RESUMO
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling plays a key role in learning and memory processes. While the effects of IGF-I on neurons have been studied extensively, the involvement of astrocytes in IGF-I signaling and the consequences on synaptic plasticity and animal behavior remain unknown. We have found that IGF-I induces long-term potentiation (LTPIGFI) of the postsynaptic potentials that is caused by a long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission in mice. We have demonstrated that this long-lasting decrease in the inhibitory synaptic transmission is evoked by astrocytic activation through its IGF-I receptors (IGF-IRs). We show that LTPIGFI not only increases the output of pyramidal neurons, but also favors the NMDAR-dependent LTP, resulting in the crucial information processing at the barrel cortex since specific deletion of IGF-IR in cortical astrocytes impairs the whisker discrimination task. Our work reveals a novel mechanism and functional consequences of IGF-I signaling on cortical inhibitory synaptic plasticity and animal behavior, revealing that astrocytes are key elements in these processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling plays key regulatory roles in multiple processes of brain physiology, such as learning and memory. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here we demonstrate that astrocytes respond to IGF-I signaling, elevating their intracellular Ca2+ and stimulating the release of ATP/adenosine, which triggers the LTD of cortical inhibitory synapses, thus regulating the behavioral task performance related to cortical sensory information processing. Therefore, the present work represents a major conceptual advance in our knowledge of the cellular basis of IGF-I signaling in brain function, by including for the first time astrocytes as key mediators of IGF-I actions on synaptic plasticity, cortical sensory information discrimination and animal behavior.
Assuntos
Adenosina/metabolismo , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/metabolismo , Córtex Somatossensorial/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Regulação para Baixo , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Depressão Sináptica de Longo Prazo/fisiologia , Masculino , Memória/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células Piramidais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in modulating plasticity in sensory cortices. Indeed, a BDNF-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) at distal basal excitatory synapses of Layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5PNs) has been demonstrated in disinhibited rat barrel cortex slices. Although it is well established that this LTP requires the pairing of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) with Ca2+ spikes, its induction when synaptic inhibition is working remains unexplored. Here we show that low-frequency stimulation at basal dendrites of L5PNs is able to trigger a PSP followed by an action potential (AP) and a slow depolarization (termed PSP-Ca2+ response) in thalamocortical slices without blocking synaptic inhibition. We demonstrate that AP barrage-mediated release of endocannabinoids (eCBs) from the recorded L5PNs induces PSP-Ca2+ response facilitation and BDNF-dependent LTP. Indeed, this LTP requires the type 1 cannabinoid receptors activation, is prevented by postsynaptic intracellular 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N,N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) or the anandamide membrane transporter inhibitor AM404, and only occurs in L5PNs neurons showing depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition. Additionally, electrical stimulation at the posteromedial thalamic nucleus induced similar response and LTP. These results reveal a novel form of eCB-dependent LTP at L5PNs that could be relevant in the processing of sensory information in the barrel cortex.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/fisiologia , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , 2-Amino-5-fosfonovalerato/farmacologia , 6-Ciano-7-nitroquinoxalina-2,3-diona/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Ácidos Araquidônicos/farmacologia , Benzoxazinas/farmacologia , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Líquido Extracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Líquido Extracelular/metabolismo , Potenciação de Longa Duração/efeitos dos fármacos , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Naftalenos/farmacologia , Vias Neurais/efeitos dos fármacos , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptor trkB/antagonistas & inibidores , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Tálamo/citologiaRESUMO
Cholinergic mechanisms in the hippocampus regulate forms of synaptic plasticity linked with cognition and spatial navigation, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells under blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors, we report that a single acetylcholine pulse and repeated depolarization activated a robust and enduring postsynaptic depolarization-induced enhancement of inhibition (DEI) that masked a presynaptic depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI). Increased cytosolic Ca2+ and M1-muscarinic receptor activation caused the rise in voltage-sensitive α5ßγ2-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptors that generated DEI. In summary, this muscarinic-mediated activity-dependent plasticity rapidly transfers depolarization effects on inhibition from presynaptic suppression or DSI to postsynaptic enhancement or DEI, a change potentially relevant in behavior.
