Leakage of biodiversity risks under the European Union Biodiversity Strategy 2030.

The European Union Biodiversity Strategy 2030 (EUBDS) aims to regain biodiversity through enhanced forest conservation and protection, which may lead to increased timber harvest in non-EU countries. We aimed to identify the potential leakage of biodiversity risks as induced by the EUBDS. We created an indicator framework that allows one to quantify vulnerability of forest biodiversity. The framework is based on 26 biodiversity indicators for which indicator values were publicly available. We weighted single indicator values with countrywise modeled data on changed timber production under EUBDS implementation. Nearly 80% of the indicators pointed to higher vulnerability in the affected non-EU countries. Roundwood production was transferred to countries with, on average, lower governance quality (p = 0.0001), political awareness (p = 0.548), forest coverage (p = 0.034), and biomass (p = 0.272) and with less sustainable forest management (p = 0.044 and p = 0.028). These countries had more natural habitats (p = 0.039) and intact forest landscapes (p = 0.0001) but higher risk of species extinction (p = 0.006) and less protected area (p = 0.0001) than the EU countries. Only a few indicators pointed to lower vulnerability and biodiversity risks outside the EU. Safeguards are needed to ensure that implementation of EUBDS does not cause harm to ecosystems elsewhere. The EU regulation on deforestation-free supply chains might have limited effects because the sustainable management of existing and even expanding forests is not well considered. Sustained roundwood production in the EU is needed to avoid placing more pressure on more vulnerable ecosystems elsewhere. Decreasing species and habitat indicator values nevertheless call for global conservation and protection schemes. The EUBDS helped pave the way to the Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework. Yet, lower values for the indicators mean governance and biodiversity engagement in non-EU countries suggest that this global framework might not sufficiently prevent leakage of risks to biodiversity. Effective land-use planning is necessary to balance conservation schemes with roundwood production.

Evaluación de la fuga de riesgos para la biodiversidad bajo la Estrategia de la Unión Europea sobre Biodiversidad 2030 Resumen La Estrategia de la Unión Europea sobre Biodiversidad 2030 (EEUSBD) busca recuperar la biodiversidad por medio de mejoras en la conservación y protección forestal, lo que podría derivar en un incremento en la producción maderera en los países que no pertenecen a la UE. Buscamos identificar la posible fuga de riesgos para la biodiversidad inducida por la EEUSBD. Creamos un marco indicador que permita cuantificar la vulnerabilidad de la biodiversidad forestal. El marco se basa en 26 indicadores de biodiversidad cuyos valores están disponibles al público. Ponderamos los valores de los indicadores individuales con datos modelados por países sobre los cambios en la producción maderera tras la aplicación de la EEUSBD. Casi el 80% de los indicadores señalaron un aumento de la vulnerabilidad en los países afectados que no pertenecen a la UE. La extracción forestal se transfirió a países que en promedio tienen menor calidad de gobierno (p = 0.0001), conciencia política (p = 0.548), cobertura forestal (p = 0.034) y biomasa (p = 0.272) y con un manejo forestal menos sustentable (p = 0.044 y p = 0.028). Estos países tienen más hábitats naturales (p = 0.039) y paisajes forestales intactos (p = 0.0001) pero un riesgo más elevado de extinción de especies (p = 0.006) y un área menos protegida (p = 0.0001) que los países de la UE. Sólo unos cuantos indicadores señalaron una reducción en la vulnerabilidad y los riesgos para la biodiversidad fuera de la UE. Se requieren salvaguardas para asegurar que la implementación de la EEUSBD no dañe los ecosistemas en otras partes. La regulación de la UE sobre las cadenas de producción libres de deforestación podría tener efectos limitados pues no se considera correctamente el manejo sustentable del bosque existente o en expansión. También se requiere una extracción forestal sostenida en la UE para evitar una mayor presión sobre otros ecosistemas vulnerables en otras localidades. Sin embargo, la reducción en los valores de los indicadores de especies y hábitat exige esquemas mundiales de conservación y protección. La EEUSBD ayudó a trazar el camino para el Marco Mundial de Biodiversidad de Kunming­Montreal, sin embargo, los valores más bajos de los indicadores de gobernanza y compromiso con la biodiversidad en países no pertenecientes a la UE sugieren que este marco global podría no prevenir efectivamente las fugas de riesgos para la biodiversidad. Es necesario planear eficientemente el uso de suelo para balancear los esquemas de conservación con la extracción forestal.

