[Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium by MgPa and rRNA 16S gene amplification]. / Diagnóstico de Mycoplasma genitalium por amplificación de los genes MgPa y ARN ribosomal 16S.

OBJECTIVE: Mycoplasma genitalium has been associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Diagnosis by PCR has become the primary detection method for this organism. Thus, diagnosis by DNA amplification using the PCR technique should be utilized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GMF/GMR and MgpF/MgpR primer pairs, complementary to the M. genitalium 16S rRNA and MgPa genes, respectively, were selected. Specificity and sensibility assays were conducted and clinical samples were studied. RESULTS: The PCR with each primer pair was specific only for M. genitalium, and the sensibility was higher with the GMF/GMR primers. In the study of 34 clinical samples, 18,5% were positive for M. genitalium, with more positive samples when the MgpF/MgpR primers were used. CONCLUSIONS: DNA amplification by PCR should be applied in clinical practice to the diagnosis of M. genitalium in patients with NGU should using.

Personality traits associated with caffeine intake and smoking.

OBJECTIVES: Some studies find a relationship between certain personality traits, as impulsivity or sensation seeking, and caffeine consumption, but these studies do not consider the potential confounding effect of smoking on caffeine intake, a co-occurrence that has been well demonstrated in epidemiological and clinical studies. The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the association of personality with caffeine intake controlling for the effects of smoking; a secondary objective was to explore the effect of caffeine intake on the previously known relationship between personality and smoking. METHODS: A sample of 498 adults answered a self-questionnaire including socio-demographic variables, and items regarding consumption of tobacco and caffeine. Personality was measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125). We analyzed the association of personality traits with both caffeine intake and smoking, controlling the possible confounding effects of sex, age and each substance with the other one. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses showed that the temperamental dimension of novelty seeking was associated with heavy caffeine consumption (>200 mg/day) (adjusted OR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.9), controlling for the effect of smoking. Moreover, novelty seeking was associated with both smoking (adjusted OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-2.9) and heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes/day) (adjusted OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.0-3.7), after controlling for the effect of caffeine intake. CONCLUSION: Our study offers an epidemiological evidence of the relationship of novelty seeking, considered to be associated with low basal dopaminergic activity, with both nicotine consumption and heavy caffeine intake, two substances that enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission.

[Rapid serological diagnosis systems for human leptospirosis screening in Cuba]. / Sistemas serológicos rápidos utilizados para la pesquisa de leptospirosis humana en Cuba.

INTRODUCTION: human leptospirosis requires rapid and early microbiological diagnosis since it is a common lethal disease worldwide. OBJECTIVES: to increase the quality of microbiological diagnosis of this infection, to expand the knowledge on the circulation of groups of leptospiras in Cuba and to show the benefits of an agglutination assay using Cuban latex particles and of commercial immunochromatogenic systems LEPTO Dipstick, Lepto Tek Lateral Flow, Lepto Tek Dri Dot and SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. METHODS: this descriptive research used sera from positive and negative control cases to evaluate and measure the diagnostic value of rapid serological diagnosis systems with respect to the microagglutination method of reference (MAT). All the techniques used in this report are described in the Manual of Operations and Procedures of the Leptospira Lab in "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine. RESULTS: all the studied diagnosis systems exhibited acceptable values of sensitivity, specificity and agreement when compared to the international microagglutination method of reference with live microorganisms. The great selectivity (antigen reactivity) and the diagnostic reliability of the diagnostic systems were confirmed; particularly the mixed Cuban-made latex, the LEPTO Dipstick and the SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. CONCLUSIONS: the procedures used in this research work exceeded the traditional methods including the microagglutination method of reference in terms of easiness, rapidity, technical simplicity and level of performance, and all were useful for the screening of antibodies to leptospiras.

