Antibiotic prescribing practices and perceptions on antimicrobial resistance among healthcare practitioners in Russia.

OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat. The misuse of antibiotics is the main factor contributing to the development of AMR. Healthcare practitioners (HCPs) play a crucial role in the use of antibiotics. There are limited data available on antibiotic prescribing patterns among physicians in Russia. The aim of this study was to explore antibiotic prescribing practices and perceptions of AMR among HCPs in the Russian Federation. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional, multi-centre study was used. METHODS: A survey using an online questionnaire was conducted among HCPs. A qualitative study was conducted before the questionnaire was developed. The online questionnaire was distributed via email addresses obtained from the Consilium Medicum database, a specialised educational resource for healthcare professionals in Russia. RESULTS: In total, 746 HCPs from 74 regions of the Russian Federation were included in the study. Physicians who participated in this study did not frequently prescribe antibiotic drugs: 40.6% of participants recommended antibiotics less than five times per week. Gynaecologists, paediatricians, family doctors, and surgeons were the least likely study participants to prescribe antibiotics, whereas clinical pharmacologists, otolaryngologists, urologists, and infectious disease specialists prescribed antibiotics more often. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were the most frequently prescribed antimicrobials. The majority of HCPs in Russia who took part in this survey reported relying on national guidelines for information on antibiotic prescribing. Only 67.8% of study participants perceived AMR as a challenge for their practice. CONCLUSIONS: Health authorities should regularly provide up-to-date reliable information on AMR in the region. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are important for specialised medical professionals, such as urologists, gynaecologists, and otolaryngologists, since they are responsible for prescribing second-line antibiotics, which carries with it a greater responsibility.

[Modern Approaches to Protein Engineering to Create Enzymes with New Catalytic Properties].

Adenine-DNA-glycosylase MutY is a monofunctional enzyme and catalyzes hydrolysis of N-glycosidic bonds with adenine residues located opposite 8-oxonuanine residues in DNA. Rational design was carried out to construct mutant enzyme forms with altered catalytic activity. Structures of the MutY mutants were calculated by molecular dynamics (MD). Their analysis showed that some of the MutY mutants may have AP lyase activity in addition to hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond, as is the case with bifunctional DNA glycosylases. MutY mutants with the A120K or S124K substitution were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, and their catalytic activities were determined. The S120K substitution was shown to confer additional AP lyase activity, while the A124K substitution completely inactivated the enzyme.

[DNA Probes for Analysis of the Activity of Key Enzymes of the Base Excision DNA Repair Pathway in Human Cells].

The important role of DNA damage in the occurrence of various diseases, including cancer, has led to study of the mechanisms of genetic information stability, that have been carried out since the discovery of DNA repair systems. The question of the relationship between the accumulation of DNA damage, disorders in DNA repair pathways, and increased risk of disease development is still relevant. Over the past few years, significant efforts have been made to develop methods for analyzing the activity of DNA repair enzymes in human cells. In this work, we developed fluorescent DNA probes that allow us to determine the activity of key enzymes of base excision DNA repair in cell extracts, namely the DNA glycosylases UNG2, SMUG1, MBD4, TDG, AAG, NEIL1, NTHL1, and OGG1 and the AP endonuclease APE1. The sensitivity of DNA probes was determined on pure enzyme preparations. Determination of the activity of repair enzymes in cell extracts of the human ovarian tumor lines TOV112, 79, OVCAR3, MESOV, SCOV3, and TOV21 revealed significant variability in the level of enzyme activity in these cell lines. These results may become a test system platform for analyzing the activity of the base excision DNA repair system in the human body.

[Medical and social assessment of the quality of life of a family with a child suffering from food allergy].

