The Utility of Fecal Calprotectin in the Diagnosis and Management of Microscopic Colitis.

Background: The incidence of microscopic colitis has increased over time. To date, there is no specific biomarker for microscopic colitis, and the diagnosis relies on histopathological tissue obtained during colonoscopy which is an invasive and costly procedure. Unlike Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the utility of fecal calprotectin in diagnosing or monitoring microscopic colitis has not been established, and studies on the role of fecal calprotectin in microscopic colitis are limited. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the utility of this biomarker in the diagnosis of microscopic colitis. Methods: The medical records of patients who have been diagnosed with collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis aged 18-89 years old were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics were recorded in those who had fecal calprotectin measured. Results: There were 198 patients who were diagnosed with collagenous colitis and lymphocytic between October 1, 2015, and July 31, 2022. Twenty-three patients had fecal calprotectin levels measured and were included in this study. The mean age was 51.7 ± 7.8 years in all groups. Thirteen patients were female. Six patients (26.1%) were diagnosed with collagenous colitis, and 17 patients (73.9%) were diagnosed with lymphocytic colitis. The fecal calprotectin cut-off in this lab is 50 µg/g stool. Median fecal calprotectin levels were 30.1 µg/g (15.6, 122.5), 19.5 µg/g (16.5, 64.6), and 33.2 µg/g (15.6, 134.9) in all groups, collagenous colitis, and lymphocytic colitis, respectively. Conclusion: The utility of fecal calprotectin in diagnosing microscopic colitis is limited. Our study suggests the diagnosis should be based on histopathology tissue obtained during colonoscopy.

Prolonged cough and dyspnea following a single episode of intense silica exposure.

Long term exposure to silica at worksites can cause silicosis. This typically has two radiographic forms, simple silicosis and complicated or conglomerate silicosis. Patients with acute silicosis have rapid progression of disease with fulminant respiratory failure over months rather than years. The patient described in this case report had a one-time 4 to 5-h exposure to silica and sand dust at work when his mask malfunctioned. He developed cough and shortness of breath. During his initial clinic visit he had significant cough. His chest examination was clear without crackles or wheezes. His pulmonary function tests were within normal limits. His chest x-ray was clear. Both symptoms, especially the cough, persisted over the next 6+ months even after treatment with oral corticosteroids and inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists. Consequently, this patient developed severe cough following a one-time exposure to silica particulates. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that silica exposure can cause reactive oxygen species which potentially could have activated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channels in the afferent sensory nerves in his bronchial epithelium. This could cause sustained cough for more than 6 months. His symptoms improved but did not resolve with corticosteroid treatment. Therefore, this case demonstrates that acute silica exposure can cause sustained airway symptoms in healthy workers.

CARDIOGENIC SHOCK ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE NOROVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS: WHAT IS NEEDED TO PROVE CAUSALITY?

Acute myocarditis is a well-recognized condition attributable to a variety of viral illnesses. Common viral aetiologies include enteroviruses including coxsackie, adenovirus, influenza, echovirus, parvovirus B19 and herpesvirus. A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis, and prompt management with supportive anti-failure measures, and in selected cases immunosuppressive therapies including high-dose steroids, might be considered for better outcomes. The authors report a case of sudden onset of acute heart failure complicated by cardiogenic shock caused by viral myocarditis in a patient who initially presented with norovirus gastroenteritis. She had no previous cardiac history or significant cardiovascular risk factors. Prompt medical management for cardiogenic shock for norovirus-induced myocarditis was started, her symptoms gradually improved, and she was discharged safely on regular follow-up. LEARNING POINTS: Viral myocarditis exhibits a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from non-specific prodromes such as fatigue and myalgia to chest pain, life-threatening arrhythmias, fulminant heart failure, or even sudden cardiac death.Common viral aetiologies for myocarditis include enteroviruses including coxsackie, adenovirus, influenza, echovirus, parvovirus B19 and herpesvirus.A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis, and prompt management with supportive anti-failure measures, and in selected cases immunosuppressive therapies including high-dose steroids, might be considered for better outcomes in cases of acute myocarditis.

Utility of repeat colonoscopy within 1 year: a patient-level analysis.

Patients undergo colonoscopies for colorectal cancer screening and for the evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms. Analysis of large administrative databases has demonstrated that some patients undergo repeat colonoscopies at intervals inconsistent with current recommendations, but these studies do not provide patient-level details. The medical records of 110 patients undergoing repeat colonoscopies within 1 year of their index colonoscopies at a tertiary care hospital-based endoscopy center were retrospectively reviewed to determine patient demographics, gastrointestinal symptoms, and endoscopic findings. Thirty-five patients had poor bowel preparations, and 11 patients had a history of colorectal cancer. Thirty-four patients had polyps identified during their index colonoscopies, and 28 patients had no polyps identified during their index colonoscopies. Eleven patients in the nonpolyp group had new endoscopic findings identified during the repeat colonoscopies. Twenty patients who had polyps identified on their index colonoscopies had 44 polyps identified on repeat colonoscopies. Repeat colonoscopies within 1 year occurred relatively infrequently in this endoscopy center. Indications included poor bowel preparation with incomplete studies, colonic polyps with incomplete resection, multiple polyps resulting in the possibility of missed polyps, and new gastrointestinal symptoms.

