Long-term Outcomes of Robot-assisted Versus Laparoscopic Surgery for Colon Cancer: A Nationwide Register-based Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term survival in patients undergoing robot-assisted surgery (RAS) or laparoscopic surgery (LAS) for colon cancer. BACKGROUND: The potential long-term benefits of RAS compared with LAS for colon cancer are not well examined. Using a register-based approach, we aimed to compare these 2 surgical platforms in an analysis of long-term outcomes, including recurrence-free survival and all-cause- and colon cancer-specific mortality. METHODS: A nationwide register-based cohort study of patients with Union for International Cancer Control stage I-III colon cancer undergoing planned RAS or LAS from 2010 through 2018. Patient demographic, clinical, and pathological data were retrieved from Danish national registers. Survival and recurrence rates were estimated by Cox proportional hazard multivariate regression analysis adjusting for baseline covariates. RESULTS: A total of 7565 patients [LAS=6905 (91%) and RAS=660 (9%)] were included in the complete case survival analysis. Patients undergoing LAS had a significantly increased risk of cancer recurrence [LAS=1178 (17.1%), RAS=82 (12.4%), P =0.002] with a mean follow-up time of 4.93 years (standard deviation 2.47). The survival analysis of recurrence-free survival favored RAS [hazard ratio adjusted =0.80, 95% CI (0.64-1.00), P =0.049]. No associations between the 2 surgical platforms were evident regarding all-cause [hazard ratio adjusted =0.98, 95% CI (0.82-1.17), P =0.783] or colon cancer-specific mortality [hazard ratio adjusted =0.89, 95% CI (0.67-1.18), P =0.405]. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting RAS for colon cancer was associated with improved recurrence-free survival. However, it did not cause a lower all-cause- or colon cancer-specific mortality.

Poly-ϵ-caprolactone scaffold as staple-line reinforcement of rectal anastomosis: an experimental piglet study.

PURPOSE: Rectal anastomoses have a persisting high incidence of anastomotic leakage. This study aimed to assess whether the use of a poly-ϵ-caprolactone (PCL) scaffold as reinforcement of a circular stapled rectal anastomosis could increase tensile strength and improve healing compared to a control in a piglet model. METHOD: Twenty weaned female piglets received a stapled rectal anastomosis and were randomised to either reinforcement with PCL scaffold (intervention) or no reinforcement (control). On postoperative day five the anastomosis was subjected to a tensile strength test followed by a histological examination to evaluate the wound healing according to the Verhofstad scoring. RESULTS: The tensile strength test showed no significant difference between the two groups, but histological evaluation revealed significant impaired wound healing in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of a PCL scaffold into a circular stapled rectal anastomosis did not increase anastomotic tensile strength in piglets and indicated an impaired histologically assessed wound healing.

Translation and validation of the Hirschsprung and anorectal malformation quality of life (HAQL) questionnaire in a Danish Hirschsprung population.

BACKGROUND: Hirschsprung's disease (HD) may result in an impaired quality of life (QoL) due to bowel problems, postoperative complications and other health-related issues. The Hirschsprung and Anorectal Malformation Quality of Life (HAQL) questionnaire is a disease-specific instrument developed in the Netherlands to measure the QoL in patients with HD and anorectal malformations. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate HAQL in a Danish Hirschsprung population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Translation and cultural adaptation were performed according to international guidelines. Invitations to participate in the validation were sent to 401 patients operated for HD during the period from 1985 to 2012. A total of 156 patients completed the translated and culturally adapted Danish versions of HAQL and 35 parents of children and adolescents completed the corresponding parent questionnaire. Reliability was evaluated in terms of internal consistency using Cronbach's α and test-retest reliability using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for the retest step. Known groups comparison was performed with comparison of mild HD (defined as recto-sigmoidal HD) and serious HD (defined as more proximal disease). RESULTS: The internal consistency of the dimensions was overall satisfactory for adults and adolescents but more problematic for children, where Cronbach's α was less than 0.7 in 60% of the dimensions. For both children and adolescents, the α-value was unsatisfactory for social functioning, emotional functioning, and body image. The test-retest reliability was overall good. The known groups comparison was only able to demonstrate a significant difference between mild and severe HD within one dimension. CONCLUSIONS: The translated version of the HAQL questionnaires provides an overall reliable instrument for evaluating disease-specific QoL in a Danish HD population, but it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the questionnaire, especially in children and adolescents.

