Hospitalizations realted to herpes zoster infection in the Canary Islands, Spain (2005-2014).

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster is an important problem of public health especially among the elderly in Spain. METHODS: A population-based retrospective epidemiological study to estimate the burden of herpes zoster requiring hospitalization in the Canary Islands, Spain was conducted by using data from the national surveillance system for hospital data, Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos. Records of all patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of herpes zoster in any position and cases of primary diagnosis (ICD-9-MC codes 053.0-053.9) during a 10-year period (2005-2014), were selected. RESULTS: A total of 1088 hospitalizations with a primary or secondary diagnosis of herpes zoster were identified during the study period. Annually there were 6.99 hospitalizations by herpes zoster per 100,000 population. It increases with age reaching a maximum in persons ≥85 years of age (43.98 admissions per 100,000). Average length of hospitalization was 16 days and 73 patients died, with a case-fatality rate of 4.03%. In 22% of the cases hospitalized, herpes zoster was the primary diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The hospitalization burden of herpes zoster in adults in the Canary Islands was still important during the last decade and justify the implementation of preventive measures, like vaccination in the elderly or other high risk groups to reduce the most severe cases of the disease.

Blogged nursing: analysis of the phenomenon and contextualization in the Spanish setting.

Blogging within the health profession has grown in the recent past. This article aims to perform an analysis of the theoretical aspects of blogging, the use by professional nurses and students, benefits for patients, and, finally, an approach to the activities of Spanish nursing blogs. Blogs have great advantages as social communication tools. Immediacy in content update, closeness to information consumers, and compatibility with other Web 2.0 tools are points to be highlighted. Nurses use blogs for education and communication with other health professionals, students, and patients. For patients, therapeutic effects have been demonstrated in using blogging to share their health problems and express their experiential viewpoints. There are about 80 blogs written by Spanish nurses; most of them originated in the period between 2010 and 2012. These blogs are targeted to professionals (59%), patients (20%), or mixed (13%). There is a great heterogeneity in content: informative style (20%), opinion (28%), narrative (9%), experiential (2%), or humorous (2%). Nursing language is present in 15%, research and evidence-based practice in 13%, and protocols, guidelines, and procedures in 11% of them. We propose the need to plan institutional strategies for effective use of Web 2.0 resources as well as the need to unify criteria to provide quality content.

Community Care Needs of Highly Complex Chronic Patients: An Epidemiological Study in a Healthcare Area.

One of the priorities in family and community care is the epidemiological surveillance of the care needs and dysfunctionality present in populations of highly complex chronic patients (HCCPs) using standardised nursing languages. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of care needs and dysfunctionality among HCCPs in a specific health area by municipalities and geographical areas (metropolitan, north, and south) while verifying correlations with sociodemographic, financial, and health characteristics. This is an epidemiological, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out with a sample of 51,374 HCCPs, whose data were grouped into 31 municipalities. Data were collected on the following variables: sociodemographic, financial, health, functional status (health patterns), and care needs (nursing diagnoses). The mean age of the HCCPs was 73.41 (1.45) years, of which 56.18 (2.86)% were women. The municipalities in the northern area have a significantly higher proportion of older patients, HCCPs, lower incomes, and higher unemployment rates. The southern area had higher proportions of non-Spanish nationals and professionals in the hotel and catering industry, and the metropolitan area had a higher proportion of employed individuals and higher levels of education. Northern municipalities had a higher prevalence of illnesses and anxiolytic and anti-psychotic treatments. Dysfunctionality frequencies did not differ significantly by area. However, a higher prevalence of 13 nursing diagnoses was observed in the north. A high number of correlations were observed between population characteristics, dysfunctionality, and prevalent diagnoses. Finally, the frequencies of dysfunctionality in the population and the most common care needs were mapped by municipality. This research sought to ascertain whether there was an unequal distribution of these two aspects among HCCPs in order to gain a deeper epidemiological understanding of them from a family and community perspective using standardised nursing languages. This study was not registered.

Solvent-dependent truxene-based nanostructures.

Three truxene derivatives functionalized with alkyl chains, either attached directly or distanced by linking phenyl or ethynyl groups, self-assemble in solution and induce the gelation of different solvents in spite of not being endowed with groups able to establish strong directional interactions. A (1)H NMR study points to face-to-face alternating π-stacked motifs at the origin of nucleation. Solvents play an important role in modulating the aggregation of these derivatives giving rise to fibrous or spherical superstructures. Analysis of the influence of different solvents on the morphology of the aggregates provides a better understanding of the various stages of the hierarchical self-assembly. The way in which alkyl chains are attached to the central core also strongly affects the self-assembling properties and gelation ability of this series. Phenyl spacers present the highest association constants in solution and give rise to gelation in a broader range of solvents. This behavior has been rationalized by means of (1)H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, SEM, and photophysical measurements. Interestingly, it was found that these compounds in the gel state exhibit unusual emission properties most likely arising from the formation of excimers, which evidences that π-π interactions also occur in the excited state.