VI Taller Internacional Leptospirosis Habana 2012. I Curso Pre-Congreso de Borreliosis de Lyme: del vector a la enfermedad. II Congreso Internacional de Leptospirosis, Sífilis y Borreliosis Espiroquetas Habana 2012 / 6th International Workshopgress course Leptospirosis Havana 2012. 1st Pre-con

La mayoría de las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes en la actualidad son clasificadas como zoonosis, muchas de las cuales se transmiten por animales silvestres. El incremento de los contactos entre humanos o sus animales domésticos y la fauna silvestre (hospedero potencial de patógenos zoonóticos) puede resultar en nuevas enfermedades producidas por la invasión de nuevos biotipos dentro de las especies reconocidas. Por ello, la vigilancia de estas enfermedades zoonóticas transmisibles es uno de los instrumentos principales para conocer el comportamiento de la situación de salud y, en consecuencia, orientar la reacción social ante los cambios en las tendencias y distribución de las enfermedades.En la región de Latinoamérica y Centroamérica subsiste un grupo de enfermedades que afectan desproporcionadamente a la salud pública y animal y que son consecuencias de la pobreza y, en general, están cargadas de estigma. La comunidad internacional ha acuñado la expresión "enfermedades desatendidas" para referirse a estas entidades clínicas.La leptospirosis humana, aunque afecta a millones de personas en el mundo, se considera una enfermedad desatendida, reemergente que afecta tanto a los habitantes de ambientes rurales como urbanos, en países en desarrollo como en los industrializados. En los países de América Latina y el Caribe, la leptospirosis se presenta en forma de casos esporádicos o de brotes epidémicos, asociados principalmente a catástrofes atmosféricas naturales o a desequilibrios ambientales. Desde el punto de vista clínico es una enfermedad que presenta, tanto en humanos como en animales, una amplia gama de signos y síntomas que la confunden con otras enfermedades infecciosas de desarrollo agudo. En un estudio del programa de salud pública veterinaria se reporta que no existen, con excepción de Cuba y Brasil, programas de vigilancia epidemiológica para esta enfermedad..

Detección de anticuerpos IgM contra leptospiras por un sistema comercial ELISA-IgM / Detection of IgM antibodies to leptospires by using a commercial ELISA-IgM system

Introducción: la leptospirosis humana es una zoonosis sistémica y transmisible producida por bacterias invasivas del complejo Leptospira interrogans sensu lato. Numerosos métodos se utilizan para el serodiagnóstico de esta entidad clínica, dentro de los cuales se encuentra ELISA. Objetivos: aplicar un nuevo sistema serológico comercial de ELISA, para la pesquisa de anticuerpos IgM contra leptospiras e identificar los serogrupos de leptospiras presentes en los sueros positivos por este sistema. Métodos: de pacientes sospechosos de leptospirosis se estudiaron 27 y 61 sueros con anticuerpos contra leptospiras y sin estos, respectivamente. La técnica de microaglutinación con antígenos vivos (MAT) se utilizó como método de referencia. Los sistemas comerciales de SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, SD flujo lateral Leptospira IgM y la hemoaglutinación indirecta (HAT) fueron comparativamente empleados. Resultados: 27 sueros con anticuerpos contra leptospiras resultaron positivos por SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, 20 por SD flujo lateral Leptospira IgM y 9 por hemoaglutinación indirecta. De 61 sueros sin anticuerpos contra leptospiras, 9 y 8 resultaron positivos, respectivamente, por SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM y por SD flujo lateral Leptospira IgM. Los serogrupos Ballum y Canicola predominaron en los sueros positivos por el sistema comercial. La coincidencia entre SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM y la técnica de microaglutinación con antígenos vivos fue de 89,77 porciento. Conclusiones: SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM muestra una mayor positividad en los sueros estudiados, lo que avalaría su posible introducción en Cuba. Se confirma la amplia reactividad del antígeno usado en SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, lo cual sugiere mantener una activa vigilancia de laboratorio sobre los serogrupos de leptospiras, a nivel nacional

Introduction: human leptospirosis is a communicable systemic zoonosis caused by the invasive bacteria Leptospira interrogans sensu lato complex. Numerous methods are used for serodiagnosis of this disease, including the ELISA tests. Objectives: to implement a new commercial serological ELISA test (SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, SD Bioline, Korea) for screening of IgM antibodies and for identification of Leptospira serogroups in positive sera. Methods: twenty seven and sixty one sera, with/without IgM antibodies to leptospires, respectively, were studied. They had been taken from patients suspected of having leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test with live antigens (MAT) was the reference method. In addition, other commercial systems such as SD Leptospira IgM Lateral Flow and indirect hemagglutination (HAT) tests were comparatively used. Results: all the 27 sera with antibodies against Leptospira were positive according to SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, 20 sera were found positive by SD Lateral Flow Igm test and 9 sera by the indirect HAT test. Of the 61 sera without antibodies to leptospires, 9 and 8 were positive by SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM and SD Leptospira IgM Lateral Flow test, respectively. Serogroups Canicola and Ballum were predominant in positive sera tested by the commercial system under evaluation. The agreement coefficient between SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM and MAT was 89.77 percent. Conclusions: SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM showed higher positivity rate than the other systems in the studied sera; this aspect would support its possible introduction in Cuba. The great reactivity of the antigen used in the system was confirmed, which indicates that active laboratory surveillance of leptospiral serogroups should be kept nationwide

