Factors associated with cigarette smoking among public school adolescents. / Fatores associados ao consumo do cigarro entre adolescentes de escola pública.

Objective Estimating the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its association with sociodemographic variables, sexual initiation and experience with domestic violence among adolescents from public schools in Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil. Method A crosssectional study carried out with adolescents. Data were collected through interviews guided by a structured instrument, and analyzed according to descriptive and inferential statistics with multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 370 adolescents participated in the study. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 17.6% and a statistically significant association was observed between the variables: age over 15 years (PR = 5.63 and 95% CI: 1.33 - 23.85), males (PR = 2.53 and 95% CI: 1.47 - 4.37), no reported religion (PR = 1.93 and 95% CI: 0.99 - 3.75), working (PR = 2.17 and 95% CI: 1.25 - 3.74), onset of sexual activity (PR = 10.64 and CI= 95%: 5.31 - 21.33) and experience of domestic violence (PR = 3.61 and 95% CI: 2.07 - 3.28). Conclusion The prevalence of cigarette smoking and the associated variables point to the need for intervention strategies among more vulnerable groups of adolescents, encompassing family involvement and assistance from teachers and health professionals, in particular nurses working in Primary Care.

Suicide attempts in Brazil, 1998-2014: an ecological study.

BACKGROUND: Attempted suicide is the main predictor of suicide constituting a major public health issue worldwide. It is estimated that for every completed suicide, 10 to 20 suicide attempts occur. Important part of the occurrences of suicide attempts in Brazil are registered in the hospital information system for coverage of more than 70 % allows to evaluate the extent of this problem in the country. The scope of this article is to analyse hospitalizations resulting from suicide attempts at public hospitals or services contracted out by the public health system (SUS) in Brazil from 1998 to 2014. METHODS: This is an ecological study of secondary morbidity data obtained from the Hospital Information System. The overall rate of suicide attempts per 100 000 (10(5)) individuals and rates stratified by age group and sex were calculated. To measure trends, simple linear regression coefficients were calculated. The hospital mortality rate was calculated per 100 individuals. RESULTS: The overall rate of hospitalization decreased from 1998 to 2014. The young and adult age groups had the highest hospitalization rates. Men were admitted more and the elderly had higher hospital mortality rates. The main cause of hospitalization was poisoning, accounting for 70.4 % of hospitalizations. Among the people who used poisoning by non-medical drugs as the method of attempted suicide, 58 178 (69.6 %) were men and 49 585 people who are poisoned by medical drugs (60.1 %) were women. CONCLUSIONS: Although hospitalization rates for attempted suicide have declined in Brazil, it remains a serious public health problem. Because a suicide attempt is the main predictor of suicide, studies to identify those most vulnerable to attempted suicide will help in the development of prevention strategies for mental health.

Hypertension in a Brazilian urban slum population.

Low- and middle-income countries account for the majority of hypertension disease burden. However, little is known about the distribution of this illness within subpopulations of these countries, particularly among those who live in urban informal settlements. A cross-sectional hypertension survey was conducted in 2003 among 5649 adult residents of a slum settlement in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Hypertension was defined as either an elevated arterial systolic (≥140 mmHg) or diastolic (≥90 mmHg) blood pressure. Sex-specific multivariable models of systolic blood pressure were constructed to identify factors associated with elevated blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension in the population 18 years and older was 21% (1162/5649). Men had 1.2 times the risk of hypertension compared with women (95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.05, 1.36). Increasing age and lack of any schooling, particularly for women, were also significantly associated with elevated blood pressure (p < 0.05). There was also a direct association between men who were black and an elevated blood pressure. Among those who were hypertensive, 65.5% were aware of their condition, and only 36.3% of those aware were actively using anti-hypertensive medications. Men were less likely to be aware of their diagnosis or to use medications (p < 0.01 for both) than women. The prevalence of hypertension in this slum community was lower than reported frequencies in the non-slum population of Brazil and Salvador, yet both disease awareness and treatment frequency were low. Further research on hypertension and other chronic non-communicable diseases in slum populations is urgently needed to guide prevention and treatment efforts in this growing population.

Seizures as a Complication of Congenital Zika Syndrome in Early Infancy.