Knowledge of Diabetic Retinopathy among Primary Care Nurses Performing Fundus Photography and Agreement with Ophthalmologists on Screening.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), with macular oedema being one of the leading causes of avoidable blindness among individuals with DM worldwide. Fundus screening is the only method for early detection and treatment. High-quality training programmes for professionals performing primary care screening are essential to produce high-quality images that facilitate accurate lesion identification. This is a two-phase observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The first phase analysed DR knowledge in a sample of nurses. The second phase explored agreement on DR screening between referral ophthalmologists in image assessment (gold standard) and a small group of nurses involved in the previous phase. In phase 1, the agreement rate for screening results was 90%. In phase 2, the overall raw agreement on the screening of fundus photography results between nurses and ophthalmologists was 75% (Cohen's kappa = 0.477; p < 0.001). Agreement on screening with ophthalmologists was moderate, suggesting that implementing a specific training programme for nurse-led imaging screening would help develop this competence among nurses, ensuring a good level of agreement and patient safety and adding value for users, and also for the sustainability of the healthcare system. This study was not registered.

Cross-mapping medical records to NANDA-I to identify nursing diagnoses in a vulnerable population.

PURPOSE: To assess the association between vulnerable populations and nursing care needs, using NANDA-I diagnostics, in the population of the Canary Islands, Spain. METHODS: Nursing social epidemiology study. Cross Mapping of Medical Records to NANDA-I to Identify Nursing Diagnoses in a Population usinga medical, epidemiological follow-up study of a cohort of 7,190 people. The level of vulnerability of the participants was assigned, among those who were also assigned nursing diagnoses, using the "ICE index" to calculate the expected associations. FINDINGS: The most prevalent nursing diagnosis in our sample was Sedentary lifestyle (60.5%), followed by Ineffective health self-management (33.8%) and Risk-prone health behaviour (28.7%). Significant differences were found by sex, age group and social class, with the nursing diagnoses included in the study being more prevalent among the most socio-economically disadvantaged social class. CONCLUSIONS: The cross-mapping method is useful to generate diagnostic information in terms of care needs, using the NANDA-I classification. The expected associations between high social vulnerability and care needs have been verified in a comprehensive and representative sample of the Canarian population (Spain). IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: From an epidemiological perspective, identifying nursing diagnoses at the population level allows us to find the most prevalent needs in the different community groups and to focus appropriate nursing interventions for their implementation and impact assessment.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre las poblaciones vulnerables y las necesidades de cuidados de enfermería, utilizando la clasificación diagnóstica NANDA-I, en la población de las Islas Canarias, España. MÉTODOS: Estudio de epidemiología social enfermera. Mapeo cruzado de registros médicos con la clasificación NANDA-I para identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería en una población mediante un estudio de seguimiento médico y epidemiológico de una cohorte de 7.190 personas. Se asignó el nivel de vulnerabilidad de los participantes, entre los que también se asignaron diagnósticos de enfermería, utilizando el "índice REI" para calcular las asociaciones esperadas. RESULTADOS: El diagnóstico de enfermería más prevalente en nuestra muestra fue Estilo de vida sedentario (60,5%), seguido de Autogestión ineficaz de la salud (33,8%) y Tendencia a adoptar conductas de riesgo para la salud (28,7%). Se encontraron diferencias significativas por sexo, grupo de edad y clase social, siendo los diagnósticos de enfermería incluidos en el estudio más prevalentes entre la clase social más desfavorecida socioeconómicamente. CONCLUSIONES: El método de mapeo cruzado es útil para generar información diagnóstica en términos de necesidades de cuidados, utilizando la clasificación NANDA-I. Se han verificado las asociaciones esperadas entre alta vulnerabilidad social y necesidades de cuidados en una muestra amplia y representativa de la población canaria (España). IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA ENFERMERA: Desde una perspectiva epidemiológica, la identificación de los diagnósticos de enfermería a nivel poblacional permite encontrar las necesidades más prevalentes en los diferentes grupos de la comunidad y focalizar las intervenciones enfermeras adecuadas para su implementación y evaluación de impacto.