Surgical efficacy and learning curves of laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision with intracorporeal anastomosis for right-sided colon cancer: A retrospective two-center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is a potential benefit on long-term outcomes following complete mesocolic excision (CME) for right-sided colon cancer when compared to conventional colectomy. This study aims to analyze the learning curve and short-term outcomes of laparoscopic CME with intracorporeal anastomosis (ICA) for right-sided colon cancer in the hands of experienced colorectal surgeons. METHODS: A two-center cohort study of consecutive patients undergoing right-sided colectomy from September 2021 to May 2022 at two tertiary colorectal centers in Denmark. Learning curves of surgical time were estimated using a cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM). RESULTS: A total of 61 patients were included. According to the CUSUM analysis, 32 cases were needed to obtain a peak in operative time, resulting in a decrease in time consumption (group 1/learning phase: 217.2 min [SD 53.6] and group 2/plateau phase 191.6 min [SD 45.1], p = 0.05). There was a nonsignificant reduction in the rates of severe surgical complications (Clavien-Dindo > 3) (13% vs. 7%, p = 0.67) between the two groups, while the length of hospital stay remained constant (median 3.0 days, interquartile range, IQR [2.0; 4.0]). CONCLUSION: The learning curve of laparoscopic CME with ICA for right-sided colon cancer demonstrated that 32 cases were needed to obtain a plateau phase expressed by operative time.

Intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis in segmental resections for colon cancer: a retrospective cohort study of 328 patients.

PURPOSE: The intracorporeal anastomosis (IA) technique possibly results in enhanced recovery and reduced morbidity rates compared to the extracorporeal anastomosis (EA) technique. This study compared the short-term morbidity rates of IA versus EA in segmental resections for colon cancer. METHOD: We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients from 2015 to 2020 using the IA or EA technique at a single Danish colorectal center. Comparative outcomes of interest were surgical efficacy and short-term morbidity rates. An inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis of clinically relevant outcomes was conducted to explore potential baseline confounding. RESULTS: We included 328 patients, 129 in the EA and 199 in the IA groups. There was no significant difference in preoperative baseline characteristics between the two groups. The rate of overall surgical (16% in both groups, p = 1.000) and medical complications (EA: 25 (19%) vs. IA: 27 (14%), p = 0.167) was comparable for both groups. The IA technique did not cause a reduction in operative time (EA: 127.0 min [103.0-171.0] vs. IA: 134.0 min [110.0-164.0], p = 0.547). The IPTW analysis indicated that having an IA caused a reduction in the rate of major surgical complications (RRRadjusted = 0.45, 95%CI [0.29-0.69], p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Adopting IA for colon cancer resulted in similar overall morbidity rates without increasing the duration of the surgical procedure compared to EA. The IA technique had a probable protective effect against developing severe surgical complications. However, this must be interpreted cautiously, limited by the retrospective study design.

Primary anastomosis and suturing combined with vacuum-assisted abdominal closure in patients with secondary peritonitis due to perforation of the small intestine: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal resection and a proximal stoma is the preferred surgical approach in patients with severe secondary peritonitis due to perforation of the small intestine. However, proximal stomas may result in significant nutritional problems and long-term parenteral nutrition. This study aimed to assess whether primary anastomosis or suturing of small intestine perforation is feasible and safe using the open abdomen principle with vacuum-assisted abdominal closure (VAC). METHODS: Between January 2005 and June 2018, we performed a retrospective chart review of 20 patients (> 18 years) with diffuse faecal peritonitis caused by small intestinal perforation and treated with primary anastomosis/suturing and subsequent open abdomen with VAC. RESULTS: The median age was 65 years (range: 23-90 years). Twelve patients were female (60%). Simple suturing of the small intestinal perforation was performed in three cases and intestinal resection with primary anastomosis in 17 cases. Four patients (20%) died within 90-days postoperatively. Leakage occurred in five cases (25%), and three patients developed an enteroatmospheric fistula (15%). Thirteen of 16 patients (83%) who survived were discharged without a stoma. The rest had a permanent stoma. CONCLUSIONS: Primary suturing or resection with anastomosis and open abdomen with VAC in small intestinal perforation with severe faecal peritonitis is associated with a high rate of leakage and enteroatmospheric fistula formation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was approved by the Danish Patient Safety Authority (case number 3-3013-1555/1) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (file number 18/28,404). No funding was received.

Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic short- and long-term outcomes in complete mesocolic excision for right-sided colonic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Complete mesocolic excision (CME) surgery is increasingly implemented for the resection of right-sided colonic cancer, possibly resulting in improved 5-year overall and disease-free survival compared to non-CME surgery. However, it is not clear what surgical platform should be used. The aim of this study was to compare the following outcomes between robot-assisted and laparoscopic CME-surgery for right-sided colonic cancer: (i) short-term clinical outcomes, (ii) pathological specimen quality, and (iii) long-term oncological outcomes. METHODS: Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from inception until August 2021. Pooled proportions were calculated by applying the inverse variance method. Heterogeneity was explored by I-square and supplemented by sensitivity- and meta-regression analyses. The risk of bias was evaluated by either MINORS or Cochrane's risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2). RESULTS: Fifty-five studies with 5.357 patients (740 robot-assisted and 4617 laparoscopic) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall postoperative morbidity was 17% [95% CI (14-20%)] in the robot-assisted group and 13% [95%CI (12-13%)] in the laparoscopic group. Robot-assisted CME was associated with a shorter hospital stay, lower intraoperative blood loss, a higher amount of harvested lymph nodes, and better 3-year oerall and disease-free survival. MINORS and RoB2 indicated a serious risk of bias across studies included. CONCLUSIONS: This review which includes predominantly non-randomized studies suggests a possible advantage of the robot-assisted CME compared with a laparoscopic technique for several short-term outcomes.

Validation of the Endoscopic Part of the Spigelman Classification for Evaluating Duodenal Adenomatosis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: A Prospective Study of Interrater and Intrarater Reliability.

INTRODUCTION: In patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, the Spigelman classification is recommended for staging and risk stratification of duodenal adenomatosis. Although the classification has been used for decades, it has never been formally validated. METHODS: We included consecutive FAP patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopic surveillance and evaluated the inter- and intrarater reliability of the Spigelman classification. RESULTS: The interrater reliability of the endoscopic parameters and the Spigelman classification was good and excellent, respectively. The intrarater reliability of the endoscopic parameters and the Spigelman classification was moderate and good, respectively. DISCUSSION: The results support continued use of the Spigelman classification as the primary end point for future studies and as key endoscopic performance measure.

Remote ischemic postconditioning has a detrimental effect and remote ischemic preconditioning seems to have no effect on small intestinal anastomotic strength.

BACKGROUND: The effect of remote pre- and postconditioning on anastomotic healing has been sparsely studied. The aim of our study was to investigate whether remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) applied before and after the creation of a small bowel anastomosis had an effect on anastomotic healing on postoperative day five evaluated by a tensile strength test and histological analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two female piglets were randomized into two groups. The intervention group (n = 12) received RIC on the forelimbs consisting of 15 min of ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion before the first end-to-end ileal anastomosis was created. The RIC procedure was repeated and the second and more distal anastomosis was performed. The control group (n = 10) had two similar anastomoses with similar time intervals but without RIC. On postoperative day five, the anastomoses were subjected to macroscopic evaluation, tensile strength test and histological examination. RESULTS: Mean tensile strength when the first transmural rupture appeared (MATS-2) was significantly lower in the first anastomosis in the intervention group compared to the control group (11.4 N vs 14.7 N, p < .05). Similar result was found by the maximal strength (MATS-3) as defined by a drop in the load curve (12.3 N vs 15.9 N, p < .05). Histologically, a significantly higher necrosis score was found in the anastomosis in the intervention group (1.4 vs 0.8, p < .05). No other significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, post-anastomotic remote ischemic conditioning had a detrimental effect and pre-anastomotic conditioning seems to have no effect on small intestinal anastomotic strength.

Segmental reversal of the distal small intestine in a short bowel syndrome model in piglets showed detrimental effect on weight gain.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects of a reversed segment of the distal small intestine to improve weight gain in an experimental short bowel syndrome (SBS) model in piglets. METHODS: Twenty-four piglets underwent resection of 70% of the distal small intestine. In half of the animals a conventional anastomosis was performed, and in the other half, the distal 25 cm of the remnant jejunum was reversed before the intestinal continuity was recreated. Weight was measured daily until day 28, where the animals were euthanized. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 (GLP-2) and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) was measured pre- and postoperatively at day 28. RESULTS: The group with reversal of small intestine had a significant lower weight gain at 5.26 ± 3.39 kg (mean ± SD) compared to the control group with 11.14 ± 3.83 kg (p < 0.05). In the control group greater villus height and crypt depth was found distally, and greater muscular thickness was found proximally in the intervention group. GLP-2 and GIP levels increased significantly in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of short bowel syndrome with a reversed jejunal segment of 25 cm had a detrimental effect on the weight gain.