Food allergy (FA) is a health problem that adversely affect the quality of life of children and their family members. The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of life in families with children affected FA. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 75 children with a confirmed FA (at the age of Me 4.9 years [1.3; 7.1]). One of the caregivers of the child was asked to complete the Russian version of a specialized questionnaire «The Food hypersensitivity famiLy ImPact, FLIP¼ for assessing the life quality of families with children affected FA. Results. Diet organization is the main concern affecting quality of life, while the daily life of the family and the emotional sphere are less impacted. Age, type of food allergens and clinical manifestations do not significantly contribute the life quality indicators. Hypersensitivity to several food is statistically associated with changes in everyday life and emotions. Non-compliance with the diet is associated with a lower impact of FA on quality of life. 56% of respondents worried about the nutritional value of child's diet and 49.3% of caregivers reported that a child's FA significantly impacted grocery shopping behaviors (reading labels, etc.). At the same time, 73.3% noted that child's FA does not affect the diet of other family members. Also, 33.3% of the parents experienced anxiety due to child's FA and 38.7% are worried that FA might stay persistent. 30.7% of respondents are afraid of accidental consuming of allergenic products. Conclusion. The acquired results indicate the importance of quality of life assessment for understanding the social aspects of FA. Strategies to improve the quality of life include the development of informational and educational programs both for parents and patients. In order to estimate impact of FA to life quality from the patient's perspective further development of questionnaires adapted for children and adolescents is necessary.

[The present-day epidemiology: challenges of public health and possibilities to settle them: the publications review].

Actually, the epidemiology is a dynamically developing medical science located at the intersection of social and biological branches of knowledge and bio-informatics. The new sources of data, the new methods create unique opportunities for epidemiologist. The number of epidemiological studies carrying out at the junction of several adjacent disciplines is increasing that requires harmonious interaction of specialists of different branches of medical knowledge. The change of the structure of global mortality towards chronic non-communicable diseases significantly affected the vector of epidemiological studies. Many interventional epidemiological projects are targeted to evaluation of effectiveness of new methods of prevention of cardiovascular, metabolic and oncological diseases. However, in recent years, the fight against unremembered infections affecting about 1 billion of people and taking away lives of 0.5 million people annually gained new importance. The current COVID-19 pandemic also affected epidemiology of communicable and chronic non-communicable diseases. Great attention is also currently attended to studying influence of social, economic and environmental factors on human health. The increase of average life expectancy of population contributes to development of epidemiology of the elderly. The new projects are initiated in the field of pharmacoepidemiology targeted to studying effectiveness of medications. The review of national and foreign publications considering current trends and achievements in the field of epidemiology. The reference retrieval engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka were used. The current directions of epidemiological research are analyzed. The challenges and development prospects of development of modern epidemiology are highlighted.

[Methods of gut microbiota correction for treatment and prevention of food allergy: a review of current research].

Food allergy (FA) is an actual problem in pediatric practice. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in food sensitization development, since the maturation of immune system occurs under the influence of intestinal microorganisms. Immunoregulatory activity of gut microbiota is associated with the increase of IgA production and promotion of the barrier function of intestinal epithelium. Gut microbiota influence the activity of T-regulatory cells, as well. Violation of gut biocenosis, which occurs under the influence of various factors (artificial feeding, past diseases, the use of antibiotics, etc.), can lead to a shift in the balance of the immune system towards the increase of Th2-profile cytokines and the subsequent formation of hypersensitivity to food allergens. In this regard, the correction of the gut microbiome is a promising method of FA control, due to the ability of intestinal bacteria influence the production of T-regulatory cells and thus suppress allergy immune response. The aim of the review is to analyze experimental and clinical studies exploring effectiveness of methods modifying intestinal microbiota in order to treat and prevent FA. Material and methods. The analysis of the literature in eLIBRARY, MedLine and PubMed databases was carried out. Results. The analysis revealed the lack of rigorous evidence that pre-, pro- and synbiotics significantly increase the effectiveness of standard therapy of FA. However, the use of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, lactic acid bacteria, in combination with the basic therapy of FA has general positive effect on the clinical outcome, especially in case of gastrointestinal symptoms. Also, the results of some studies indicate the effectiveness of synbiotics (Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in combination with oligosaccharides) for the prevention of FA in patients at risk of developing allergic diseases in the long-term period. Conclusion. At present, fecal microbiota transplantation is promising method for FA treatment. Polysaccharides fermented by the microflora, are also actively studied. Experimental studies and clinical trials are required to obtain substantiated conclusions about feasibility of these methods for treatment and prevention of FA.

[Initial stages of DNA Base Excision Repair in Nucleosomes].