Effectiveness of a Standardized Nursing Process Using NANDA International, Nursing Interventions Classification and Nursing Outcome Classification Terminologies: A Systematic Review.

The decision-making in clinical nursing, regarding diagnoses, interventions and outcomes, can be assessed using standardized language systems such as NANDA International, the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification; these taxonomies are the most commonly used by nurses in informatized clinical records. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of the nursing process with standardized terminology using the NANDA International, the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification in care practice to assess the association between the presence of the related/risk factors and the clinical decision-making about nursing diagnosis, assessing the effectiveness of nursing interventions and health outcomes, and increasing people's satisfaction. A systematic review was carried out in Medline and PreMedline (OvidSP), Embase (Embase-Elsevier), The Cochrane Library (Wiley), CINAHL (EbscoHOST), SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI and Scielo (WOS), LILACS (Health Virtual Library) and SCOPUS (SCOPUS-Elsevier) and included randomized clinical trials as well as quasi-experimental, cohort and case-control studies. Selection and critical appraisal were conducted by two independent reviewers. The certainty of the evidence was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Methodology. A total of 17 studies were included with variability in the level and certainty of evidence. According to the outcomes, 6 studies assessed diagnostic decision-making and 11 assessed improvements in individual health outcomes. No studies assessed improvements in intervention effectiveness or population satisfaction. There is a need to increase studies with rigorous methodologies that address clinical decision-making about nursing diagnoses using NANDA International and individuals' health outcomes using the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification as well as implementing studies that assess the use of these terminologies for improvements in the effectiveness of nurses' interventions and population satisfaction with the nursing process.

Care Needs of Highly Complex Chronic Patients in the Canary Islands: An Observational Study.

In the last few decades, the impact of chronic health conditions on health systems, as well as on the quality of life, frailty, and dependence of those affected, has been brought to light. The objective of this study was to describe the population care needs of highly complex chronic patients (HCCPs). METHODS: An epidemiological observational study was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 13,262 patients were identified, 51% of which were elderly women. Among all patients, 84.4% had received a nursing assessment related to health patterns. Three diagnoses were established in 25% of the sample: readiness for enhanced health management, impaired skin integrity, and risk for falls. There were significant differences according to age, most importantly in terms of impaired skin integrity (39% of patients under 80 years old). Risk for falls, social isolation, situational low self-esteem, chronic low self-esteem, impaired home maintenance, anxiety, ineffective health management, ineffective coping, impaired memory, insomnia, and self-care deficits were more common in those living alone. A total of 37 diagnoses featured differences according to frailty/dependence. Approximately 23% of HCCPs suffered from frail elderly syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the most common care needs of HCCPs, describing the sociodemographic profile of this part of the population. The planning of HCCP care varies in nature. Factors such as the dependence level and frailty of these people should be taken into consideration.

Nursing Diagnoses, Planned Outcomes and Associated Interventions with Highly Complex Chronic Patients in Primary Care Settings: An Observational Study.

The information logged by nurses on electronic health records (EHRs) using standardised nursing languages can help us identify the characteristics of highly complex chronic patients (HCCP) by focusing on care in terms of patients' health needs. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of HCCPs using EHRs from primary care (PC) facilities, presenting patients' characteristics, functional status based on health patterns, NANDA-I nursing diagnoses, health goals based on Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), and care interventions using Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). With an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, epidemiological study design, this study was carried out with a sample of 51,374 individuals. The variables were grouped into sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, resources, functional status (health patterns), nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions. A total of 57.4% of the participants were women, with a mean age of 73.3 (12.2), and 51% were frail or dependent. Prevalent conditions included high blood pressure (87.2%), hyperlipidaemia (80%), osteoarthritis (67.8%), and diabetes (56.1%). The participants were frequent users of healthcare services, with 12.1% admitted to hospital in the past year. Some 49.2% had one to four health patterns assessed, with more information on biological and functional aspects than on psychosocial aspects. The mean number of nursing diagnoses was 7.3 (5.2), NOC outcomes 5.1 (4.1), and NIC interventions 8.1 (6.9). Moderately and highly significant differences were observed between dysfunction in physical activity/exercise health pattern and age group, and between dysfunction in other health patterns and classification as a frail or dependent elderly person. Regarding the presence of certain nursing diagnoses, significant differences were observed by age group, classification of elderly person status, and presence of diseases. A total of 20 NIC interventions showed moderately or relatively strong associations for older age groups, higher levels of dependency, and chronic health conditions.