Zika virus transmission in Brazil was linked to a large outbreak of microcephaly but less is known about longer term anthropometric and neurological outcomes. We studied a cohort of infants born between October 31, 2015, and January 9, 2016, in a state maternity hospital, followed up for 101 ± 28 days by home visits. Microcephaly (< 2 standard deviations, Intergrowth standard) occurred in 62 of 412 (15%) births. Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) was diagnosed in 29 patients. Among CZS patients, we observed a significant gain in anthropometric measures (P < 0.001) but no significant gain in percentile for these measures. The main neurological outcome was epilepsy, occurring in 48% of infants at a rate of 15.6 cases per 100 patient-months, frequently requiring multiple anti-seizure medications. The cumulative fatality rate was 7.4% (95% confidence interval: 2.1-23.4%). Health-care professionals should be alerted on the high risk of epilepsy and death associated with CZS in early infancy and the need to actively screen for seizures and initiate timely treatment.

Promotion of health, sustainability and social development of a vulnerable community.

OBJECTIVE: to report the experience of research phases on promoting sustainable development based on social technologies with palm fiber artifacts in a vulnerable community. METHOD: this is an experience report that describes the phases of a multiprofessional project that sought sustainable development, and was conducted with inhabitants from a vulnerable community. RESULTS: the actions were developed in four phases: exploratory, planning, implementation and evaluation. These phases encompassed a situational diagnosis, planning and performing health education workshops, training meetings, production of handcrafted window shutters with insulation and acoustic comfort. The most emphatic result was the possibility of a new source of income. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the project actions favored the individual and collective empowerment of the participants regarding their health, especially considering the recovery of self-esteem, valuation of traditional knowledge and a new source of income.

Meningococcal Carriage among Adolescents after Mass Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccination Campaigns in Salvador, Brazil.

Neisseria meningitidis is a commensal bacterium of the human nasopharynx. In rare cases, it penetrates the mucosa, entering the blood stream and causing various forms of disease. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines can prevent invasive disease not only by direct effect in vaccinated individuals but also by herd protection, preventing acquisition of carriage, which interrupts transmission and leads to protection of unvaccinated persons. In 2010 in Salvador, Brazil, an outbreak of group C meningococcal disease led to a mass meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination drive, targeting those <5 and 10-24 years of age. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with N. meningitidis carriage among adolescents from Salvador, Brazil, in the post-vaccination period. In spring 2014, we performed a cross-sectional study involving 1,200 public school students aged 11-19 years old. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected to identify N. meningitidis. Of the 59 colonized participants, 36 (61.0%) carried non-groupable N. meningitidis, while genogroup B (11.9%), Y (8.5%), E (6.8%), Z (5.1%), C (3.4%), and W (3.4%) were also detected. The overall prevalence of N. meningitidis carriage was 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6-6.1%); the prevalence of N. meningitidis genogroup C was 0.17% (95% CI, 0.0-0.40%). There was no difference by age. Factors associated with carriage were having only one, shared, bedroom in the household (PR, 2.02; 95% CI, 0.99-4.12, p = 0.05); the mother being the only smoker in the home (PR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.16-5.29; p = 0.01); and going to pubs/parties more than 5 times/month (PR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.38-4.92; p = 0.02). Our findings show that the N. meningitidis carriage rate in adolescents from Salvador, Bahia, is low and is potentially influenced by the low prevalence of N. meningitidis genogroup C. However, continued surveillance is important to identify changes in the dynamics of N. meningitidis, including the emergence of diseases due to a non-C serogroup.