Short-term outcomes in robot-assisted compared to laparoscopic colon cancer resections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted surgery is increasingly adopted in colorectal surgery. However, evidence for the implementation of robot-assisted surgery for colon cancer is sparse. This study aims to evaluate the short-term outcomes of robot-assisted colon surgery (RCS) for cancer compared to laparoscopic colon surgery (LCS). METHODS: Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library were searched between January 1, 2005 and October 2, 2020. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies were included. Non-original literature was excluded. Primary endpoints were anastomotic leakage rate, conversion to open surgery, operative time, and length of hospital stay. Secondary endpoints were surgical efficacy and postoperative morbidity. We evaluated risk of bias using RoB2 and ROBINS-I quality assessment tools. We performed a pooled analysis of primary and secondary endpoints. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2, and possible causes were explored by sensitivity- and meta-regression analyses. Publication bias was evaluated by Funnel plots and Eggers linear regression test. The level of evidence was assessed by GRADE. RESULTS: Twenty studies enrolling 13,799 patients (RCS 1740 (12.6%) and LCS 12,059 (87.4%) were included in the meta-analysis that demonstrated RCS was superior regarding: anastomotic leakage (odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% CI [0.32, 0.94]), conversion (OR = 0.31, 95% CI [0.23, 0.41]), overall complication rate (OR = 0.85, 95% CI [0.73, 1.00]) and time to regular diet (MD = - 0.29, 95% CI [- 0.56, 0.02]). LCS proved to have a shortened operative time compared to RCS (MD = 42.99, 95% CI [28.37, 57.60]). Level of evidence was very low according to GRADE. CONCLUSION: RCS showed advantages in colonic cancer surgery regarding surgical efficacy and morbidity compared to LCS despite a predominant inclusion of non-RCT with serious risk of bias assessment and a very low level of evidence.

Antibiotics in the medical and surgical treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this review was to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs to evaluate the existing knowledge on the effect of antibiotic treatment for infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). OBJECTIVE: Identifying 1) the best antibiotic regimen to avoid disease progression as assessed by surgery or death, 2) the best antibiotic regimen for infants operated for NEC as assessed by re-operation or death. METHODS: Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane were searched systematically for human studies using antibiotics for patients with NEC, Bell's stage II and III. RESULTS: Five studies were included, with a total of 375 infants. There were 2 RCT and 3 cohort studies. Four main antibiotic regimens appeared. Three with a combination of ampicillin + gentamycin (or similar) with an addition of 1) clindamycin 2) metronidazole or 3) enteral administration of gentamycin. One studied investigated cefotaxime + vancomycin. None of the included studies had a specific regimen for infants undergoing surgery. CONCLUSIONS: No sufficient evidence was found for any recommendation on the choice of antibiotics, the route of administration or the duration in infants treated for NEC with Bell's stage II and III.

Ileorectal anastomosis in patients with Crohn's disease. Postoperative complications and functional outcome-a systematic review.

AIM: The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the outcomes of ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in Crohn's disease and to clarify whether there are any time-related trends in outcome measures. The primary outcomes are risk of anastomotic leakage, death, clinical recurrence and subsequent diverting or permanent stoma and/or proctectomy. Secondary end-points are quality of life and functional outcome. METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted using the Cochrane Library, Embase and MEDLINE. The complete search strategy is uploaded online at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/. Human studies in English with over five subjects were included and no limit was set regarding the date of publication. All relevant studies were screened by two reviewers. The web-based software platform www.covidence.org was used for primary screening of the title, abstract, full-text review and data extraction. RESULTS: The search identified 2231 unique articles. After the screening process, 37 remained. Key results were an overall anastomotic leak rate of 6.4%; cumulative rates of clinical recurrence of 43% and 67% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; an overall rate of proctectomy of 18.9%; and subsequent ileostomy required in 18.8%. Only one study presented useful data on quality of life. Recurrence rates remained stable over time. A small decline in the anastomotic leak rate was found. CONCLUSIONS: Only minor improvements in the outcomes of IRA in patients with Crohn´s disease have occurred during the past 50 years regarding anastomotic leakage and recurrence, except for a slight increase in the rate of a functioning IRA. These results call for implementation guidelines in patient selection for IRA and postoperative medical treatment and follow-up.