Mitochondrial Myopathy in a 21-Year-Old Man Presenting With Bilateral Lower Extremity Weakness and Swelling.

Bilateral lower extremity weakness and swelling can have several causes. Although often underdiagnosed, mitochondrial myopathy is more prevalent in the general population than more commonly suspected diseases, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. The clinical manifestations of mitochondrial disease can be broadly classified into 3 categories: chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, skeletal muscle-central nervous system syndromes, or pure myopathy. Cardiac abnormalities occur in 30% to 32% of cases, mostly in the form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, or conduction abnormalities. We report a case of a 21-year-old student who developed bilateral lower limb weakness, pain, and swelling diagnosed with mitochondrial myopathy on muscle biopsy. Initial laboratory tests revealed elevated creatinine kinase, brain natriuretic peptide, troponin, myoglobin, and lactic acid and reduced serum bicarbonate. Cardiac workup revealed systolic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed punctate foci of lymphocytic myocarditis. However, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal either myocarditis or an infiltrative cardiac disease. An extensive autoimmune and infection work-up was negative. A muscle biopsy from the patient's rectus femoris revealed scattered ragged-blue fibers (stained with NADH dehydrogenase), scattered ragged-red fibers on modified Gomori trichrome stain, and cytochrome-c oxidase negative fibers with increased perimysial and endomysial connective tissue, consistent with active and chronic primary mitochondrial myopathy. The patient was treated successfully with furosemide, metoprolol, and methylprednisolone. Adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy is a rare clinical disorder, and our experience stresses the importance of using an inter-disciplinary team approach to diagnose uncommon clinical disorders with widely variable multisystem involvement.

Spontaneous large liver haematoma with extensive intraperitoneal bleeding in a patient with COVID-19 infection.

Thrombotic complications during COVID-19 infections occur frequently, and anticoagulants to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis appear to have a good safety profile in these patients. In addition, haemorrhagic complications during COVID-19 infections have also been reported. Hepatic inflammation can occur in COVID-19 infections as a direct consequence of cellular infection and cytopathy. Spontaneous subcapsular hepatic haematoma is extremely rare and can be life-threatening.A woman in her 40s presented to the hospital with fever and shortness of breath and was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection with respiratory failure requiring intubation. On day 49 of hospitalisation, she developed melena and acute anaemia; her haemoglobin dropped from 97g/L (9.7g/dL) to 56g/L (5.6g/dL). Abdominal and pelvic CT scans showed a large subcapsular liver haematoma with retroperitoneal extension. The patient received blood transfusions and remained haemodynamically stable. She was eventually extubated and discharged home.

The Gaisbock syndrome after COVID-19 pneumonia.

In 1905, Felix Gaisbock, MD, described a syndrome in patients with hypertension, elevated hematocrit levels, plethoric appearances, and no splenomegaly. He postulated this relative erythrocytosis was due to stress. In this case report, a 40-year-old Caucasian man with obesity was admitted with recurrent deep vein thrombosis and increasing oxygen requirements 2 weeks after hospitalization with COVID-19 pneumonia. This patient had a 10-year history of untreated hypertension and erythrocytosis. He had a ruddy appearance, a normal erythropoietin level, and a negative JAK2 V617 mutation. In this case, Gaisbock syndrome was suspected.

Transient Leukopenia Induced by Combination Therapy for Severe SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia.

Treatment strategies for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to be heavily researched and ever-changing. Recent data has suggested that combination therapy with dexamethasone, remdesivir and baricitinib could decrease the severity and length of illness in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2. However; the data regarding the safety and side effects related to this combination therapy are limited to case reports. The purpose of this case report is to highlight a potentially life-threatening side effect of one or all medications mentioned above. LEARNING POINTS: Current National Institutes of Health treatment guidelines recommend remdesivir for patients with a high risk of progression. In patients requiring minimal supplemental oxygen, remdesivir or dexamethasone monotherapy is recommended, while in patients requiring high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation, dexamethasone monotherapy or dexamethasone plus remdesivir is recommended. Baricitinib or tocilizumab can be added in patients requiring oxygen supplementation.Clinicians should be aware of transient leukocytopenia that can be induced with combination therapy of dexamethasone, remdesivir and baricitinib during the early phase of treatment of SARS-CoV-2 patients.The evaluation approach for leukopenia should consider autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, infections, malignancy, and medication and toxin exposure.