Assuntos
Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Potenciais da Membrana/fisiologia , Inibição Neural/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/metabolismo , Animais , Região CA1 Hipocampal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Citosol/efeitos dos fármacos , Citosol/metabolismo , Potenciação de Longa Duração/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibição Neural/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/metabolismo , Receptor Muscarínico M1/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de TecidosRESUMO
Acetylcholine (ACh) regulates forms of plasticity that control cognitive functions but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. ACh controls the intrinsic excitability, as well as the synaptic excitation and inhibition of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells (PCs), cells known to participate in circuits involved in cognition and spatial navigation. However, how ACh regulates inhibition in function of postsynaptic activity has not been well studied. Here we show that in rat PCs, a brief pulse of ACh or a brief stimulation of cholinergic septal fibers combined with repeated depolarization induces strong long-term enhancement of GABAA inhibition (GABAA-LTP). Indeed, this enhanced inhibition is due to the increased activation of α5ßγ2 subunit-containing GABAA receptors by the GABA released. GABAA-LTP requires the activation of M1-muscarinic receptors and an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+). In the absence of PC depolarization ACh triggered a presynaptic depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), revealing that postsynaptic activity gates the effects of ACh from presynaptic DSI to postsynaptic LTP. These results provide key insights into mechanisms potentially linked with cognitive functions, spatial navigation, and the homeostatic control of abnormal hyperexcitable states.
Assuntos
Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Região CA1 Hipocampal/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/fisiologia , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Potenciais Sinápticos/fisiologia , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Estimulação Elétrica , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor Muscarínico M1/metabolismoRESUMO
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission represents the cellular basis of learning and memory. Astrocytes have been shown to regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, their involvement in specific physiological processes that induce LTP in vivo remains unknown. Here we show that in vivo cholinergic activity evoked by sensory stimulation or electrical stimulation of the septal nucleus increases Ca²âº in hippocampal astrocytes and induces LTP of CA3-CA1 synapses, which requires cholinergic muscarinic (mAChR) and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation. Stimulation of cholinergic pathways in hippocampal slices evokes astrocyte Ca²âº elevations, postsynaptic depolarizations of CA1 pyramidal neurons, and LTP of transmitter release at single CA3-CA1 synapses. Like in vivo, these effects are mediated by mAChRs, and this cholinergic-induced LTP (c-LTP) also involves mGluR activation. Astrocyte Ca²âº elevations and LTP are absent in IP3R2 knock-out mice. Downregulating astrocyte Ca²âº signal by loading astrocytes with BAPTA or GDPßS also prevents LTP, which is restored by simultaneous astrocyte Ca²âº uncaging and postsynaptic depolarization. Therefore, cholinergic-induced LTP requires astrocyte Ca²âº elevations, which stimulate astrocyte glutamate release that activates mGluRs. The cholinergic-induced LTP results from the temporal coincidence of the postsynaptic activity and the astrocyte Ca²âº signal simultaneously evoked by cholinergic activity. Therefore, the astrocyte Ca²âº signal is necessary for cholinergic-induced synaptic plasticity, indicating that astrocytes are directly involved in brain storage information.
Assuntos
Astrócitos/fisiologia , Neurônios Colinérgicos/fisiologia , Potenciação de Longa Duração , Sinapses/fisiologia , Animais , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Atropina/farmacologia , Sinalização do Cálcio , Neurônios Colinérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Colinérgicos/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/farmacologia , Hipocampo/citologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/genética , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Sinapses/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinapses/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A recent approach to promote central nervous system (CNS) regeneration after injury or disease is direct conversion of somatic cells to neurons. This is achieved by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors. In this work we propose adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia (hmOEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons due to its accessibility and to its well-characterized neuroregenerative capacity. After induction of hmOEG with the single neurogenic transcription factor NEUROD1, the cells under study exhibited morphological and immunolabeling neuronal features, fired action potentials and expressed glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. In addition, after engraftment of transduced hmOEG cells in the mouse hippocampus, these cells showed specific neuronal labeling. Thereby, if we add to the neuroregenerative capacity of hmOEG cultures the conversion to neurons of a fraction of their population through reprogramming techniques, the engraftment of hmOEG and hmOEG-induced neurons could be a procedure to enhance neural repair after central nervous system injury.