Quantification of ICG fluorescence for the evaluation of intestinal perfusion: comparison between two software-based algorithms for quantification.

BACKGROUND: Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging (ICG-FI) can be used to evaluate intestinal perfusion prior to anastomosis. Several software for the quantification of fluorescence have emerged, but these have not previously been compared. The aim of this study was to compare the results from quantitative ICG-FI analysis of relative perfusion in an experimental setting using two different software-based quantification algorithms (FLER and Q-ICG). METHODS: Twenty pigs received a laparotomy, and ischemic areas were created in three segments of the small intestine of each pig. For each ischemic area, fluorescence imaging was performed and the fluorescence recordings were quantitatively analyzed using FLER and Q-ICG. The quantitative analysis resulted in a set of perfusion lines for each software for either 30%, 60% or 100% relative perfusion. The perfusion lines were compared by registering the normalized slope for each set of perfusion lines, calculating the relative perfusion percentage in the FLER perfusion line according to Q-ICG, and measuring the length of the ischemic area for each analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-four fluorescence recordings from 18 pigs were included. The ischemic segment for FLER was significantly longer in the 30% perfusion group and significantly shorter in the 100% perfusion group as compared to Q-ICG. The normalized slope for the FLER perfusion lines was significantly higher in the 30% perfusion group and significantly lower in the 100% perfusion group as compared to the Q-ICG perfusion lines. For the perfusion lines defined by FLER as 30%, 60%, and 100%, Q-ICG found 35.2% (p = 0.07), 63.7% (p = 0.31), and 84.1% perfusion (p = 0.003) respectively. CONCLUSION: The two software demonstrated significant differences in quantitative fluorescence analysis when perfusion was either very high or very low. The clinical relevance of these differences is unclear.

Improved perioperative outcomes and reduced inflammatory stress response in malignant robot-assisted colorectal resections: a retrospective cohort study of 298 patients.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted surgery is increasingly implemented for the resection of colorectal cancer, although the scientific evidence for adopting this technique is still limited. This study's main objective was to compare short-term complication rates, oncological outcomes, and the inflammatory stress response after colorectal resection for cancer performed laparoscopic or robot-assisted. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the robot-assisted approach to laparoscopic surgery for elective malignant colorectal neoplasm. Certified colorectal and da Vinci ® robotic surgeons performed resections at a Danish tertiary colorectal high volume center from May 2017 to March 2019. We analyzed the two surgical groups using uni- and multivariate regression analyses to detect differences in intra- and postoperative clinical outcomes and the inflammatory stress response. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-eight patients were enrolled in the study. Significant differences favoring robot-assisted surgery was demonstrated for; length of hospital stay (4 days, interquartile range (4, 5) versus 5 days, interquartile range (4-7), p < 0.001), and intraoperative blood loss (50 mL, interquartile range (20-100) versus 100 mL, interquartile range (50-150), p < 0.001) compared to laparoscopic surgery. The inflammatory stress response was significantly higher after laparoscopic compared to robot-assisted surgery reflected by an increase in C-reactive protein concentration (exponentiated coefficient = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (1.06-1.46), p = 0.008). No differences between the two groups were found concerning mortality, microradical resection rate, conversion to open surgery, and surgical or medical short-term complication rates. CONCLUSION: Robot-assisted surgery is feasible and can be safely implemented for colorectal resections. The robot-assisted approach, when compared to laparoscopic surgery, was associated with improved intra- and postoperative outcomes. Extensive prospective studies are needed to determine the short- and long-term outcomes of robotic surgery for colorectal cancer.