Detección de ADN de leptospiras en tejidos frescos de fallecidos en Cuba, 2008-2011 / Detection of leptospiral DNA in fresh tissues from dead people in Cuba, 2008-2011

Introducción: la leptospirosis como importante zoonosis reemergente a nivel mundial presenta una mortalidad asociada entre 15 y 25 porciento. El diagnóstico postmortem de esta enfermedad es laborioso. Diferentes métodos moleculares se utilizan en su confirmación, entre ellos la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. En Cuba, desde 2008 se realiza el diagnóstico molecular de los fallecidos con sospecha de leptospirosis en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Leptospiras del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (LNRL-IPK

Introduction: leptospirosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis worldwide, with an associated mortality ranging 15-25 percent. Post-mortem diagnosis of the disease is painstaking. Different molecular methods for diagnosis of leptospirosis have been implemented. In Cuba, the National Reference Laboratory for Letospires of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine (LNRL-IPK

Factors associated with psychiatric morbidity in Spanish schoolteachers.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between psychiatric morbidity and characteristics of the work environment has been well-documented, and one of the professional groups in which psychiatric symptoms are most common is schoolteachers. AIMS: The present study was designed to evaluate the association between psychiatric morbidity [measured with General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-28 score] and workplace-, sociodemographic- and personality-related variables in schoolteachers. METHODS: A sample of 498 non-university teachers in the city of Granada (southern Spain) were studied with a questionnaire comprising items that covered work-related variables (work and professional variables, as well as job perceptions), sociodemographic characteristics of the teachers and personality, evaluated with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125). The dependent variable was psychiatric morbidity, measured as scores >6 on the GHQ-28. Crude and adjusted odds ratios between each independent variable and psychiatric morbidity were obtained. RESULTS: In the adjusted analysis, psychiatric morbidity was associated with heavy workload, physical assault from pupils, low appraisal by superiors, low job satisfaction, high stress, female gender and (regarding personal characteristics) high scores for harm avoidance and novelty seeking and low scores for self-directedness. CONCLUSIONS: When personality characteristics are taken into account, the effect of workplace and sociodemographic variables was limited, although workload, poor job satisfaction and female sex remained associated with psychiatric morbidity.

[Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum y Ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with bacterial vaginosis]. / Diagnóstico de Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum y Ureaplasma urealyticum en pacientes con vaginosis bacteriana.

An observational descriptive study to determine the frequency of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates in patients with bacterial vaginosis was carried out in 296 patients who had vaginal secretion and were seen at two hospitals. The diagnosis was based on Amsel's criteria. Endocervical swabs were taken from women positive to this disease for M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. diagnosis by traditional methods. Polymerase chain reaction identified U. parvum and U. urealyticum. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 30.1% of females, and in 77.5% of them the studied urogenital mycoplasmas were present. M. hominis was the most common species (71%) whereas U. parvum and Urealyticum were detected in 23.2 % and 5.8% of cases respectively. The diagnosis of Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas should be performed in females with bacterial vaginosis, which will allow applying adequate therapeutic control and avoiding future pathologies in the genital tract.

[Outbreak of human leptospirosis in Guantánamo Province]. / Brote de leptospirosis humana en la Provincia Guantánamo.

A characterization of the epidemic occurred in Guantánamo province during October and November 2005, and as well as of the activities developed for its control was made. The existence of favourable factors was confirmed, and as a result from the 42nd statistical week on there was an increase in the number of medical attentions with clinical pictures and epidemiologic elements. 885 suspected cases were notified, 61 were microbiologically confirmed, accounting for a positivity of 69%. The municipalities with the highest risk were Niceto Pérez, Guantánamo city, and Manuel Tames. Some activities were immediately carried out, with the multisectorial and interdisciplinary support from different organizations, allowing the control of the situation in less than a month. The study of this outbreak showed that leptospirosis is still a health problem in Cuba, and that it is necessary to join efforts and resources to control it.

