileus or small bowel obstruction. Of all readmissions, 23% were considered to be preventable. 38% of patients had scheduled follow-up appointments that were documented in the medical record at the time of discharge. Providers identified several factors contributing to readmission including difficulty understanding discharge plan, medication management and premature discharge. Per patient, the cost of preventable readmission was $15,366 (±20%; $12,293-$18,439). Total preventable cost was $169,025 (±20%; $135,220-$202,829). CONCLUSIONS: The ability to obtain an outpatient postoperative appointment and the understanding of their own postoperative care were the most commonly identified barriers. Interventions to help reduce unnecessary readmissions include a standard discharge process and coordinator, and routine (<7 days) postdischarge outpatient appointments. Successful reduction of preventable readmissions would result in approximately $3.6 million in cost savings per 1,000 colorectal readmissions.

A multidisciplinary three-phase approach to improve the clinical utility of patient safety indicators.

PURPOSE: The AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) are used for calculation of risk-adjusted postoperative rates for adverse events. The payers and quality consortiums are increasingly requiring public reporting of hospital performance on these metrics. We discuss processes designed to improve the accuracy and clinical utility of PSI reporting in practice. METHODS: The study was conducted at a 793-bed tertiary care academic medical center where PSI processes have been aggressively implemented to track patient safety events at discharge. A three-phased approach to improving administrative data quality was implemented. The initiative consisted of clinical review of all PSIs, documentation improvement, and provider outreach including active querying for patient safety events. RESULTS: This multidisciplinary effort to develop a streamlined process for PSI calculation reduced the reporting of miscoded PSIs and increased the clinical utility of PSI monitoring. Over 4 quarters, 4 of 41 (10%) PSI-11 and 9 of 138 (7%) PSI-15 errors were identified on review of clinical documentation and appropriate adjustments were made. CONCLUSION: A multidisciplinary, phased approach leveraging existing billing infrastructure for robust metric coding, ongoing clinical review, and frontline provider outreach is a novel and effective way to reduce the reporting of false-positive outcomes and improve the clinical utility of PSIs.

Physicians' beliefs about racial differences in referral for renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Black patients with end-stage renal disease are much less likely than white patients to undergo renal transplantation, but previous research has shown that black patients are only slightly less likely to desire this procedure. A better understanding of physicians' views about racial differences in access to transplantation may help reduce disparities in care. METHODS: We surveyed 278 nephrologists in 4 US regions about quality of life and survival for black and white patients undergoing renal transplantation and reasons for racial differences in access to transplantation. We also surveyed 606 of their patients about their care. RESULTS: Physicians were less likely to believe transplantation improves survival for blacks than whites (69% versus 81%; P = 0.001), but similarly likely to believe it improves quality of life (84% versus 86%). Factors commonly cited by physicians as important reasons why blacks are less likely than whites to be evaluated for transplantation included patients' preferences (66%), availability of living donors (66%), failure to complete evaluations (53%), and comorbid illnesses (52%). Fewer physicians perceived patient-physician communication and trust (38%) or physician bias (12%) as important reasons. Black patients were less likely than white patients to report receiving some or a lot of information about transplantation (55% versus 74%; P = 0.006) when their physicians did not view patient-physician communication and trust as an important reason for racial differences in care. CONCLUSION: Nephrologists' views about the benefits of renal transplantation and reasons for racial differences in access to this procedure may affect how they present this treatment option to black and white patients.