Spatiotemporal Determinants of Urban Leptospirosis Transmission: Four-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Slum Residents in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Rat-borne leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease in urban slum settlements for which there are no adequate control measures. The challenge in elucidating risk factors and informing approaches for prevention is the complex and heterogeneous environment within slums, which vary at fine spatial scales and influence transmission of the bacterial agent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We performed a prospective study of 2,003 slum residents in the city of Salvador, Brazil during a four-year period (2003-2007) and used a spatiotemporal modelling approach to delineate the dynamics of leptospiral transmission. Household interviews and Geographical Information System surveys were performed annually to evaluate risk exposures and environmental transmission sources. We completed annual serosurveys to ascertain leptospiral infection based on serological evidence. Among the 1,730 (86%) individuals who completed at least one year of follow-up, the infection rate was 35.4 (95% CI, 30.7-40.6) per 1,000 annual follow-up events. Male gender, illiteracy, and age were independently associated with infection risk. Environmental risk factors included rat infestation (OR 1.46, 95% CI, 1.00-2.16), contact with mud (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.17-2.17) and lower household elevation (OR 0.92 per 10m increase in elevation, 95% CI 0.82-1.04). The spatial distribution of infection risk was highly heterogeneous and varied across small scales. Fixed effects in the spatiotemporal model accounted for the majority of the spatial variation in risk, but there was a significant residual component that was best explained by the spatial random effect. Although infection risk varied between years, the spatial distribution of risk associated with fixed and random effects did not vary temporally. Specific "hot-spots" consistently had higher transmission risk during study years. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The risk for leptospiral infection in urban slums is determined in large part by structural features, both social and environmental. Our findings indicate that topographic factors such as household elevation and inadequate drainage increase risk by promoting contact with mud and suggest that the soil-water interface serves as the environmental reservoir for spillover transmission. The use of a spatiotemporal approach allowed the identification of geographic outliers with unexplained risk patterns. This approach, in addition to guiding targeted community-based interventions and identifying new hypotheses, may have general applicability towards addressing environmentally-transmitted diseases that have emerged in complex urban slum settings.

Performance of resident nurses in obstetrics on childbirth care / Atuação de enfermeiras residentes em obstetrícia na assistência ao parto

Abstract Objectives: to describe good practices on childbirth care and obstetric interventions performed by resident nurses in obstetrics during the obstetric childbirth risk at a public maternity hospital in Salvador. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, based on the of 102 parturients, between February and April 2016. The data collection was performed through the collection of information on clinical files for analysis by using descriptive statistics with absolute and relative frequencies for the evaluated categorical variables. Results: it was observed that 100.0% of the women used some kind of non-pharmacological method for pain relief, although the method of choice was to take a hot bath; 99.0% of the women drank liquids; 94.0% had the presence of a companion of free choice; 99.0% walked during labor; 100.0% had the freedom to choose a position during childbirth. It is noteworthy that no woman in this study was submitted to episiotomy, and more than 70.0% were not submitted to any obstetric intervention. Conclusions: the Programa de Residência em Enfermagem (Residency Nursing Program) an important point in the childbirth humanization process is directly associated to the increase in the normal childbirth rates, the highest use on good practices in childbirth care, and the reduction on obstetric interventions.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever as boas práticas de atenção ao parto e as intervenções obstétricas realizadas por enfermeiras residentes em obstetrícia, durante a assistência ao parto de risco obstétrico habitual, em uma maternidade pública de Salvador. Métodos: estudo transversal descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, realizado a partir de dados de 102 parturientes, no período de fevereiro a abril de 2016. A coleta dos dados deu-se através do levantamento de informações em prontuários clínicos, para análise, utilizou-se estatística descritiva com frequências absolutas e relativas para as variáveis categóricas avaliadas. Resultados: constatou-se que 100,0% das mulheres utilizaram algum tipo de método não farmacológico para alívio da dor, sendo o banho quente de aspersão o método de eleição; 99,0% das mulheres ingeriram líquidos; 94,0% tiveram a presença de um acompanhante de livre escolha; 99,0% deambularam durante o trabalho de parto; 100,0% tiveram liberdade de posição durante o parto. Destaca-se, que nenhuma mulher deste estudo foi submetida à episiotomia, e mais de 70,0% não foram submetidas a qualquer intervenção obstétrica. Conclusões: o Programa de Residência em Enfermagem, ponto importante no processo de humanização do parto, associa-se diretamente ao aumento dos índices de partos normais, maior utilização de boas práticas na assistência ao parto e redução das intervenções obstétricas

Crises convulsivas em neonato com microcefalia associada à infecção pelo Zika vírus / Seizures in newborn with microcephaly associated to Zika virus infection / Crisis convulsivas en neonato con microcefalia asociada a la infección por el virus de Zika

