RESUMO
BACKGROUND.: In modern academic medicine, especially in the fields of infectious diseases and global health, aspiring physician-scientists often wait years before achieving independence as basic, translational, and clinical investigators. This study employed mixed methods to evaluate the success of the Burroughs Wellcome Fund/American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (BWF/ASTMH) global health postdoctoral fellowship in promoting scientific independence. METHODS.: We examined quantitative data obtained from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and qualitative data provided by the ASTMH and program participants to assess BWF/ASTMH trainees' success in earning NIH grants, publishing manuscripts, and gaining faculty positions. We also calculated the return on investment (ROI) associated with the training program by dividing direct costs of NIH research grants awarded to trainees by the direct costs invested by the BWF/ASTMH fellowship. RESULTS.: Forty-one trainees received fellowships between 2001 and 2015. Within 3 years of completing their fellowships, 21 of 35 (60%) had received career development awards, and within 5 years, 12 of 26 (46%) had received independent research awards. Overall, 22 of 35 (63%) received 1 or more research awards. BWF/ASTMH recipients with at least 3 years of follow-up data had coauthored a mean of 36 publications (range, 2-151) and 29 of 35 (82%) held academic positions. The return on investment was 11.9 overall and 31.8 for fellowships awarded between 2001 and 2004. CONCLUSIONS.: Between 2001 and 2015, the BWF/ASTMH postdoctoral training program successfully facilitated progress to scientific independence. This program model underscores the importance of custom-designed postdoctoral training as a bridge to NIH awards and professional autonomy.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Bolsas de Estudo , Saúde Global/educação , Medicina Tropical/educação , Pesquisa Biomédica , Bolsas de Estudo/economia , Humanos , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Revisão da Pesquisa por Pares , Editoração , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Many of the major human infectious diseases, including some now confined to humans and absent from animals, are 'new' ones that arose only after the origins of agriculture. Where did they come from? Why are they overwhelmingly of Old World origins? Here we show that answers to these questions are different for tropical and temperate diseases; for instance, in the relative importance of domestic animals and wild primates as sources. We identify five intermediate stages through which a pathogen exclusively infecting animals may become transformed into a pathogen exclusively infecting humans. We propose an initiative to resolve disputed origins of major diseases, and a global early warning system to monitor pathogens infecting individuals exposed to wild animals.