In mammalian cells, base excision repair (BER) is the main pathway responsible for the correction of a variety of chemically modified DNA bases. DNA packaging in chromatin affects the accessibility of damaged sites to the enzymes involved in repair processes. This review presents data concerning the enzymes involved in BER. Within the nucleosome core particle (NCP), the accessibility of damaged DNA to enzymes is hindered by the presence of a histone octamer. This means that the removal of DNA lesions largely depends on their rotational and translational positioning in the NCP, as well as on the specific features of each enzyme.

[Mutational and Kinetic Analysis of APE1 Endoribonuclease Activity].

Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) participates in the DNA repair system. It is believed that the main biological function of APE1 is Mg^(2+)-dependent hydrolysis of AP-sites in DNA. On the base of structural data, kinetic studies, and mutation analysis, the key stages of APE1 interaction with damaged DNA were established. It has been shown recently that APE1 can act as an endoribonuclease that catalyzes mRNA hydrolysis at certain pyrimidine-purine sites and thus controls the level of certain transcripts. In addition, the presence of Mg^(2+) ions was shown to be not required for the endoribonuclease activity of APE1, in contrast to the AP-endonuclease activity. This indicates differences in mechanisms of APE1 catalysis on RNA and DNA substrates, but the reasons for these differences remain unclear. Here, the analysis of endoribonuclease hydrolysis of model RNA substrates with wild type APE1 enzyme and its mutant forms Y171F, R177F, R181A, D210N, N212A, T268D, M270A, and D308A, was performed. It was shown that mutation of Asn212, Asp210, and Tyr171 residues leads to the decrease of AP-endonuclease activity while endoribonuclease activity is retained. Also, T268D and M270A APE1 mutants lose specificity to pyrimidine-purine sequences. R177F and R181A did not show a significant decrease in enzyme activity, whereas D308A demonstrated a decrease of endoribonuclease activity.

[Comparative Analysis of the Activity of the Polymorphic Variants of Human Uracil-DNA-Glycosylases SMUG1 and MBD4].

The human N-glycosylases SMUG1 and MBD4 catalyze the removal of uracil residues from DNA resulting from cytosine deamination or replication errors. For polymorphic variants of SMUG1 (G90C, P240H, N244S, N248Y) and the MBD4^(cat) catalytic domain (S470L, G507S, R512W, H557D), the structures of enzyme-substrate complexes were obtained by molecular dynamic simulation. It was experimentally found that the SNP variants of SMUG1, N244S and N248Y, had increased catalytic activity compared to the wild-type enzyme, probably due to the acceleration of the dissociation of the enzyme-product complex and an increase in the enzyme turnover rate. All other SNP variants of SMUG1 (G90C, P240H) and MBD4^(cat), in which amino acid substitutions disrupted the substrate binding region and/or active site, had significantly lower catalytic activity than the wild-type enzymes.

Role of Arg243 and His239 Residues in the Recognition of Damaged Nucleotides by Human Uracil-DNA Glycosylase SMUG1.

Human uracil-DNA glycosylase SMUG1 removes uracil residues and some other noncanonical or damaged bases from DNA. Despite the functional importance of this enzyme, its X-ray structure is still unavailable. Previously, we performed homology modeling of human SMUG1 structure and suggested the roles of some amino acid residues in the recognition of damaged nucleotides and their removal from DNA. In this study, we investigated the kinetics of conformational transitions in the protein and in various DNA substrates during enzymatic catalysis using the stopped-flow method based on changes in the fluorescence intensity of enzyme's tryptophan residues and 2-aminopurine in DNA or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorophores in DNA. The kinetic mechanism of interactions between reaction intermediates was identified, and kinetic parameters of the intermediate formation and dissociation were calculated. The obtained data help in elucidating the functions of His239 and Arg243 residues in the recognition and removal of damaged nucleotides by SMUG1.

An Assay for the Activity of Base Excision Repair Enzymes in Cellular Extracts Using Fluorescent DNA Probes.