Objetivo: analisar, a partir do caso de recém-nascido com microcefalia relacionada à infecção do vírus Zika, suas características clínicas e implicações para o cuidado em saúde e enfermagem. Conteúdo: a microcefalia é uma anomalia congênita em que o perímetro cefálico é menor ou igual a 32cm. Em 2015/2016, um surto de microcefalia associado ao vírus Zika provocou um debate internacional sobre o assunto. Através de relato de caso, descrevemos os achados característicos de uma criança com microcefalia e com repercussões neurológicas graves nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. O recém-nascido, pouco após o nascimento, apresentou episódios recorrentes de convulsões tônico-clônicas que duraram cerca de três minutos. A epilepsia associada à microcefalia torna-se um agravamento, exigindo atenção especial. Conclusão: Aumentar a conscientização e sensibilizar os cuidadores é imperativo para esclarecimentos sobre a epilepsia no ambiente familiar de forma muito clara e acessível.

Objective: to analyze, from the case of newborn with microcephaly related to Zika virus infection, its clinical characteristics and implications for health care and nursing. Content: microcephaly is a congenital anomaly in which the cephalic perimeter (CP) is smaller than or equal to 32cm. In 2015/2016, an outbreak of microcephaly associated with the Zika virus evoked an international debate on the subject. From a case report, we analyzed and discussed findings of a child with microcephaly and with severe neurological repercussions in the first 24 hours of life. The newborn, few hours after birth, presented recurring episodes of tonic-clonic seizures lasting about three minutes. That way, epilepsy associated with microcephaly becomes an aggravation, demanding special attention. Conclusion: Raising awareness and sensitizing caregivers is imperative for clarification about epilepsy in the family setting in a very clear and accessible way.

Objetivo: analizar, a partir del caso de un recién nacido con microcefalia relacionada con la infección por el virus del Zika, sus características clínicas y sus implicaciones para el cuidado en salud y de enfermería. Contenido: la microcefalia es una anomalía congénita en la que el perímetro cefálico es menor o igual a 32cm. En 2015/2016, un brote de microcefalia asociado al virus Zika provocó un debate internacional sobre el tema. Descubrimos los hallazgos característicos de un niño con microcefalia y con repercusiones neurológicas graves. El recién nacido fue dirigido a una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos algunas horas después del nacimiento, con episodios recurrentes de convulsiones tónico-clónicas que duraron cerca de tres minutos. De esta forma, la epilepsia asociada a la microcefalia se vuelve un agravamiento, exigiendo atención especial. Conclusión: aumentar la concienciación y sensibilizar a los cuidadores es imperativo para aclaraciones sobre la epilepsia en el ambiente familiar de forma muy clara y accesible.

Influence of household rat infestation on leptospira transmission in the urban slum environment.

BACKGROUND: The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is the principal reservoir for leptospirosis in many urban settings. Few studies have identified markers for rat infestation in slum environments while none have evaluated the association between household rat infestation and Leptospira infection in humans or the use of infestation markers as a predictive model to stratify risk for leptospirosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We enrolled a cohort of 2,003 urban slum residents from Salvador, Brazil in 2004, and followed the cohort during four annual serosurveys to identify serologic evidence for Leptospira infection. In 2007, we performed rodent infestation and environmental surveys of 80 case households, in which resided at least one individual with Leptospira infection, and 109 control households. In the case-control study, signs of rodent infestation were identified in 78% and 42% of the households, respectively. Regression modeling identified the presence of R. norvegicus feces (OR, 4.95; 95% CI, 2.13-11.47), rodent burrows (2.80; 1.06-7.36), access to water (2.79; 1.28-6.09), and un-plastered walls (2.71; 1.21-6.04) as independent risk factors associated with Leptospira infection in a household. We developed a predictive model for infection, based on assigning scores to each of the rodent infestation risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found that the prediction score produced a good/excellent fit based on an area under the curve of 0.78 (0.71-0.84). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study found that a high proportion of slum households were infested with R. norvegicus and that rat infestation was significantly associated with the risk of Leptospira infection, indicating that high level transmission occurs among slum households. We developed an easily applicable prediction score based on rat infestation markers, which identified households with highest infection risk. The use of the prediction score in community-based screening may therefore be an effective risk stratification strategy for targeting control measures in slum settings of high leptospirosis transmission.