[Microbiological confirmation of two emergent outbreaks of human leptospirosis in Cuba]. / Confirmación microbiológica de 2 brotes emergentes de leptospirosis humana en Cuba.

Clinical samples from 293 patients with suspicion of leptospirosis were studied for the microbiologic confirmation of these events, in October-December 2005, when there were 2 outbreaks in humans, in Cuba. Sera samples of patients in acute phase and during convalescence, as well as hemocultures performed before the beginning of the antibiotic therapy, were analyzed. Conventional techniques (passive hemagglutination test and serogroups hemagglutination), and advanced or fast diagnosis techniques (Lepto tek Dri-Dot, Lepto-Cuba, Latex-India, Lepto tek Lateral Flow) were used for serologic diagnosis. In outbreak 1, 26 % of the studied cases were confirmed by serological tests (22/84), and 25% (5/20) through hemocultures; whereas in outbreak 11, 48 of the 162 studied cases (30%) were serologically confirmed, and it was possible to obtain isolation of leptospires in 6 of the 27 processed cases (22%). The main serovariants found by serology were Canicola, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona. The rapid diagnosis methods were useful screening tools in the most severe cases or at pediatric ages. The two epidemiologic events were caused by pathogenic leptospires infection, which contributed to the adoption of hygienic-sanitary measures in both provinces.

Sistemas serológicos rápidos utilizados para la pesquisa de leptospirosis humana en Cuba / Rapid serological diagnosis systems for human leptospirosis screening in Cuba

Introducción: la leptospirosis humana necesita de un diagnóstico microbiológico rápido y oportuno por ser una enfermedad letal y frecuente en todo el mundo. Objetivo: incrementar la calidad del diagnóstico microbiológico de esta infección, ampliar el conocimiento sobre la circulación de serogrupos de leptospiras en Cuba y demostrar la utilidad de un sistema de aglutinación con partículas de látex cubano y los sistemas inmunocromatogénicos comerciales LEPTO Dipstick, Lepto Tek Lateral Flow, Lepto Tek Dri Dot y SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Métodos: en esta investigación descriptiva se utilizaron sueros de casos controles positivos y negativos para evaluar y medir el valor diagnóstico de los sistemas serológicos rápidos con respecto al método de referencia de microaglutinación (MAT). Todas las técnicas utilizadas en este reporte aparecen descritas en el Manual de Operaciones y Procederes del Laboratorio de Leptospiras, del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí". Resultados: todos los sistemas estudiados presentaron aceptables valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y concordancia en comparación con el método de referencia internacional de microaglutinación con microrganismos vivos. Se constató la amplia selectividad (reactividad antigénica) y la fiabilidad diagnóstica de los sistemas, se destacan en particular el látex mezclado de producción nacional, el LEPTO Dipstick y el SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Conclusiones: ninguno de los procedimientos utilizados fue superado en cuanto a su sencillez, rapidez, simplicidad técnica y grado de ejecución al comparárseles con los métodos tradicionales, incluido el de referencia, y todos resultaron útiles en la pesquisa de anticuerpos frente a leptospiras.

Introduction: human leptospirosis requires rapid and early microbiological diagnosis since it is a common lethal disease worldwide. Objectives: to increase the quality of microbiological diagnosis of this infection, to expand the knowledge on the circulation of groups of leptospiras in Cuba and to show the benefits of an agglutination assay using Cuban latex particles and of commercial immunochromatogenic systems LEPTO Dipstick, Lepto Tek Lateral Flow, Lepto Tek Dri Dot and SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Methods: this descriptive research used sera from positive and negative control cases to evaluate and measure the diagnostic value of rapid serological diagnosis systems with respect to the microagglutination method of reference (MAT). All the techniques used in this report are described in the Manual of Operations and Procedures of the Leptospira Lab in "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine. Results: all the studied diagnosis systems exhibited acceptable values of sensitivity, specificity and agreement when compared to the international microagglutination method of reference with live microorganisms. The great selectivity (antigen reactivity) and the diagnostic reliability of the diagnostic systems were confirmed; particularly the mixed Cuban-made latex, the LEPTO Dipstick and the SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Conclusions: the procedures used in this research work exceeded the traditional methods including the microagglutination method of reference in terms of easiness, rapidity, technical simplicity and level of performance, and all were useful for the screening of antibodies to leptospiras.