Damaged DNA bases are removed by the base excision repair (BER) mechanism. This enzymatic process begins with the action of one of DNA glycosylases, which recognize damaged DNA bases and remove them by hydrolyzing N-glycosidic bonds with the formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond on the 5'-side of the AP site with generation of the single-strand DNA break. A decrease in the functional activity of BER enzymes is associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and oncological diseases. In this work, we developed a fluorescence method for measuring the activity of key human DNA glycosylases and AP endonuclease in cell extracts. The efficacy of fluorescent DNA probes was tested using purified enzymes; the most efficient probes were tested in the enzymatic activity assays in the extracts of A549, MCF7, HeLa, WT-7, HEK293T, and HKC8 cells. The activity of enzymes responsible for the repair of AP sites and removal of uracil and 5,6-dihydrouracil residues was higher in cancer cell lines as compared to the normal HKC8 human kidney cell line.

[Efficiency of RNA Hydrolysis by Binase from Bacillus pumilus: The Impact of Substrate Structure, Metal Ions, and Low Molecular Weight Nucleotide Compounds].

Binase is an extracellular guanyl-preferring ribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus. The main biological function of binase is RNA degradation with the formation of guanosine-2',3'-cyclic phosphate and its subsequent hydrolysis to 3'-phosphate. Extracellular RNases are believed to be key agents that affect the functional activity of the body, as they directly interact with epithelial and immune cells. The biological effects of the enzyme may consist of both direct RNA degradation, and the accumulation of 2',3'-cGMP in the human body. In this work, we have performed a comparative analysis of the cleavage efficiency of model RNA substrates, i.e., short hairpin structures that contain guanosine at various positions. It has been shown that the hydrolysis efficiency of the model RNA substrates depends on the position of guanosine. We have also demonstrated the influence of various divalent metal ions and low molecular weight nucleotide compounds on the binase-catalyzed endoribonucleolytic reaction.

Opisthorchis felineus negatively associates with skin test reactivity in Russia-EuroPrevall-International Cooperation study.

BACKGROUND: Most studies on the relationship between helminth infections and atopic disorders have been conducted in (sub)tropical developing countries where exposure to multiple parasites and lifestyle can confound the relationship. We aimed to study the relationship between infection with the fish-borne helminth Opishorchis felineus and specific IgE, skin prick testing, and atopic symptoms in Western Siberia, with lifestyle and hygiene standards of a developed country. METHODS: Schoolchildren aged 7-11 years were sampled from one urban and two rural regions. Skin prick tests (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) against food and aeroallergens were measured, and data on allergic symptoms and on demographic and socioeconomic factors were collected by questionnaire. Diagnosis of opisthorchiasis was based on PCR performed on stool samples. RESULTS: Of the 732 children included, 34.9% had opisthorchiasis. The sensitization to any allergen when estimated by positive SPT was 12.8%, while much higher, 24.0%, when measured by sIgE. Atopic symptoms in the past year (flexural eczema and/or rhinoconjunctivitis) were reported in 12.4% of the children. SPT was positively related to flexural eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis, but not to wheezing. Opisthorchiasis showed association with lower SPT response, as well as borderline association with low IgE reactivity to any allergen. However, the effect of opisthorchiasis on SPT response was not mediated by IgE, suggesting that opisthorchiasis influences SPT response through another mechanism. Opisthorchiasis also showed borderline association with lower atopic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: There is a negative association between a chronic helminth infection and skin prick test reactivity even in a developed country.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Fast Stages of Specific Lesion Recognition by DNA Repair Enzymes.

The methodology of determination of the thermodynamic parameters of fast stages of recognition and cleavage of DNA substrates is described for the enzymatic processes catalyzed by DNA glycosylases Fpg and hOGG1 and AP endonuclease APE1 during base excision repair (BER) pathway. For this purpose, stopped-flow pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of tryptophan fluorescence intensity changes in proteins and fluorophores in DNA substrates was performed at various temperatures. This approach made it possible to determine the changes of standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of sequential steps of DNA-substrate binding, as well as activation enthalpy and entropy for the transition complex formation of the catalytic stage. The unified features of mechanism for search and recognition of damaged DNA sites by various enzymes of the BER pathway were discovered.

[TREATMENT OF SEVERE INTRAPATUM ASPHYXIA.]