Prospective study of leptospirosis transmission in an urban slum community: role of poor environment in repeated exposures to the Leptospira agent.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis has emerged as an urban health problem as slum settlements have rapidly spread worldwide and created conditions for rat-borne transmission. Prospective studies have not been performed to determine the disease burden, identify risk factors for infection and provide information needed to guide interventions in these marginalized communities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We enrolled and followed a cohort of 2,003 residents from a slum community in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Baseline and one-year serosurveys were performed to identify primary and secondary Leptospira infections, defined as respectively, seroconversion and four-fold rise in microscopic agglutination titers. We used multinomial logistic regression models to evaluate risk exposures for acquiring primary and secondary infection. A total of 51 Leptospira infections were identified among 1,585 (79%) participants who completed the one-year follow-up protocol. The crude infection rate was 37.8 per 1,000 person-years. The secondary infection rate was 2.3 times higher than that of primary infection rate (71.7 and 31.1 infections per 1,000 person-years, respectively). Male gender (OR 2.88; 95% CI 1.40-5.91) and lower per capita household income (OR 0.54; 95% CI, 0.30-0.98 for an increase of $1 per person per day) were independent risk factors for primary infection. In contrast, the 15-34 year age group (OR 10.82, 95% CI 1.38-85.08), and proximity of residence to an open sewer (OR 0.95; 0.91-0.99 for an increase of 1 m distance) were significant risk factors for secondary infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study found that slum residents had high risk (>3% per year) for acquiring a Leptospira infection. Re-infection is a frequent event and occurs in regions of slum settlements that are in proximity to open sewers. Effective prevention of leptospirosis will therefore require interventions that address the infrastructure deficiencies that contribute to repeated exposures among slum inhabitants.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Leptospirosis among urban slum residents in Brazil.

Leptospirosis disproportionately affects residents of urban slums. To understand the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding leptospirosis, we conducted a cross-sectional study among residents of an urban slum community in Salvador, Brazil. Of the 257 residents who were interviewed, 225 (90%) were aware of leptospirosis and more than two-thirds of respondents correctly identified the modes of disease transmission and ways to reduce exposure. However, study participants who performed risk activities such as cleaning open sewers had limited access to protective clothing such as boots (33%) or gloves (35%). Almost all respondents performed at least one activity to prevent household rat infestation, which often included use of an illegal poison. Our findings support the need for interventions targeted at the individual and household levels to reduce risk of leptospirosis until large-scale structural interventions are available to residents of urban slum communities.

Liderança transformacional na prática dos enfermeiros em um hospital universitário / Liderazgo transformacional en la práctica de enfermería en un hospital universitario / Transformational leadership in nurses' practice in a university hospital

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o exercício da liderança transformacional na prática dos enfermeiros em um hospital universitário. Métodos Estudo de métodos mistos explanatório sequencial. Na etapa quantitativa, com amostra não probabilística por conveniência, aplicou-se um questionário de atitudes frente a estilos de liderança adaptado para a frequência de adoção dos comportamentos de liderança transformacional a 152 enfermeiros do referido hospital. Estes dados passaram por testes estatísticos descritivos e analíticos. Na etapa qualitativa, 25 participantes da primeira etapa foram sorteados e responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, analisadas mediante análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados Identificou-se a prática da liderança transformacional de forma frequente entre os enfermeiros. Entretanto, eles apresentam dificuldades para exercer esse modelo de liderança, devido a carência de apoio da instituição que, majoritariamente adota uma liderança verticalizada, pela falta de capacitação para os enfermeiros assistenciais, e fragilidades na comunicação e discussão dos problemas antes das tomadas de decisões. Conclusão A prática da liderança transformacional encontra resistências pelo maior exercícios da liderança verticalizada pelos gestores, entretanto os enfermeiros acreditam que uma liderança com comportamento horizontalizado pode favorecer mudanças estruturais e comportamentais da instituição.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar el ejercicio del liderazgo transformacional en la práctica de enfermería de un hospital universitario. Métodos Estudio de mixtos métodos explicativos secuenciales. En la etapa cuantitativa, con muestra no probabilística por conveniencia, se aplicó cuestionario de actitudes frente a estilos de liderazgo adaptados a la frecuencia de adopción de conductas de liderazgo transformacional en 152 enfermeras del hospital. Datos sometidos a pruebas estadísticas descriptivas y analíticas. En la etapa cualitativa, 25 participantes de la primera etapa fueron sorteados, y respondieron a entrevista semiestructurada, revisada por análisis de contenido temático. Resultados La práctica del liderazgo transformacional fue identificada frecuentemente entre los enfermeros. Sin embargo, presentan dificultades para ejercer este modelo de liderazgo debido a falta de apoyo institucional, que mayoritariamente adopta un liderazgo vertical, por falta de capacitación de los enfermeros de atención y debilidades comunicacionales y de discusión de problemas antes de tomar decisiones. Conclusión La práctica del liderazgo transformacional encuentra resistencia por el mayor ejercicio de liderazgo vertical de los gestores, sin embargo, los enfermeros creen que un liderazgo de tipo horizontal podría favorecer cambios estructurales y conductuales en la institución.