Assuntos
Neuroglia , Neurônios , Humanos , Animais , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Neuroglia/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Camundongos , Adulto , Mucosa Olfatória/citologia , Mucosa Olfatória/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Linhagem da Célula , Hipocampo/citologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatório/citologia , Bulbo Olfatório/metabolismo , Células CultivadasRESUMO
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays a key role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and is an essential factor in learning and memory processes. However, during aging, IGF-I levels are decreased, and the effect of this decrease in the induction of synaptic plasticity remains unknown. Here we show that the induction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) at layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (PNs) of the mouse barrel cortex is favored or prevented by IGF-I (10 nM) or IGF-I (7 nM), respectively, when IGF-I is applied 1 h before the induction of Hebbian LTP. Analyzing the cellular basis of this bidirectional control of synaptic plasticity, we observed that while 10 nM IGF-I generates LTP (LTPIGF-I) of the post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) by inducing long-term depression (LTD) of the inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs), 7 nM IGF-I generates LTD of the PSPs (LTDIGF-I) by inducing LTD of the excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs). This bidirectional effect of IGF-I is supported by the observation of IGF-IR immunoreactivity at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Therefore, IGF-I controls the induction of Hebbian NMDAR-dependent plasticity depending on its concentration, revealing novel cellular mechanisms of IGF-I on synaptic plasticity and in the learning and memory machinery of the brain.
RESUMO
The precise timing of pre-postsynaptic activity is vital for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD) at many central synapses. We show in synapses of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro that spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) protocols that induce LTP at glutamatergic synapses can evoke LTD of inhibitory postsynaptic currents or STDP-iLTD. The STDP-iLTD requires a postsynaptic Ca(2+) increase, a release of endocannabinoids (eCBs), the activation of type-1 endocananabinoid receptors and presynaptic muscarinic receptors that mediate a decreased probability of GABA release. In contrast, the STDP-iLTD is independent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, GABAB Rs and G protein-coupled postsynaptic receptors at pyramidal neurons. We determine that the downregulation of presynaptic Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein Kinase A pathways is essential for the induction of STDP-iLTD. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which the activation of cholinergic neurons and retrograde signaling by eCBs can modulate the efficacy of GABAergic synaptic transmission in ways that may contribute to information processing and storage in the hippocampus.
Assuntos
Região CA1 Hipocampal/citologia , Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Neurônios/fisiologia , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , 6-Ciano-7-nitroquinoxalina-2,3-diona/farmacologia , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/farmacologia , Colinérgicos/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Valina/análogos & derivados , Valina/farmacologiaRESUMO
An approach to generate new neurons after central nervous system injury or disease is direct reprogramming of the individual's own somatic cells into differentiated neurons. This can be achieved either by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors and/or through induction with small molecules, avoiding introducing foreign genetic material in target cells. In this work, we propose olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons with small molecules due to its well-characterized neuro-regenerative capacity. After screening different combinations of small molecules in different culture conditions, only partial reprogramming was achieved: induced cells expressed neuronal markers but lacked the ability of firing action potentials. Our work demonstrates that direct conversion of adult olfactory ensheathing glia to mature, functional neurons cannot be induced only with pharmacological tools.
RESUMO
The type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) is widely expressed in excitatory and inhibitory nerve terminals, and by suppressing neurotransmitter release, its activation modulates neural circuits and brain function. While the interaction of CB1R with various intracellular proteins is thought to alter receptor signaling, the identity and role of these proteins are poorly understood. Using a high-throughput proteomic analysis complemented with an array of in vitro and in vivo approaches in the mouse brain, we report that the C-terminal, intracellular domain of CB1R interacts specifically with growth-associated protein of 43 kDa (GAP43). The CB1R-GAP43 interaction occurs selectively at mossy cell axon boutons, which establish excitatory synapses with dentate granule cells in the hippocampus. This interaction impairs CB1R-mediated suppression of mossy cell to granule cell transmission, thereby inhibiting cannabinoid-mediated anti-convulsant activity in mice. Thus, GAP43 acts as a synapse type-specific regulatory partner of CB1R that hampers CB1R-mediated effects on hippocampal circuit function.