THE AIM: Estimate of efficiency of newborns with severe birth asphyxia treatment using systemic therapeutic hypothermia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a retrospective open-controlled clinical research with a resolution of the Ethics;Committee performed in 33 neonates born in asphyxia and treated at the NICU All newborns due to the presence of indications, overall controlled hypothermia was conducted according to the approved protocol, using the apparatus Allon 2001". RESULTS: The neurological status at admission: Sarnat II was detected in 60.6% (20) children; Sarnat III was detected in 39.4% (13) children. The correlation ofApgar scores with the most severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Pupillary reflexes admission absent in 48.5% (16) newborns. Convulsions within first hours of lfe were observed in 57.6% (19) newborns. Convulsions within I day of life were observed in 81.8 % (27) newborns. The correlation of the amniotic infection (AI) and meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) treatment using high-frequency mechanical ventilation (p<0,05) and prolongation of mechanical ventilation for more than 5 days (p<0,01). At the beginning of systemic hypothermia fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), mean airway pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR) were down to the 12th hour of life and reaches a minimum at the end of the third day. These trends have been observed in children with MAS. The correlation of the use of high-frequency mechanical ventilation using high doses ofcardiotonics and the transition to the infusion of epinephrine or norepinephrine (p <0.01).There were no deaths in the studying group. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Reliable predictor of the clinical outcomes severity of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) by the end of the first month lf is the presence of convulsions within the first hour of lf (p<0. 03). 2. When comparing the evaluation on Apgar scale with the data of acid-base balance and severity of HIE a significant correlation between the estimation at the first minute is I point and at the fifth minute 3 point and more severe pH shift, base deficiency, hyperlactatacidosis and severe HIE. 3. MAS and AI are the most frequent accompanying diseases that complicates the severity of newborn status causing prolonged artificial ventilation and the infusion ofcardiotonics. 4. There is a decrease in all parameters of artficial lung ventilation to the twelfth hour life in early systemic hypothermia and reached minimum by the end of the third day.

[Food sensitization in children with Opisthorchis felineus invasion].

AIM: To determine the mechanism of food sensitization in children with chronic Opisthorchis felineus invasion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the epidemiological study the groups of patients (7-10 years) with chronic opisthorchiasis (n = 237) and children without chronic opisthorchiasis (n = 496) were formed. The investigation included interviewing of parents/guardians, measurement of total IgE, specific IgE to food allergens and component-resolved diagnostic, real-time PCR in stool samples. RESULTS: The chronic opisthorchiasis invasion in children is associated with reduced risk of food sensitization, compared with non-infected group (9.7 vs 16.94%, OR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.31-0.88; p = 0.01). Opisthorchiasis of high intensity negatively correlated with increased level of specific IgE to food allergens in serum (OR = 0.46; 95% CI 0.24-0.91; p = 0.023). The association between level of total IgE and intensity of opisthorchiasis combinated with food sensitization was found. The sensitization to allergens class I (cyp c1, cor a11, gal d2, pru p3) is more prevalent in patients with opisthorchiasis, in uninfected children the sensitization to bet v1-homologues (mal d1, pru p1, cor a1, ara h8) is most common. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological data on the effect of the Opisthorchis felineus invasion on mechanisms of food sensitization in children were obtained.

[The prevalence of food allergy to peanut and hazelnut in children in Tomsk Region].