Abstract Objective To analyze the exercise of transformational leadership in nurses' practice in a university hospital. Methods Mixed-method explanatory sequential study. In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire of attitudes towards leadership styles adapted to the frequency of adoption of transformational leadership behaviors was applied to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 152 nurses from the university hospital. Descriptive and analytical statistical tests were used for data treatment. In the qualitative phase, 25 participants from the first phase were randomly selected (draw) and responded to a semi-structured interview that was analyzed by thematic content analysis. Results The practice of transformational leadership was identified frequently among nurses. However, they had difficulties to exercise this leadership model, because of lack of institutional support, since vertical leadership is the most adopted style, as well as lack of training for care nurses, and weaknesses in communication and discussion of problems before decision making. Conclusion The managers' greater exercise of vertical leadership offers resistance to the transformational leadership practice. However, nurses believe that leadership with horizontal behavior can favor structural and behavioral institutional changes.

Fatores associados ao consumo do cigarro entre adolescentes de escola pública / Factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco entre adolescentes de escuela pública / Factors associated with cigarette smoking among public school adolescents

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de consumo de cigarro e sua associação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, iniciação sexual e vivência de violência doméstica em adolescentes escolares da rede pública de ensino de Guanambi, Bahia, Brasil. Método Estudo transversal, realizado com adolescentes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas guiadas por um instrumento estruturado, e analisados conforme estatística descritiva e inferencial, com regressão logística múltipla. Resultados Participaram do estudo 370 adolescentes. A prevalência de consumo de cigarro foi de 17,6% e houve associação estatisticamente significante com as variáveis: idade maior que 15 anos (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 - 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 - 4,37), não proferir religião (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 - 3,75), trabalhar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 - 3,74), início das atividades sexuais (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 - 21,33) e vivência de violência doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 - 3,28). Conclusão A prevalência do consumo de cigarro e as variáveis associadas apontam para a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção nos grupos de adolescentes mais vulneráveis, com envolvimento familiar e auxílio dos profissionais da educação e saúde, em especial os enfermeiros que atuam na atenção primária.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco y su asociación con las variables sociodemográficas, iniciación sexual y vivencia de violencia doméstica en adolescentes escolares de la red pública de enseñanza de Guanambi, Bahía, Brasil. Método Estudio transversal, llevado a cabo con adolescentes. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante entrevistas guiadas por un instrumento estructurado y analizados conforme a la estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con regresión logística múltiple. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 370 adolescentes. La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco fue del 17,6% y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa con las variables: edad mayor que 15 años (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 - 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 - 4,37), no proferir religión (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 - 3,75), trabajar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 - 3,74), inicio de las actividades sexuales (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 - 21,33) y vivencia de violencia doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 - 3,28). Conclusión La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y las variables asociadas señalan la necesidad de estrategias de intervención en los grupos de adolescentes más vulnerables, con involucración familiar y auxilio de los profesionales de la educación y salud, en especial los enfermeros que actúan en la atención primaria.

