All-MXene electronic tongue for neurotransmitters detection.

Neurotransmitters (NTs) are molecules produced by neurons that act as the body's chemical messengers. Their abnormal levels in the human system have been associated with many disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, which makes the monitoring of NTs fundamentally important. Specifically for clinical analysis and understanding of brain behavior, simultaneous detection of NTs at low levels quickly and reliably is imperative for disease prevention and early diagnosis. However, the methods currently employed are usually invasive or inappropriate for multiple NTs detection. Herein, we developed a MXene-based impedimetric electronic tongue (e-tongue) for sensitive NT monitoring, using Nb2C, Nb4C3, Mo2C, and Mo2Ti2C3 MXenes as sensing units of the e-tongue, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as the data treatment method. The high specific surface area, distinct electrical properties, and chemical stability of the MXenes gave rise to high sensitivity and good reproducibility of the sensor array toward NT detection. Specifically, the e-tongue detected and differentiated multiple NTs (acetylcholine, dopamine, glycine, glutamate, histamine, and tyrosine) at concentrations as low as 1 nmol L-1 and quantified NTs present in a mixture. Besides, analyses performed with interferents and actual samples confirmed the system's potential to be used in clinical diagnostics. The results demonstrate that the MXene-based e-tongue is a suitable, rapid, and simple method for NT monitoring with high accuracy and sensitivity.

Lamivudine and Zidovudine-Loaded Nanostructures: Green Chemistry Preparation for Pediatric Oral Administration.

Here, we report on the development of lipid-based nanostructures containing zidovudine (1 mg/mL) and lamivudine (0.5 mg/mL) for oral administration in the pediatric population, eliminating the use of organic solvents, which is in accordance with green chemistry principles. The formulations were obtained by ultrasonication using monoolein (MN) or phytantriol (PN), which presented narrow size distributions with similar mean particle sizes (~150 nm) determined by laser diffraction. The zeta potential and the pH values of the formulations were around -4.0 mV and 6.0, respectively. MN presented a slightly higher incorporation rate compared to PN. Nanoemulsions were obtained when using monoolein, while cubosomes were obtained when using phytantriol, as confirmed by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. The formulations enabled drug release control and protection against acid degradation. The drug incorporation was effective and the analyses using an electronic tongue indicated a difference in palatability between the nanotechnological samples in comparison with the drug solutions. In conclusion, PN was considered to have the strongest potential as a novel oral formulation for pediatric HIV treatment.

Recent Progress in Amine Gas Sensors for Food Quality Monitoring: Novel Architectures for Sensing Materials and Systems.

The increasing demand for food production has necessitated the development of sensitive and reliable methods of analysis, which allow for the optimization of storage and distribution while ensuring food safety. Methods to quantify and monitor volatile and biogenic amines are key to minimizing the waste of high-protein foods and to enable the safe consumption of fresh products. Novel materials and device designs have allowed the development of portable and reliable sensors that make use of different transduction methods for amine detection and food quality monitoring. Herein, we review the past decade's advances in volatile amine sensors for food quality monitoring. First, the role of volatile and biogenic amines as a food-quality index is presented. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the distinct amine gas sensors is provided according to the transduction method, operation strategies, and distinct materials (e.g., metal oxide semiconductors, conjugated polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal organic frameworks, MXenes, quantum dots, and dyes, among others) employed in each case. These include chemoresistive, fluorometric, colorimetric, and microgravimetric sensors. Emphasis is also given to sensor arrays that record the food quality fingerprints and wireless devices that operate as radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags. Finally, challenges and future opportunities on the development of new amine sensors are presented aiming to encourage further research and technological development of reliable, integrated, and remotely accessible devices for food-quality monitoring.

A Review on the Role and Performance of Cellulose Nanomaterials in Sensors.

Sensors and biosensors play a key role as an analytical tool for the rapid, reliable, and early diagnosis of human diseases. Such devices can also be employed for monitoring environmental pollutants in air and water in an expedited way. More recently, nanomaterials have been proposed as an alternative in sensor fabrication to achieve gains in performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and portability. In this direction, the use of cellulose nanomaterials (CNM), such as cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC), has experienced rapid growth in the fabrication of varied types of sensors. The advantageous properties are related to the supramolecular structures that form the distinct CNM, their biocompatibility, and highly reactive functional groups that enable surface functionalization. The CNM can be applied as hydrogels and xerogels, thin films, nanopapers and other structures interesting for sensor design. Besides, CNM can be combined with other materials (e.g., nanoparticles, enzymes, carbon nanomaterials, etc.) and varied substrates to advanced sensors and biosensors fabrication. This review explores recent advances on CNM and composites applied in the fabrication of optical, electrical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric sensors for detecting analytes ranging from environmental pollutants to human physiological parameters. Emphasis is given to how cellulose nanomaterials can contribute to enhance the performance of varied sensors as well as expand novel sensing applications, which could not be easily achieved using standard materials. Finally, challenges and future trends on the use of cellulose-based materials in sensors and biosensors are also discussed.

Conductive electrospun nanofibers containing cellulose nanowhiskers and reduced graphene oxide for the electrochemical detection of mercury(II).

Mercury is a heavy metal highly deleterious for the environment being associated to several diseases. Thus, novel and expedite techniques capable of detecting this heavy metal in water, even at trace levels, are highly sought for human and environmental safety purposes. Here we developed a novel electrochemical sensor for detecting mercury(II) using a green hybrid nanoarchitecture composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) and polyamide 6 (PA6) electrospun nanofibers. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies and termogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to elucidate the morphology and composition of CNW:rGO hybrid system. The hybrid composite proved to enhance charge transference properties, which was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. Due to the excellent electrical properties of graphene, the nanocomposite (PA6/CNW:rGO) was applied in the electrochemical detection of very low concentrations of mercury in water samples, improving the sensor sensibility. Moreover, the PA6/CNW/rGO electrode demonstrated stability, high selectivity, low detection limit and wide dynamic linear range for the detection of mercury(II).

Detection of trace levels of organophosphate pesticides using an electronic tongue based on graphene hybrid nanocomposites.

Organophosphate (OP) compounds impose significant strains on public health, environmental/food safety and homeland security, once they have been widely used as pesticides and insecticides and also display potential to be employed as chemical warfare agents by terrorists. In this context, the development of sensitive and reliable chemical sensors that would allow in-situ measurements of such contaminants is highly pursued. Here we report on a free-enzyme impedimetric electronic tongue (e-tongue) used in the analysis of organophosphate pesticides comprising four sensing units based on graphene hybrid nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were prepared by reduction of graphene oxide in the presence of conducting polymers (PEDOT:PSS and polypyrrole) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which were deposited by drop casting onto gold interdigitated electrodes. Impedance spectroscopy measurements were collected in triplicate for each sample analyzed, and the electrical resistance data were treated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), revealing that the system was able to discriminate OPs at nanomolar concentrations. In addition, the electronic tongue system could detect OPs in real samples, where relations between the principal components and the variation of pesticides in a mixture were established, proving to be useful to analyze and monitor mixtures of OP pesticides. The materials employed provided sensing units with high specific surface area and high conductivity, yielding the development of a sensor with suitable stability, good reproducibility, and high sensitivity towards pesticide samples, being able to discriminate concentrations as low as 0.1nmolL-1. Our results indicate that the e-tongue system can be used as a rapid, simple and low cost alternative in the analyses of OPs pesticide solutions below the concentration range permitted by legislation of some countries.