Diagnóstico de Mycoplasma genitalium por amplificación de los genes MgPa y ARN ribosomal 16S / Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium by MgPa and rRNA 16S gene amplification

OBJETIVO: El microorganismo Mycoplasma genitalium se ha relacionado con la uretritis no gonocócica (UNG). La técnica de PCR se ha convertido en el principal método de detección de este patógeno. En consecuencia, debe aplicarse un método de diagnóstico mediante la amplificación de fragmentos de ADN por la técnica PCR. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron los cebadores MGF-MGR y MgPaF-MgPaR, complementarios de los genes de ARNr 16S y MgPa de M. genitalium, respectivamente. Se efectuaron ensayos de especificidad y sensibilidad y se estudiaron muestras clínicas. RESULTADOS: La PCR con cada grupo de cebadores utilizado fue específica sólo para M. genitalium y la sensibilidad fue mayor con el grupo de cebadores MGF-MGR. En el estudio de 34 muestras clínicas, 18.5 por ciento fue positivo a M. genitalium y se encontró un mayor número de muestras positivas al utilizar los cebadores MgPaF-MgPaR. CONCLUSIONES: Debe aplicarse en la práctica clínica el diagnóstico de M. genitalium mediante la amplificación del ADN por PCR en los pacientes con UNG.

OBJECTIVE: Mycoplasma genitalium has been associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Diagnosis by PCR has become the primary detection method for this organism. Thus, diagnosis by DNA amplification using the PCR technique should be utilized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GMF/GMR and MgpF/MgpR primer pairs, complementary to the M. genitalium 16S rRNA and MgPa genes, respectively, were selected. Specificity and sensibility assays were conducted and clinical samples were studied. RESULTS: The PCR with each primer pair was specific only for M. genitalium, and the sensibility was higher with the GMF/GMR primers. In the study of 34 clinical samples, 18,5 percent were positive for M. genitalium, with more positive samples when the MgpF/MgpR primers were used. CONCLUSIONS: DNA amplification by PCR should be applied in clinical practice to the diagnosis of M. genitalium in patients with NGU should using.

Tercer Taller y Tercera Reunión Científica Internacional Leptospirosis Habana 2006 / Third Workshop and Third International Scientific Meeting Leptospirosis Habana 2006

Los avances de la salud pública en el ámbito internacional y los cambios ocurridos en el comportamiento de las enfermedades, determinados por el control de unas y la aparición o reaparición de otras, exige la aplicación de medidas y sistemas de vigilancia y control que permitan enfrentar esta situación en la actualidad. En especial América Central y la región del Caribe se han visto amenazadas por innumerables eventos atmosféricos, los cuales han puesto en quiebra los sistemas de salud de muchos países de la región, que origina grandes costos en hospitalización y asistencia a enfermos así como en campañas de emergencia para el control medio ambiental.

Leptospirosis humana en la atención primaria de salud: pautas para su prevención y control / Human leptospirosis in health primary care: guidelines for its prevention and control

Durante las dos últimas décadas se ha observado a nivel mundial un alza en el número de casos de leptospirosis humana, frecuentemente asociada a desastres naturales. En Cuba, esta enfermedad tiene un comportamiento endemo epidémico, y estacional. Las características tropicales del país, el clima, la orografía, la red fluvial natural y la artificial, las extensas áreas agrícolas, y los regímenes lluviosos en determinadas épocas del año, han propiciado un aumento en el número de casos de esta enfermedad. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión documental del tema y se propone una guía para el control y prevención de esta zoonosis en la atención primaria de salud, y así brindarle al Médico de Familia elementos importantes para su trabajo diario en la comunidad.

For two last decades it was observed a rise in cases of human leptospirosis frequently associated to natural disasters. In Cuba, this condition has a endemic, epidemic, and seasonal behaviour. Tropical features of our country, climate, orography, natural and artificial fluvial network, extensive agricultural areas, and rainy regimes en determined times of year, have propitiate a increase in case-number of this disease. In present paper a documentary review of this topic was made and we propose a guide for control and prevention of this zoonosis in health primary care, and thus provide to Family Physician with significant components for his daily practice in community.