监测区域保护的治理和管理有效性早已被视为实现国家和全球生物多样性目标和实现适应性管理的重要基础。然而, 保护行动者(包括受治理和管理系统影响的人们)在实施保护活动和计划, 以及收集和利用治理和管理数据为跨时空尺度的决策提供信息的过程中, 仍面临重重阻碍。本文探讨了当前和过去为评估治理和管理有效性所做的努力、行动者在使用产出数据时面临的阻碍, 以及为保护决策提供信息的洞见。为了帮助克服这些阻碍, 我们开发了Elinor这一免费开源监测工具, 该工具以诺贝尔奖获得者Elinor Ostrom的研究成果为基础, 旨在促进不同治理和管理类型区域跨空间尺度的环境治理和管理数据的收集、存储、共享、分析和使用。本文介绍了与保护科学家和实践者共同设计和试用Elinor的过程, 以及其评估和在线数据系统的主要组成部分。我们还考虑了Elinor如何对现有方法进行补充, 包括:在单一评估中高水平地处理不同类型区域保护的治理和管理问题, 为数据收集提供灵活的选择, 以及整合数据系统与评估来支持不同空间尺度的数据使用和共享, 包括对《全球生物多样性框架》的全球监测。虽然挑战持续存在, 但Elinor的开发过程和工具本身为克服系统性收集和使用治理与管理数据中面临的阻碍提供了切实的解决方案。随着Elinor被更广泛地采用, 它将在实现更有效、更包容和更长期的基于区域的保护中发挥宝贵作用。【翻译:胡怡思;审校:聂永刚】.

Maml1 acts cooperatively with Gli proteins to regulate sonic hedgehog signaling pathway.

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for proliferation of cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs) and its misregulation is linked to various disorders, including cerebellar cancer medulloblastoma. The effects of Shh pathway are mediated by the Gli family of transcription factors, which controls the expression of a number of target genes, including Gli1. Here, we identify Mastermind-like 1 (Maml1) as a novel regulator of the Shh signaling since it interacts with Gli proteins, working as a potent transcriptional coactivator. Notably, Maml1 silencing results in a significant reduction of Gli target genes expression, with a negative impact on cell growth of NIH3T3 and Patched1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), bearing a constitutively active Shh signaling. Remarkably, Shh pathway activity results severely compromised both in MEFs and GCPs deriving from Maml1-/- mice with an impairment of GCPs proliferation and cerebellum development. Therefore Maml1-/- phenotype mimics aspects of Shh pathway deficiency, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for Maml1 in cerebellum development. The present study shows a new role for Maml1 as a component of Shh signaling, which plays a crucial role in both development and tumorigenesis.

Combating the effects of climatic change on forests by mitigation strategies.

BACKGROUND: Forests occur across diverse biomes, each of which shows a specific composition of plant communities associated with the particular climate regimes. Predicted future climate change will have impacts on the vulnerability and productivity of forests; in some regions higher temperatures will extend the growing season and thus improve forest productivity, while changed annual precipitation patterns may show disadvantageous effects in areas, where water availability is restricted. While adaptation of forests to predicted future climate scenarios has been intensively studied, less attention was paid to mitigation strategies such as the introduction of tree species well adapted to changing environmental conditions. RESULTS: We simulated the development of managed forest ecosystems in Germany for the time period between 2000 and 2100 under different forest management regimes and climate change scenarios. The management regimes reflect different rotation periods, harvesting intensities and species selection for reforestations. The climate change scenarios were taken from the IPCC's Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES). We used the scenarios A1B (rapid and successful economic development) and B1 (high level of environmental and social consciousness combined with a globally coherent approach to a more sustainable development). Our results indicate that the effects of different climate change scenarios on the future productivity and species composition of German forests are minor compared to the effects of forest management. CONCLUSIONS: The inherent natural adaptive capacity of forest ecosystems to changing environmental conditions is limited by the long life time of trees. Planting of adapted species and forest management will reduce the impact of predicted future climate change on forests.