Use of the Nursing Interventions Classification and Nurses' Workloads: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: The Nursing Interventions Classification allows the systematic organisation of care treatments performed by nurses, and an estimation of the time taken to carry out the intervention is included in its characteristics. The aim of this study is to explore the evidence related to the use of the Nursing Interventions Classification in identifying and measure nurses' workloads. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted through a search of the databases Ovid Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS and Cuiden. The DeCS/MeSH descriptors were: "Standardized Nursing terminology" and "Workload". The search was limited to articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese. No limits were established regarding year of publication or type of study. RESULTS: Few reports were identified (n = 8) and these had methodological designs that contributed low levels of evidence. Research was focused on identifying specific interventions, types of activities, the prevalence of interventions and the time required to perform them. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence found on determination of nurses' workloads using the Nursing Interventions Classification was inconclusive. It is essential to increase the number of reports, as well as the settings and clinical context in which the Nursing Interventions Classification is used, with greater quality and methodological rigour.

Use of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) to measure perceived knowledge about the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection: The impact of a training program in primary healthcare professionals.

PURPOSE: To analyze the impact of an online training intervention on primary healthcare professionals in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), evaluating the perceived knowledge about prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection using the NOC outcome "Knowledge: Infection management" [1842]. METHODS: Quasi-experimental design with prepost analysis of 12 indicators. The participants were the 705 primary healthcare professionals, both healthcare professionals and nonhealthcare professionals, who completed the online training program prepared and implemented by nurses in the teaching and research fields between May and July 2020. The change in the perceived level of knowledge before and after, as well as other associations between this knowledge and the other variables included in the study, were confirmed. FINDINGS: The results of the study describe significant differences in the change between pre- and posttraining for all indicators included in the comparison. CONCLUSIONS: This research shows the effectiveness of an online training program, appropriate for the need for social distancing required by the pandemic, in improving the knowledge of primary healthcare professionals about prevention and control of COVID-19. It also describes a new context for the use of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) through a training program organized and led by nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Our results suggest that the NOC classification is useful for assessing perceived knowledge about prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community among primary healthcare professionals. This study also provides evidence of the effectiveness of a nurse-led, nurse-designed online training intervention. To this end, the outcome criterion "Knowledge: Infection management" [1842] was used and its 12 original indicators were operationally defined. Overall, this study proposes a useful new framework for the NOC taxonomy, which, in addition to being intended for the assessment of outcomes among patients, families, and communities, is versatile enough to assess knowledge outcomes among professionals as well.

[Emotional management of the health crisis by coronavirus: A narrative review]. / Manejo emocional de la crisis sanitaria ante el coronavirus: una revisión narrativa.

OBJECTIVE: To make a synthesis of the available scientific evidence in the emotional management of the declared health crisis in the face of coronavirus. METHODS: A bibliographic search was made, without date limit, in Medline, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, Scopus and Web of Science™ databases using the following keywords "emotional management", "health crisis" and "health crisis response". Initially, 73 studies were identified and, after selecting them according to eligibility criteria, 10 were included. RESULTS: The main recommendations based on the available evidence indicate emotional management measures such as offering support groups to professionals, ensuring their social non-discrimination, strengthening their confidence and control capacity through training actions, as well as reinforcing the recognition of nurses by the community. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The accumulated evidence comes from experience with previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Stress was the most studied aspect, concerning issues such as social stigma, professionalism, intention to care, burnout, ethical conflicts, anxiety, depression or guilt. The emotional management of health crises in the face of the coronavirus requires an individual, collective, social and institutional strategy to reinforce security on all fronts and reduce fear through effective control measures using sufficient and adequate material and human resources.

Bereavement care interventions and outcome criteria planned by community nurses in the Canary Islands. / Intervenciones y criterios de resultado planificados por las enfermeras comunitarias en la atención al duelo en Canarias.