Diagnóstico de Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum y Ureaplasma urealyticum en pacientes con vaginosis bacteriana / Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum y Ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with bacterial vaginosis

Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, para determinar la frecuencia de aislamientos de Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum y Ureaplasma urealyticum en pacientes con vaginosis bacteriana, donde se incluyeron 296 pacientes con secreción vaginal, atendidas en consultas médicas en 2 hospitales. El diagnóstico se llevó a cabo según los criterios Amsel, y a las mujeres positivas a esta enfermedad se les tomó muestra de exudado endocervical para el diagnóstico por métodos convencionales para M. hominis y Ureaplasma spp. Por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa se identificaron U. parvum y U. urealyticum. Se diagnosticó vaginosis bacteriana en 30,1 por ciento de las pacientes, y en 77,5 por ciento se detectó la presencia de los micoplasmas urogenitales estudiados. M. hominis fue la especie más frecuente encontrada (71 por ciento), mientras que U. parvum y U. urealyticum se identificaron en 23,2 y 5,8 por ciento, respectivamente. En las mujeres con vaginosis bacteriana se debe realizar el diagnóstico de micoplasmas y ureaplasmas, lo que permitiría instaurar un adecuado control terapéutico, y ayudaría a evitar futuras enfermedades en el tracto genital.

An observational descriptive study to determine the frequency of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates in patients with bacterial vaginosis was carried out in 296 patients who had vaginal secretion and were seen at two hospitals. The diagnosis was based on Amsel´s criteria. Endocervical swabs were taken from women positive to this disease for M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. diagnosis by traditional methods. Polymerase chain reaction identified U. parvum and U. urealyticum. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 30.1 percent of females, and in 77.5 percent of them the studied urogenital mycoplasmas were present. M. hominis was the most common species (71 percent) whereas U. parvum and Urealyticum were detected in 23.2 percent and 5.8 percent of cases respectively. The diagnosis of Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas should be performed in females with bacterial vaginosis, which will allow applying adequate therapeutic control and avoiding future pathologies in the genital tract.

Brote de leptospirosis humana en la provincia Guantánamo / Outbreak of human leptospirosis in Guantánamo province

Se realizó una caracterización de la epidemia ocurrida en la provincia Guantßnamo durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2005, así como de las actividades desarrolladas para su control. Se comprobó que existían factores propicios para su desarrollo, esto trajo consigo que a partir de la semana estadística 42 se notificara un alza en el número de atenciones médicas con cuadros clínicos y elementos epidemiológicos. Se notificaron un total de 885 casos sospechosos, 61 fueron confirmados microbiológicamente para una positividad de 6,9 por ciento. Los municipios con mayor riesgo fueron Niceto Pérez, la ciudad de Guantßnamo y Manuel Tames. Se llevaron a cabo de forma inmediata una serie de actividades con el apoyo multisectorial e interdisciplinario de distintas organizaciones, que permitieron controlar la situación en un lapso menor de un mes. El estudio de este brote demostró que la leptospirosis continúa siendo un problema de salud en Cuba y que para su control se necesitan unificar esfuerzos y recursos.

A characterization of the epidemic occurred in Guantßnamo province during October and November 2005, and as well as of the activities developed for its control was made. The existence of favourable factors was confirmed, and as a result from the 42nd statistical week on there was an increase in the number of medical attentions with clinical pictures and epidemiologic elements. 885 suspected cases were notified, 61 were microbiologically confirmed, accounting for a positivity of 6.9 percent. The municipalities with the highest risk were Niceto Pérez, Guantßnamo city, and Manuel Tames. Some activities were immediately carried out, with the multisectorial and interdisciplinary support from different organizations, allowing the control of the situation in less than a month. The study of this outbreak showed that leptospirosis is still a health problem in Cuba, and that it is necessary to join efforts and resources to control it.