Assuntos
Canabinoides , Camundongos , Animais , Canabinoides/farmacologia , Canabinoides/metabolismo , Proteômica , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica , Sinapses/metabolismo , Receptores de Canabinoides/metabolismo , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/genética , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/metabolismoRESUMO
Neocortical cholinergic activity plays a fundamental role in sensory processing and cognitive functions, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. We analyzed the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on synaptic transmission and cell excitability in rat "barrel cortex" layer V (L5) pyramidal neurons in vitro. ACh through nicotinic and M1 muscarinic receptors enhanced excitatory postsynaptic currents and through nicotinic and M2 muscarinic receptors reduced inhibitory postsynaptic currents. These effects increased excitability and contributed to the generation of Ca(2+) spikes and bursts of action potentials (APs) when inputs in basal dendrites were stimulated. Ca(2+) spikes were mediated by activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Additionally, we demonstrate in vivo that basal forebrain stimulation induced an atropine-sensitive increase of L5 AP responses evoked by vibrissa deflection, an effect mainly due to the enhancement of an NMDAR component. Therefore, ACh modified the excitatory/inhibitory balance and switched L5 pyramidal neurons to a bursting mode that caused a potent and sustained response enhancement with possible fundamental consequences for the function of the barrel cortex.
Assuntos
Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Inibidores , Neocórtex/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Atropina/farmacologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio Tipo L/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/farmacologia , Dendritos/metabolismo , Dendritos/fisiologia , Neocórtex/metabolismo , Células Piramidais/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor Muscarínico M1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor Muscarínico M1/metabolismo , Receptor Muscarínico M2/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor Muscarínico M2/metabolismo , Receptores de GABA/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica , Vibrissas/fisiologiaRESUMO
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling plays a key role in learning and memory. IGF-I increases the spiking and induces synaptic plasticity in the mice barrel cortex (Noriega-Prieto et al., 2021), favoring the induction of the long-term potentiation (LTP) by Spike Timing-Dependent Protocols (STDP) (Noriega-Prieto et al., 2021). Here, we studied whether these IGF-I effects depend on endocannabinoids (eCBs) and nitric oxide (NO). We recorded both excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked by stimulation of the basal dendrites of layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the Barrel Cortex and analyzed the effect of IGF-I in the presence of a CB1R antagonist, AM251, and inhibitor of the NO synthesis, L-NAME, to prevent the eCBs and the NO-mediated signaling. Interestingly, L-NAME abolished any modulatory effect of the IGF-I-induced excitatory and inhibitory transmission changes, suggesting the essential role of NO. Surprisingly, the inhibition of CB1Rs did not only block the potentiation of EPSCs but reversed to a depression, highlighting the remarkable functions of the eCB system. In conclusion, eCBs and NO play a vital role in deciding the sign of the effects induced by IGF-I in the neocortex, suggesting a neuromodulatory interplay among IGF-I, NO, and eCBs.
Assuntos
Endocanabinoides , Óxido Nítrico , Animais , Endocanabinoides/farmacologia , Endocanabinoides/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/farmacologia , Camundongos , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologiaRESUMO
We had described a muscarinic-mediated long-term synaptic enhancement at Schaffer collateral synapses caused by the insertion of AMPARs in spines of rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons that requires Ca(2+) release from IP3-sensitive stores (Fernández de Sevilla et al., 2008). We now show that this AMPA-mediated LTP(IP3) is precisely matched by an amplification of NMDAR-mediated transmission. The enhanced AMPAR transmission involves SNARE protein activity and CaMKII activation. The amplification of NMDA transmission requires combined CaMKII, PKC, and SRC kinase activity without detectable surface incorporation of NMDARs, suggesting that changes in receptor properties mediate this process. The enhanced AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated transmission markedly reduce the induction threshold of "Hebbian" LTP. We conclude that both modes of glutamatergic synaptic potentiation may play a critical functional role in the regulation of the learning machinery of the brain by adding flexibility to the demands of the hippocampal network.