Food allergy to peanuts and nuts is an actual problem of practical health care, associated with significant prevalence of this disease, severe clinical symptoms and difficulty of diet organization. Purpose of the study--to study the prevalence of food allergy to peanut and hazelnut in Russian children, the investigation of clinical characteristics of this disease, and the mechanisms of sensitization to allergen components. The cross-sectional study was performed in the framework of the EuroPrevall (No FP6-2006-TTC-TU-5 Proposal 045879). The first stage was performed in random samples of primary schoolchildren aged 7-10 years (n = 13 010) from the Tomsk Region, Russia using a standardized questionnaire. The case-control sample was recruited for the second stage (n = 1288). Thus who reported adverse reactions to food in the screening stage were considered as cases (n = 652), children without reported reactions were controls (n = 636). The case-control stage included the completion of a clinical questionnaire, skin-prick test (ALK-Abelly, Spain), serum specific IgE measurement and component-resolved diagnostic: IgE measurement of allergen components of peanut (Ara h1, Ara h26, Ara h34, Ara h8), hazelnut (Cor a1, Cor a8, Cor a11) and birch allergen Bet v1 (ImmunoCAP, Phadia, Sweden). The prevalence of food allergy to peanut and hazelnut in children aged 7-10 years in the Tomsk region is 0.08 and 0.09%, respectively. The manifestation of the food allergy to nuts occurs in the preschool years, main reactions associated with allergy to nuts were oral allergy syndrome (75-80%), gastrointestinal disorders (60-80%) and itching skin rash (20-50%). Sensitization to birch is significantly correlated with the level of specific IgE to hazelnut (r = 0.53, p < 0.05) and peanut (r = 0.56, p < 0.05). Sensitization to heat-labile proteins peanut Ara h8 (12.3%) and hazelnut Cor a1 (8.8%) (homologues of Bet v1) dominates in the sample of children with food sensitization, that determines the cross-reactivity mechanism in the formation of food sensitization in the studied sample. The prevalence of allergies to peanut and hazelnut in Russia is much lower than in Europe and North America. Sensitization to these foods develops by the mechanism of cross-reactivity with birch pollen allergen. This type of sensitization determines mild clinical symptoms of allergy to hazelnut and peanut.

[The prevalence of food allergies in children in world nidus of opisthorchiasis: background and study methodology of epidemiological survey EuroPrevall].

Accordingly to numerous surveys food allergy affects up to 2-6% of population in different countries and varies due to numerous factors including the prevalence of helminths infestation. The food allergy prevalence data in Russia are based on official medical statistics. The study was performed as part of "The Prevalence, Cost and Basis of Food Allergy Across Europe" (EU funded project No FP6-2006-TTC-TU-5 Proposal 045879 EuroPrevall). The aim is to create the concept offood allergy in children in opisthorchiasis endemic area based on epidemiological study of the prevalence, risk factors and clinical features. The main objective of the study will be the working out of the food safety regulations. This article describes the study design and its methodology.

Kinetic mechanism of the interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae AP-endonuclease 1 with DNA substrates.

The apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Apn1 is one of the key enzymes involved in base excision repair of DNA lesions. A major function of the enzyme is to cleave the upstream phosphodiester bond of an apurinic/apyrimidinic site (AP-site), leading to the formation of a single-strand break with 3'-hydroxyl (OH) and 5'-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) termini. In this study, the pre-steady-state kinetics and conformational dynamics of DNA substrates during their interaction with Apn1 were investigated. A stopped-flow method with detection of the fluorescence intensity of 2-aminopurine and pyrrolocytosine located adjacent or opposite to the damage was used. It was found that upon interaction with Apn1, both DNA strands undergo a number of rapid changes. The location of fluorescent analogs of heterocyclic bases in DNA does not influence the catalytic step of the reaction. Comparison of data obtained for yeast Apn1 and reported data (Kanazhevskaya, L. Yu., Koval, V. V., Vorobjev, Yu. N., and Fedorova, O. S. (2012) Biochemistry, 51, 1306-1321) for human Ape1 revealed some differences in their interaction with DNA substrates.

Trends in Population-Based Studies: Molecular and Digital Epidemiology (Review).

The development of high-throughput technologies has sharply increased the opportunities to research the human body at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels in the last decade. Rapid progress in biotechnology has caused a paradigm shift in population-based studies. Advances in modern biomedical sciences, including genomic, genome-wide, post-genomic research and bioinformatics, have contributed to the emergence of molecular epidemiology focused on the study of the personalized molecular mechanism of disease development and its extrapolation to the population level. The work of research teams at the intersection of information technology and medicine has become the basis for highlighting digital epidemiology, the important tools of which are machine learning, the ability to work with real world data, and accumulated big data. The developed approaches accelerate the process of collecting and processing biomedical data, testing new scientific hypotheses. However, new methods are still in their infancy, they require testing of application under various conditions, as well as standardization. This review highlights the role of omics and digital technologies in population-based studies.