Nursing care in bereavement is complex. Primary health care is the ideal setting to support the bereaved, but we do not know much about the care plans designed by primary health care nurses in the treatment of grief. OBJECTIVE: To identify the outcomes criteria and interventions planned by nurses for mourners with and without complications in the Canary Islands. METHOD: Retrospective longitudinal study, using the electronic health records of the Canary Islands health service of people with a diagnosis of grieving, risk of complicated grieving and complicated grieving, in the period 2009-2014. RESULTS: NOC outcomes criteria were recorded in 67% of the mourners, and up to 24 different outcomes were identified. The main outcomes measures were Grief resolution; Psychosocial adjustment, Life change; Coping; Family coping; Family social climate and Caregiver emotional health. The remaining outcomes were present in less than 1% of the mourners. Although the outcomes criteria proposed by nurses in the mourners with and without complications were quite homogeneous, differences in interventions were found. In 67% of the cases, NIC interventions were reported. Ninety-nine different interventions were identified in the mourners; the most frequent were Emotional support; Grief work facilitation; Active listening; Coping enhancement and counselling. The remaining identified interventions were present in less than 5% of patients. The main interventions in the mourners with complications were Grief work facilitation; Coping enhancement; Active listening; Counselling and Family integrity promotion. CONCLUSION: Nurses state that there are more interventions and outcomes in mourners with complications. Given the few methodologically reliable studies that prove their effectiveness, continued research in this area is recommended.

Validation of an uncertainty of illness scale adapted to use with Spanish emergency department patients and their accompanying relatives or friends. / Validación de la Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en pacientes y acompañantes que acuden a un servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To validate a Spanish adaptation of the Mishel Uncertainty of Illness Scale for use with emergency-department (ED) patients and their accompanying relatives or friends (the UIS-ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We first developed a version of the questionnaire for Spanish ED situations. Next we assessed the content validity index for each of its items, revised it, and reassessed its face validity to produce a second version, which we then piloted in 20 hospital ED patients. A third revised version was then validated in a population of 320 adults (160 patients and 160 accompanying persons) who attended the ED between November 2015 and September 2016. The 12-item UIS-ED (60 points) was administered by 2 nurses while the patients and accompanying persons were in the ED. We gathered sociodemographic and clinical data as well as the subjects' perception about the information they were given. RESULTS: The mean (SD) uncertainty score among patients was 29 (11) points. Accompanying persons had a mean score of 36 (13) points. Factorial analysis confirmed the instrument's construct validity, finding that both dimensions of the original Mishel scale (complexity and ambiguity) were present in 6 items each. Factorial analysis explained 60% of the total variance in the patient version and 67% of the variance in the version for accompanying persons. Reliability statistics were good, with Cronbach's α values ranging from 0.912 to 0.938. Split-half reliability statistics ranged from 0.901 to 0.933. Correlations were significant in the analysis of convergent validity. CONCLUSION: The UIS-ED questionnaire may prove to be a simple, valid, and reliable way for assessing uncertainty in patients and their accompanying friends or relatives attending Spanish EDs.

OBJETIVO: Validar la Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en los pacientes y los acompañantes de un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). METODO: La validación de contenido incluyó el desarrollo de una versión adaptada a urgencias mediante consenso (versión 1), una versión tras validación del contenido (versión 2) y una versión tras un estudio piloto en 20 usuarios del SUH (versión 3). El estudio de validación se realizó en 320 sujetos adultos (160 pacientes y 160 acompañantes) que acudieron a un SUH entre noviembre de 2015 y septiembre de 2016. La Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en el Servicio de Urgencias (ESINESU) constó de 12 ítems (60 puntos) y fue administrada por dos enfermeras durante la estancia de los pacientes y los acompañantes en el SUH. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de la percepción sobre la información recibida. RESULTADOS: El grado de incertidumbre fue de 29 (DE 11) puntos en pacientes y 36 (DE 13) puntos en acompañantes. El análisis factorial confirmó, en las pruebas de validez de constructo, las dos dimensiones de la escala original (complejidad y ambigüedad), con 6 ítems en cada una de ellas. Dicho análisis factorial explicó un 60% de la varianza total en la versión de la escala para pacientes, y un 67% en la versión para acompañantes. Los valores de fiabilidad obtenidos fueron buenos, alfa de Cronbach de 0,912-0,938 y procedimiento de dos mitades 0,901-0,933. La validación convergente también mostró correlaciones significativas. CONCLUSIONES: La ESINESU podría ser una escala sencilla, válida y fiable para medir la incertidumbre de pacientes y acompañantes en los SUH españoles.

Factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en pacientes mayores de 18 años

RESUMEN Introducción: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad, a pesar de las mejoras en los resultados clínicos y la introducción de nuevos fármacos. Objetivo: evaluar la influencia de factores riesgo en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en el adulto de 18 años o más. Método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos y testigos en pacientes con el diagnóstico de enfermedad cardiovascular que acuden al servicio de medicina interna del Hospital General Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, Granma, desde el 5 de enero de 2017 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2018. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se tuvo en cuenta la edad, género, comorbilidad y los marcadores biológicos. Resultados: dentro de las variables cualitativas el hábito de fumar fue el factor más importante (OR: 3,60; IC: 1,664-7,787; p: 0,001) mientras que de las cuantitativas fue la hipertensión sistólica (OR: 11,50; IC: 1,457-90,896; p: 0,004). El análisis multivariado, mostró que la hipertensión sistólica fue el factor de riesgo independiente más relevante (OR: 11,52; IC del 95%: 3,077- 43,168; p: 0,000) seguido tener como antecedentes de diabetes mellitus (OR: 5,91; IC del 95%: 1,674-20,910). Conclusiones: sobresale como factor de riesgo independiente más importante la hipertensión sistólica, seguida de padecer de diabetes mellitus y tener edad igual o superior a 60 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality, despite improvements in clinical results and the introduction of new drugs. Objective: to evaluate the influence of risk factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases in adults aged 18 years or older. Method: a retrospective study of cases and controls was carried out in patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease who attend the internal medicine service of the General University Hospital "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes," Bayamo, Granma, from January 5, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Within the risk factors, age, gender, comorbidity and biological markers were taken into account. Results: among the qualitative variables, smoking was the most important factor (OR: 3.60; CI: 1.664-7.787; p: 0.001) while among the quantitative variables it was systolic hypertension (OR: 11.50; CI: 1457-90896, p: 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed that systolic hypertension was the most relevant independent risk factor (OR: 11.52; 95% CI: 3.077-43.168; p: 0.000) followed by having a history of diabetes mellitus (OR: 5.91 ;95% CI: 1674-20910). Conclusions: systolic hypertension stands out as the most important independent risk factor, followed by suffering from diabetes mellitus and being 60 years of age or older.

RESUMO Introdução: as doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morbimortalidade, apesar da melhora nos resultados clínicos e da introdução de novos medicamentos. Objetivo: avaliar a influência dos fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares em adultos com 18 anos ou mais. Método: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles em pacientes diagnosticados com doenças cardiovasculares que frequentam o serviço de medicina interna do Hospital Geral Universitário "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, Granma, de 5 de janeiro de 2017 a 31 de dezembro de 2018 Dentro dos fatores de risco foram considerados idade, sexo, comorbidade e marcadores biológicos. Resultados: entre as variáveis ​​qualitativas, o tabagismo foi o fator mais importante (OR: 3,60; IC: 1,664-7,787; p: 0,001) enquanto entre as variáveis ​​quantitativas foi a hipertensão sistólica (OR: 11,50; IC: 1457-90896, p: 0,004). A análise multivariada mostrou que a hipertensão sistólica foi o fator de risco independente mais relevante (OR: 11,52; IC 95%: 3,077-43,168; p: 0,000) seguido por história de diabetes mellitus (OR: 5,91; IC 95%: 1674-20910 ). Conclusões: a hipertensão sistólica destaca-se como o fator de risco independente mais importante, seguido por diabetes mellitus e idade igual ou superior a 60 anos.

Case Study: Community Nursing Care Plan for a Man With Functional and Psychosocial Problems Following a Stroke.

PURPOSE: The study aims to use the standardized nursing process to assist a middle-aged man with functional and psychosocial problems following a stroke. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained from interviews with the patient during primary care nurse consultations, electronic health record reviews, and reports from other professionals. To build the care plan, we used available scientific evidence, and we also considered a nurse-patient agreement. DATA SYNTHESIS: We used clinical reasoning with NANDA-I classification, the Nursing Outcomes Classification, and the Nursing Interventions Classification to select nursing diagnoses, patient outcomes, and nursing interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial problems complicate the management of a patient with functional consequences after a stroke. This fact has high impact on people who are going through this process.

Factores de riesgo y lesiones macrovasculares en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Introducción: entre las condiciones clínicas que causan riesgo cardiovascular la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sobresale, y son las complicaciones macrovasculares en estos pacientes la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: identificar la posible asociación entre factores de riesgo y el desarrollo de las lesiones macrovasculares en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de tipo casos y controles (relación 1:2), en pacientes con DM tipo 2 ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético (CAD) de Bayamo, provincia Granma, en el periodo comprendido entre 2017 y 2019. Resultados: el análisis de las variables cualitativas el no control de la diabetes fue el factor más importante (OR = 13,05; IC = 5,750-29,633; p = 0,000) seguido de electrocardiograma patológico (OR = 10,61; IC = 4,269-26,396; p = 0,000). El análisis univariado de las variables cuantitativas, la edad mayor de 55 años y la hipertensión arterial independientemente del tipo (sistólica o diastólica) fueron los factores más frecuentes. El análisis multivariado a través de una regresión logística binaria, el factor de mayor importancia fue el no control de la diabetes mellitus (IC = 6,758-27,639; p = 0,00) seguido del síndrome metabólico (OR = 15,837; IC = 2,869-17,424; p = 0,00) la hipertensión no controlada (OR = 11,319; IC = 2,016-63,542; p = 0,000). Conclusiones: los factores de riesgo de mayor relevancia para el desarrollo de la enfermedad cardiovascular en los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 fueron diabetes mellitus descontrolada, el síndrome metabólico y la hipertensión arterial no controlada.