Assuntos
Região CA1 Hipocampal/fisiologia , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/fisiologia , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Espinhas Dendríticas/fisiologia , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/fisiologia , Feminino , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor Muscarínico M1/metabolismo , Proteínas SNARE/metabolismo , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoRESUMO
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, spatial learning, and anxiety-like behavioral processes. While IGF-1 regulates neuronal firing and synaptic transmission in many areas of the central nervous system, its signaling and consequences on excitability, synaptic plasticity, and animal behavior dependent on the prefrontal cortex remain unexplored. Here, we show that IGF-1 induces a long-lasting depression of the medium and slow post-spike afterhyperpolarization (mAHP and sAHP), increasing the excitability of layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the rat infralimbic cortex. Besides, IGF-1 mediates a presynaptic long-term depression of both inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in these neurons. The net effect of this IGF-1-mediated synaptic plasticity is a long-term potentiation of the postsynaptic potentials. Moreover, we demonstrate that IGF-1 favors the fear extinction memory. These results show novel functional consequences of IGF-1 signaling, revealing IGF-1 as a key element in the control of the fear extinction memory.
Assuntos
Excitabilidade Cortical/efeitos dos fármacos , Extinção Psicológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Medo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/administração & dosagem , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Condicionamento Clássico , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The cellular mechanisms that mediate spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) are largely unknown. We studied in vitro in CA1 pyramidal neurons the contribution of AMPA and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) components of Schaffer collateral (SC) excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs; EPSP(AMPA) and EPSP(NMDA)) and of the back-propagating action potential (BAP) to the long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by a STDP protocol that consisted in pairing an EPSP and a BAP. Transient blockade of EPSP(AMPA) with 7-nitro-2,3-dioxo-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-6-carbonitrile (CNQX) during the STDP protocol prevented LTP. Contrastingly LTP was induced under transient inhibition of EPSP(AMPA) by combining SC stimulation, an imposed EPSP(AMPA)-like depolarization, and BAP or by coupling the EPSP(NMDA) evoked under sustained depolarization (approximately -40 mV) and BAP. In Mg(2+)-free solution EPSP(NMDA) and BAP also produced LTP. Suppression of EPSP(NMDA) or BAP always prevented LTP. Thus activation of NMDA receptors and BAPs are needed but not sufficient because AMPA receptor activation is also obligatory for STDP. However, a transient depolarization of another origin that unblocks NMDA receptors and a BAP may also trigger LTP.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Região CA1 Hipocampal/fisiologia , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/fisiologia , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , 6-Ciano-7-nitroquinoxalina-2,3-diona/farmacologia , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Região CA1 Hipocampal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/fisiologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Potenciação de Longa Duração/efeitos dos fármacos , Magnésio/metabolismo , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais da Membrana/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de AMPA/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores , Valina/análogos & derivados , Valina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cholinergic-glutamatergic interactions influence forms of synaptic plasticity that are thought to mediate memory and learning. We tested in vitro the induction of long-lasting synaptic enhancement at Schaffer collaterals by acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical dendrite of CA1 pyramidal neurons and in vivo by stimulation of cholinergic afferents. In vitro ACh induced a Ca2+ wave and synaptic enhancement mediated by insertion of AMPA receptors in spines. Activation of muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) and Ca2+ release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive stores were required for this synaptic enhancement that was insensitive to blockade of NMDA receptors and also triggered by IP3 uncaging. Activation of cholinergic afferents in vivo induced an analogous atropine-sensitive synaptic enhancement. We describe a novel form of synaptic enhancement (LTP(IP3)) that is induced in vitro and in vivo by activation of mAChRs. We conclude that Ca2+ released from postsynaptic endoplasmic reticulum stores is the critical event in the induction of this unique form of long-lasting synaptic enhancement.