ABSTRACT Objective Estimating the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its association with sociodemographic variables, sexual initiation and experience with domestic violence among adolescents from public schools in Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil. Method A crosssectional study carried out with adolescents. Data were collected through interviews guided by a structured instrument, and analyzed according to descriptive and inferential statistics with multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 370 adolescents participated in the study. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 17.6% and a statistically significant association was observed between the variables: age over 15 years (PR = 5.63 and 95% CI: 1.33 - 23.85), males (PR = 2.53 and 95% CI: 1.47 - 4.37), no reported religion (PR = 1.93 and 95% CI: 0.99 - 3.75), working (PR = 2.17 and 95% CI: 1.25 - 3.74), onset of sexual activity (PR = 10.64 and CI= 95%: 5.31 - 21.33) and experience of domestic violence (PR = 3.61 and 95% CI: 2.07 - 3.28). Conclusion The prevalence of cigarette smoking and the associated variables point to the need for intervention strategies among more vulnerable groups of adolescents, encompassing family involvement and assistance from teachers and health professionals, in particular nurses working in Primary Care.

Promotion of health, sustainability and social development of a vulnerable community / Promoção da saúde, sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento social de comunidade vulnerável / Promoción de la salud, sostenibilidad y desarrollo social de la comunidad vulnerable

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the experience of research phases on promoting sustainable development based on social technologies with palm fiber artifacts in a vulnerable community. Method: this is an experience report that describes the phases of a multiprofessional project that sought sustainable development, and was conducted with inhabitants from a vulnerable community. Results: the actions were developed in four phases: exploratory, planning, implementation and evaluation. These phases encompassed a situational diagnosis, planning and performing health education workshops, training meetings, production of handcrafted window shutters with insulation and acoustic comfort. The most emphatic result was the possibility of a new source of income. Final Considerations: the project actions favored the individual and collective empowerment of the participants regarding their health, especially considering the recovery of self-esteem, valuation of traditional knowledge and a new source of income.

RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a experiência das fases de uma pesquisa sobre desenvolvimento social, sustentabilidade e promoção da saúde. Método: trata-se de um relato de experiência no qual se discorre a respeito das fases de um projeto de pesquisa desenvolvido por um grupo de profissionais e alunos de enfermagem, engenharia e arquitetura para o desenvolvimento social, a promoção da saúde e da sustentabilidade de uma comunidade vulnerável. Resultados: a pesquisa se deu em quatro fases - exploratória (diagnóstico, aproximação e identificação das potencialidades humanas e ambientais); planejamento (das ações a partir das demandas dos participantes); implementação (construção do espaço para execução das atividades do projeto); e avaliativa (avaliação das três fases citadas a fim de manter ou modificar ações). Considerações finais: as ações do projeto favoreceram o empoderamento individual e coletivo dos participantes do projeto no que tange à saúde, sobretudo em aspectos relacionados ao resgate da autoestima, à valorização do saber tradicional e à fonte de renda.

RESUMEN Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de las fases de una investigación sobre desarrollo social, sostenibilidad y promoción de la salud. Método: se trata de un informe de experiencia en el que discurren las fases de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado por profesionales y estudiantes de Enfermería, Ingeniería y Arquitectura para el desarrollo social, promoción de la salud y la sostenibilidad comunitaria de la comunidad vulnerable. Resultados: la investigación se dio en cuatro fases: exploratoria (diagnóstico, aproximación e identificación del potencial humano y ambiental), planificación (se planeó las acciones a partir de las demandas de los participantes), implantación (construcción del espacio para la ejecución de las actividades del proyecto) y evaluación (evaluación de las tres fases citadas para mantener o modificar acciones). Consideraciones finales: De las acciones del proyecto favoreció el empoderamiento individual y colectivo de los participantes en relación con la salud, especialmente en sus aspectos relacionados con el rescate de la autoestima, la apreciación de los conocimientos tradicionales y la fuente de ingresos.