Confirmación microbiológica de 2 brotes emergentes de leptospirosis humana en Cuba / Microbiological confirmation of two emergent outbreaks of human leptospirosis in Cuba

Se estudiaron muestras clínicas de 293 pacientes con sospechas de leptospirosis, para la confirmación microbiológica de estos eventos, durante los meses de octubre-diciembre de 2005 cuando se produjeron en Cuba 2 brotes epidémicos en humanos. Se analizaron sueros de pacientes, tanto en la fase aguda como convaleciente, así como hemocultivos realizados antes del comienzo del tratamiento con antibióticos. Para el diagnóstico serológico se emplearon técnicas convencionales (hemaglutinación pasiva y microaglutinación de serogrupos) y de avanzada o de diagnóstico rápido (Lepto tek Dri-Dot, Lepto-Cuba, Látex-India, Lepto tek Lateral Flow). Dentro del brote I se confirmaron por las pruebas serológicas 26 por ciento (22/84) de los individuos estudiados, y a partir de hemocultivos 25 por ciento (5/20), mientras que en el brote II se confirmaron serológicamente 48 casos de 162 estudiados (30 por ciento), y se obtuvo aislamiento de leptospiras en 6 casos de 27 procesados (22 por ciento). Las principales serovariedades encontradas serológicamente fueron Canicola, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae y Pomona. Los métodos de diagnóstico rápido fueron herramientas útiles como pesquisa en los casos más graves o de edad pediátrica. Se confirmó que la causa de los 2 eventos epidemiológicos ocurridos fue la infección por leptospiras patógenas, lo que contribuyó a la toma de medidas higiénico-sanitarias en las 2 provincias.

Clinical samples from 293 patients with suspicion of leptospirosis were studied for the microbiologic confirmation of these events, in October-December 2005, when there were 2 outbreaks in humans, in Cuba. Sera samples of patients in acute phase and during convalescence, as well as hemocultures performed before the beginning of the antibiotic therapy, were analyzed. Conventional techniques (passive hemagglutination test and serogroups hemagglutination), and advanced or fast diagnosis techniques (Lepto tek Dri-Dot, Lepto-Cuba, Latex-India, Lepto tek Lateral Flow) were used for serologic diagnosis. In outbreak I, 26 percent of the studied cases were confirmed by serological tests (22/84), and 25 percent (5/20) through hemocultures; whereas in outbreak II, 48 of the 162 studied cases (30 percent) were serologically confirmed, and it was possible to obtain isolation of leptospires in 6 of the 27 processed cases (22 percent). The main serovariants found by serology were canicola, ballum, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona. The rapid diagnosis methods were useful screening tools in the most severe cases or at pediatric ages. The two epidemiologic events were caused by pathogenic leptospires infection, which contributed to the adoption of hygienic-sanitary measures in both provinces.

Lepto tek dip stick y lepto tek dri dot, técnicas útiles en el diagnóstico rápido de la leptospirosis humana / Lepto tek dip stick and lepto tek dri dot, useful techniques in rapid diagnosis of human leptospirosis

Se estudiaron casos graves y grupos de riesgo, todos sospechosos de leptospirosis humana, mediante el uso de los estuches comerciales de diagnóstico rápido de lepto tek dri dot y lepto tek dip stick, en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Leptospiras (LNRL) del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" (IPK). Los estuches novedosos se compararon experimentalmente con las técnicas serológicas convencionales hemaglutinación indirecta (HA) y microaglutinación (MAT). El estudio fue realizado en el período de enero a mayo de 2002. De los 40 pacientes graves sospechosos estudiados, 20 fueron positivos por lepto tek dip stick y 10 por HA. Por lepto tek dri dot y MAT, 20 y 9, respectivamente, fueron positivos. Los principales serogrupos encontrados por MAT fueron: Sejroe y Canicola. La coincidencia entre las técnicas de lepto tek dip stick y HA fue del 72,5 y entre el lepto dri dot y la MAT fue del 70 por ciento. El índice de coincidencia entre el lepto tek dip stick y lepto dri dot fue del 80 por ciento y entre MAT y HA fue del 85,0. Este mismo parámetro, medido entre lepto tek dip stick y MAT, fue del 85,0 y entre lepto tek dri dot y HA fue del 70,0. Con la introducción de los estuches lepto tek dri dot y lepto tek dip stick fueron detectados, en los casos positivos de leptospirosis humana, anticuerpos específicos contra leptospira. De los 485 monosueros procedentes de 424 pacientes de grupo de riesgo, 19 fueron positivos y 44 reactivos por HA. Al emplear MAT, 64 y 172, respectivamente, fueron positivos y reactivos. Lepto tek dri dot detectó 134 casos positivos. El índice de coincidencia entre MAT y lepto tek dri dot fue del 59 por ciento, para un total de 251 casos coincidentes. La introducción de la tecnología de avanzada lepto tek dri dot permitió brindar un resultado rápido y de forma inmediata para la confirmación final de cada caso en estudio