Assuntos
Acetilcolina/fisiologia , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/metabolismo , Acetilcolina/farmacologia , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Colinérgicos/farmacologia , Feminino , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/agonistas , Potenciação de Longa Duração/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Dendritic calcium (Ca2+) spikes play a key role in the genesis of long-term synaptic plasticity. Although synaptic plasticity in the infralimbic cortex is critical for the extinction of fear-conditioned memory, the role of Ca2+-spikes in the induction of synaptic plasticity at this cortex has not been explored in depth. Here we show that Ca2+-spikes in layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5 PNs) of the rat infralimbic cortex are crucial in the induction of long-term depression of the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The lack of effect on the postsynaptic currents evoked by puffing glutamate and the changes in the variance of the EPSC amplitude that paralleled its inhibition suggest that this LTD of the EPSCs is mediated presynaptically. However, its induction requires cytosolic calcium elevations because it is prevented when the recorded L5 PN is loaded with BAPTA. Moreover, it depends on the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) because it is absent on slices incubated with nitric oxidase synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Therefore, Ca2+-spikes can trigger LTD of the ESPCs through the NO dependent presynaptic form of synaptic plasticity, thus providing a novel form of inducing synaptic plasticity at L5 PNs of the rat infralimbic cortex.
Assuntos
Depressão Sináptica de Longo Prazo/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Sinapses/fisiologia , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Dendritos/fisiologia , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Using spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) protocols that consist of pairing an EPSP and a postsynaptic backpropagating action potential (BAP), we investigated the contribution of the changes in EPSP waveform induced by the slow Ca2+-dependent K+-mediated afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) in the regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP). The "temporal window" between Schaffer collateral EPSPs and BAPs in CA1 pyramidal neurons required to induce LTP was narrowed by a reduction of the amplitude and decay time constant of the EPSP, which could be reversed with cyclothiazide. The EPSP changes were caused by the increased conductance induced by activation of the sAHP. Therefore, the EPSP waveform and its regulation by the sAHP are central in determining the duration of the temporal window for STDP, thus providing a possible dynamic regulatory mechanism for the encoding of cognitive processes.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Hipocampo/citologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Isoproterenol/farmacologia , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp/métodos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Somatosensory information, conveyed through the gracilis nucleus (GN), is regulated by descending corticofugal (CF) glutamatergic fibers. In addition, the GN receives cholinergic inputs with still unclear source and functional significance. Using both the in vitro slice and intracellular recording with sharp and patch electrodes and in vivo extracellular single-unit recordings, we analyzed the effects of activation of cholinergic receptors on synaptic, intrinsic, and functional properties of rat GN neurons. The cholinergic agonist carbamilcholine-chloride [carbachol (CCh); 1-10 microM] in vitro (1) induced presynaptic inhibition of EPSPs evoked by both dorsal column and CF stimulation, (2) increased postsynaptic excitability, and (3) amplified the spike output of GN neurons. The inhibition by atropine (1 microM) and pirenzepine (10 microM) of all presynaptic and postsynaptic effects of CCh suggests actions through muscarinic M1 receptors. The above effects were insensitive to nicotinic antagonists. We searched the anatomical origin of the cholinergic projection to the GN throughout the hindbrain and forebrain, and we found that the cholinergic fibers originated mainly in the pontine reticular nucleus (PRN). Electrical stimulation of the PRN amplified sensory responses in the GN in vivo, an effect prevented by topical application of atropine. Our results demonstrate for the first time that cholinergic agonists induce both presynaptic and postsynaptic effects on GN neurons and suggest an important regulatory action of inputs from cholinergic neuronal groups in the pontine reticular formation in the functional control of somatosensory information flow in the GN.
Assuntos
Colinérgicos/farmacologia , Corpos Geniculados/fisiologia , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Animais , Cloreto de Cálcio/farmacologia , Estimulação Elétrica , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/fisiologia , Corpos Geniculados/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
[This corrects the article on p. 8 in vol. 11, PMID: 28203145.].