Introduction: among Théo clinical conditions that cause cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes mellitus stands out, and macrovascular complications in these patients are the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Objective: to identify the possible association betei risk factors and the development of macrovascular lesions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: an analytical case-control study (1: 2 ratio) was carried out in patients with type 2 DM admitted to the Diabetic Care Center (CAD) of Bayamo, Granma province, in the period between 2017 and 2019 . Results: the analysis of the qualitativos variables, the non-control of diabetes was the most important factor (OR = 13.05; CI = 5.750-29.633; p = 0.000) followed by pathological electrocardiogram (OR = 10.61; CI = 4.269 -26.396; p = 0.000). Univariate analysis of quantitative variables, age over 55 years and arterial hypertension regardless of type (systolic or diastolic) were the most frequent factors. The multivariate analysis through a binary logistic regressos, the most important factor was the non-control of diabetes mellitus (CI = 6.758-27.639; p = 0.00) followed by the metabolic syndrome (OR = 15.837; CI = 2.869- 17,424; p = 0.00) uncontrolled hypertension (OR = 11.319; CI = 2.016-63.542; p = 0.000). Conclusions: the most relevant risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes were uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and uncontrolled arterial hypertension.

Introdução: dentre as condições clínicas que causam risco cardiovascular, destaca-se o diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo as complicações macrovasculares nesses pacientes a principal causa de morbimortalidade. Objetivo: identificar a possível associação entre fatores de risco e o desenvolvimento de lesões macrovasculares em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo analítico caso-controle (proporção 1: 2) em pacientes com DM tipo 2 internados no Centro de Atenção ao Diabético (CAD) de Bayamo, província de Granma, no período de 2017 a 2019. Resultados: na análise das variáveis ​​qualitativas, o não controle do diabetes foi o fator mais importante (OR = 13,05; IC = 5,750-29,633; p = 0,000) seguido do eletrocardiograma patológico (OR = 10,61; IC = 4,269 -26,396; p = 0,000). A análise univariada das variáveis ​​quantitativas, idade acima de 55 anos e hipertensão arterial independente do tipo (sistólica ou diastólica) foram os fatores mais frequentes. Na análise multivariada por meio de regressão logística binária, o fator mais importante foi o não controle do diabetes mellitus (IC = 6,758-27,639; p = 0,00) seguido da síndrome metabólica (OR = 15,837; IC = 2,869- 17.424; p = 0,00) hipertensão não controlada (OR = 11,319; IC = 2,016-63,542; p = 0,000). Conclusões: os fatores de risco mais relevantes para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 foram diabetes mellitus não controlada, síndrome metabólica e hipertensão arterial não controlada.

Ayuno preoperatorio / Preoperative fasting / Jejum pré-operatório

RESUMEN La broncoaspiración es una de las complicaciones más temidas por parte de los anestesiólogos durante todo el periodo perioperatorio. Desde hace más de un siglo, con el propósito de evitar esta complicación, se ha implementado el ayuno preoperatorio, periodo en el cual el paciente no ingiere alimentos para disminuir el contenido gástrico. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión de los aspectos más destacados y actuales sobre el ayuno preoperatorio. Para lo cual se realizó una búsqueda manual y digital en diferentes bases de datos como MEDLINE, Scielo, IBECS y Cochrane, con los descriptores siguientes: ayuno preoperatorio, efectos del ayuno. Cuando surge el concepto de ayuno preoperatorio el paciente debía estar más de 8 horas sin alimentarse, provocando esto no solo sensación de hambre, sed, irritabilidad, sino que también provocaba serias alteraciones endocrinometabólicas. Según las últimas recomendaciones, basadas en la evidencia científica, se aconseja seguir los siguientes tiempos de ayuno quirúrgico: 2 h para líquidos claros, 4 h para leche materna, 6 h para la leche de vaca, 8 h para sólidos. En conclusión, se considera que un periodo prolongado sin ingerir alimentos antes de la intervención quirúrgica lejos de ser beneficioso es deletéreo para el buen pronóstico del paciente.