Systemic inflammatory response in robot-assisted and laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer (SIRIRALS): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted surgery is being increasingly adopted in treating colorectal cancer, and the transition from laparoscopic surgery to robot-assisted surgery is a trend. The evidence of the benefits of robot-assisted surgery is sparse. However, findings are associated with improved patient-related outcomes and overall morbidity rates compared to laparoscopic surgery. This induction is unclear, considering both surgical modalities are characterized as minimally invasive. This study aims to evaluate the systemic and peritoneal inflammatory stress response induced by robot-assisted surgery compared with laparoscopic surgery for elective colon cancer resections in a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial. METHODS: This study is a single-centre randomized controlled superiority trial with 50 colon cancer participants. The primary endpoint is the level of systemic inflammatory response expressed as serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels between postoperative days one and three. Secondary endpoints include (i) levels of systemic inflammation in serum expressed by a panel of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines measured during the first three postoperative days, (ii) postoperative surgical and medical complications (30 days) according to Clavien-Dindo classification and Comprehensive Complication Index, (iii) intraoperative blood loss, (iv) conversion rate to open surgery, (v) length of surgery, (vi) operative time, (vii) the number of harvested lymph nodes, and (viii) length of hospital stay. The exploratory endpoints are (i) levels of peritoneal inflammatory response in peritoneal fluid expressed by inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines between postoperative day one and three, (ii) patient-reported health-related quality of recovery-15 (QoR-15), (iii) 30 days mortality rate, (iv) heart rate variability and (v) gene transcript (mRNA) analysis. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first clinical randomized controlled trial to clarify the inflammatory stress response induced by robot-assisted or laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer resections. Trial registration This trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04687384) on December, 29, 2020, Regional committee on health research ethics, Region of Southern Denmark (N75709) and Data Protection Agency, Hospital Sønderjylland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark (N20/46179).

Remote computer-assisted analysis of ICG fluorescence signal for evaluation of small intestinal anastomotic perfusion: a blinded, randomized, experimental trial.

BACKGROUND: Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging (ICG-FI) may be used to visualize intestinal perfusion prior to anastomosis. Methods for quantification of the fluorescence signal are required to ensure an objective evaluation. The aim of this study was to evaluate a method for quantification of relative perfusion and to investigate the correlation between the perfusion level and the anastomotic strength. METHOD: This blinded, randomized, experimental trial included twenty pigs. Each pig received three small intestinal anastomoses with 30%, 60%, or 100% perfusion, respectively. The perfusion levels were determined relative to healthy intestine using ICG-FI. Ischemia was induced by mesenteric ligation and the perfusion level of each anastomosis was determined using a software-based analysis of the fluorescence signal. On postoperative day 5, the anastomoses were subjected to tensile strength test and histopathological assessment. RESULTS: No anastomotic leakage occurred. The tensile strength of the 30% perfusion group was 9.09 N, which was significantly lower than the 60% perfusion group (11.5 N) and the 100% perfusion group (12.9 N). The difference between the 60% perfusion group and the 100% perfusion group was not significant. The histopathological assessment showed no significant differences between perfusion groups. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in blood supply to 30%, as determined by ICG-FI, in small intestinal anastomoses was necessary to demonstrate a decrease in tensile strength.

Correction to: Microdialysis in Postoperative Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Organ Viability: A Systematic Review.

In the original article, most of the reference numbers in the first column in Table 1 are off by one reference. Following is the corrected table.

Microdialysis in Postoperative Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Organ Viability: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Microdialysis is a technique for continuous measurement of extracellular substances. It may be used to monitor tissue viability. The clinical implications of using microdialysis as a tool in gastrointestinal surgery have yet to be defined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical significance of microdialysis with special attention to different markers measured to predict the clinical outcome of surgical patients. METHODS: Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically for human studies written in English. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. We included studies in which the microdialysis technique was used for postoperative monitoring of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. To be eligible, studies had to compare patients with and without postoperative complications. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included in this review. MINORS score ranged from 3 to 12 (median 10.5). Most studies showed that levels of biomarkers obtained by microdialysis correlated with the postoperative clinical course. Lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and glycerol were the most frequently measured biomarkers. Several studies found that changes in biomarkers in complicated patients preceded symptoms of complications and/or changes in conventional paraclinical methods of postoperative monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Studies show that microdialysis may have the potential to become a tool in postoperative surveillance of surgical patients. Larger randomized studies are needed to define the clinical implications of microdialysis.

Enterostomy complications in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) surgery, a retrospective chart review at Odense University Hospital.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate the incidence of postoperative complications to surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) with primary focus on enterostomy related complications. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of surgically treated NEC during the period from 2008 to 2014 was performed. Enterostomy with secondary anastomosis was our standard treatment. Postoperative complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo Classification (CDC). RESULTS: Forty-two cases were included in the study. NEC was most frequently located in the small bowel and the length of resected intestine was median 15 cm (2-50). Thirty-nine (93%) patients received an ileostomy and the rest a colostomy. Twenty-two (52%) patients underwent a total of 35 reoperations, and 25 (71%) of these were stoma related with stenosis was the most frequent cause, other causes of reoperation were re-NEC, high-output ileostomy, Ileus and second look. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of reoperation due to complications was high and most often caused by stoma related complications.