O quotidiano de enfermeiras na consulta em puericultura / Nurses’ everyday activities in a child care clinic / Cotidiano de enfermeras en la consulta en puericultura

Este estudo descritivo, qualitativo, norteado pela Sociologia Compreensiva, objetivou descrever o quotidiano de enfermeiras na consulta em puericultura e identificar fatores que influenciam a realização dessa consulta. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, dirigida a oito enfermeiras atuantes na consulta em puericultura, em unidades de atenção básica de um distrito de saúde do município de Salvador, Bahia, no período de março a abril de 2011. Os resultados demostraram que o quotidiano em puericultura é organizado, repetitivo, imprevisível, prazeroso, acessível, permeado por interação, orientação e afeto, possibilitando o acompanhamento da criança através de um trabalho em equipe e com autonomia. O contexto cultural, a equidade no atendimento, a acessibilidade e a infraestrutura são fatores que influenciam a consulta em puericultura. Conclui-se que, no quotidiano da puericultura, a enfermeira estabelece ações e interações com a criança e a família, promovendo a saúde, o cuidado efetivo e o respeito às diversidades ideológicas, sociais e culturais.

This qualitative descriptive study guided by Comprehensive Sociology aimed to describe nurses’ day-to-day in a child care clinic and identify the factors that influence the clinic process. From March to April 2011, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight nurses working in child care clinics at primary health care centers in a health district of Salvador, Bahia. The results demonstrated that everyday child care clinic activities are organized, repetitive, unpredictable, pleasurable, accessible, and permeated by interaction, guidance, and affection, making it possible to follow up the children through team work and with autonomy. Cultural context, equity in care, accessibility, and infrastructure are factors that influence the child care clinic. It was concluded that, in day-to-day child care, nurses establishes actions and interactions with child and family, promoting health, effective care, and respect for ideological, social, and cultural diversities.

Este estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, norteado por la Sociología Comprensiva, tuvo como objetivo describir el cotidiano de enfermeras en la consulta en puericultura e identificar los factores que influencian la consulta. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada con ocho enfermeras actuantes en la consulta en puericultura en unidades de atención básica de un distrito de salud de Salvador, Bahía-Brasil, de marzo a abril de 2011. Los resultados muestran que el cotidiano del cuidado es organizado, repetitivo, imprevisible, divertido, accesible, permeado por la interacción, afecto y orientación, que permite el seguimiento del niño mediante el trabajo en equipo y con autonomía. El contexto cultural, la equidad, la accesibilidad y la infraestructura influyen en la consulta. Se concluye que en el cotidiano de la puericultura, la enfermera establece acciones e interacciones con el niño y familia promoviendo la salud, el cuidado efectivo, respetando las diversidades ideológicas y socioculturales.

Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis has become an urban health problem as slum settlements have expanded worldwide. Efforts to identify interventions for urban leptospirosis have been hampered by the lack of population-based information on Leptospira transmission determinants. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of Leptospira infection and identify risk factors for infection in the urban slum setting. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a community-based survey of 3,171 slum residents from Salvador, Brazil. Leptospira agglutinating antibodies were measured as a marker for prior infection. Poisson regression models evaluated the association between the presence of Leptospira antibodies and environmental attributes obtained from Geographical Information System surveys and indicators of socioeconomic status and exposures for individuals. Overall prevalence of Leptospira antibodies was 15.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.0-16.8). Households of subjects with Leptospira antibodies clustered in squatter areas at the bottom of valleys. The risk of acquiring Leptospira antibodies was associated with household environmental factors such as residence in flood-risk regions with open sewers (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.42, 95% CI 1.14-1.75) and proximity to accumulated refuse (1.43, 1.04-1.88), sighting rats (1.32, 1.10-1.58), and the presence of chickens (1.26, 1.05-1.51). Furthermore, low income and black race (1.25, 1.03-1.50) were independent risk factors. An increase of US$1 per day in per capita household income was associated with an 11% (95% CI 5%-18%) decrease in infection risk. CONCLUSIONS: Deficiencies in the sanitation infrastructure where slum inhabitants reside were found to be environmental sources of Leptospira transmission. Even after controlling for environmental factors, differences in socioeconomic status contributed to the risk of Leptospira infection, indicating that effective prevention of leptospirosis may need to address the social factors that produce unequal health outcomes among slum residents, in addition to improving sanitation.