ABSTRACT Bronchoa aspiration is one of the most feared complications by anesthesiologists throughout the perioperative period. For more than a century, in order to avoid this complication, preoperative fasting has been implemented, a period in which the patient does not eat food to decrease the gastric content. The purpose of this article is to review the highlights and current aspects of preoperative fasting. For which a manual and digital search was carried out in different databases such as MEDLINE, Scielo, IBECS and Cochrane, with the following descriptors: preoperative fasting, fasting effects. When the concept of preoperative fasting arises the patient had to spend more than 8 hours without feeding, causing this not only feeling hungry, thirsty, irritating, but also causing serious endocrine-metabolic alterations. According to the latest recommendations, based on scientific evidence, it is advised to follow the following times of surgical fasting: 2 h for clear liquids, 4 h for breast milk, 6 h for cow's milk, 8 h for solids. In conclusion, it is considered that an extended period without ingesting food before surgery far from being beneficial is deterreal for the patient's good prognosis.

RESUMO A aspiração de broncoa é uma das complicações mais temidas pelos anestesiologistas durante todo o período perioperatório. Há mais de um século, para evitar essa complicação, o jejum pré-operatório vem sendo implementado, período em que o paciente não come alimentos para diminuir o teor gástrico. O objetivo deste artigo é rever os destaques e os aspectos atuais do jejum pré-operatório. Para o qual foi realizada uma pesquisa manual e digital em diferentes bancos de dados como MEDLINE, Scielo, IBECS e Cochrane, com os seguintes descritores: jejum pré-operatório, efeitos de jejum. Quando surge o conceito de jejum pré-operatório, o paciente teve que passar mais de 8 horas sem se alimentar, fazendo com que isso não só se sentisse com fome, sede, irritando, mas também causando graves alterações endócrinas-metabólicas. De acordo com as últimas recomendações, com base em evidências científicas, é aconselhável seguir os seguintes tempos de jejum cirúrgico: 2h para líquidos claros, 4h para leite materno, 6h para leite de vaca, 8h para sólidos. Em conclusão, considera-se que um longo período sem ingerir alimentos antes da cirurgia longe de ser benéfico é distensão para o bom prognóstico do paciente.

Anestesia y ventilación unipulmonar para bullectomía mínimamente invasiva. A propósito de un caso / Case report: Anesthesia and single lung ventilation for minimally invasive bullectomy

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an underdiagnosed disease; it is one of the pulmonary diseases with the greatest impact on health worldwide. Objective: To describe the anesthetic conduct carried out in a patient who undergoes surgical intervention to practice bullectomy of the right lung. Clinical case: We present the case of a 42-year-old smoker who was admitted a month ago with bilateral pneumothorax due to emphysematous bullae. He underwent anesthesia and multimodal analgesia to undergo bullectomy, achieving a good recovery and without complications. Conclusions: The use of controlled ventilation strategies in volume control mode regulated by pressure. Combined anesthesia and multimodal analgesia as well as respiratory physiotherapy in patients who will undergo surgery to perform bullectomy is a good anesthetic strategy that guarantees an adequate recovery of the patient.

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una enfermedad infradiagnosticada, es uno de los padecimientos pulmonares con mayor repercusión en la salud a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Describir la conducta anestésica llevada a cabo en un paciente que se interviene quirúrgicamente para practicarle bullectomía de pulmón derecho. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 42 años de edad, fumador que ingresa hace un mes con neumotórax bilateral por bullas enfisematosas, se le realiza anestesia y analgesia multimodal, para realizarle bullectomía, logrando una buena recuperación del mismo y sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: La utilización de estrategias de ventilación controladas en modalidad volumen control regulada por presión. Anestesia combinada y analgesia multimodal, además, de una fisioterapia respiratoria en pacientes que serán operados para realizarles bullectomía es una buena estrategia anestésica que garantiza una adecuada recuperación del enfermo.

Case study: community nursing care plan for an elderly patient with urinary incontinence and social interaction problems after prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to show nursing procedures and standardized languages in care provided by community nurses to a patient affected by urinary incontinence after a prostatectomy. DATA SOURCES: Data were extracted from patient interviews during various consultations with the community nurse, and from electronic health records. The care plan was based on available scientific evidence. DATA SYNTHESIS: Clinical reasoning was used to select NANDA-I diagnoses, nursing outcomes classification, and nursing interventions classification. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary incontinence problems have a physical, psychological, and social development impact on people who suffer from this condition.