Latex anaphylaxis in a recipient child during kidney transplant performed in a latex-free environment: case report.

Latex responds for most allergic reactions in children, and repeated exposure to the agent is the main cause of sensitization. We report the case of a child allergic to latex who developed anaphylaxis during kidney transplantation performed in a latex-free environment. After immediate treatment with epinephrine the patient gradually improved. Subsequent investigation revealed that kidney harvesting was performed without latex allergy precautions, suggesting graft contamination by the antigen. We conclude that, for preventing this type of anaphylaxis, it is essential to implement latex-free procedures during donor organ harvesting.

[Combination of clonidine-bupivacaine in caudal epidural anesthesia for hypospadias surgery in children: prospective, randomized, blind study]. / Associação clonidina­bupivacaína na anestesia peridural caudal para cirurgia de hipospádia em crianças: estudo prospectivo, randomizado, encoberto.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The combination of clonidine with local anesthetic administered for epidural anesthesia via caudal route seems to improve the quality of postoperative analgesia, but with conflicting results. This study compared the postoperative analgesia of three different doses of clonidine combined with bupivacaine in caudal epidural anesthesia in children undergoing hypospadias repair. METHODS: Eighty children aged 1 to 10 years, candidates for surgical repair of hypospadias, were randomly divided into four groups of 20 patients to receive general anesthesia combined with caudal epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.165% alone or in combination with 1, 2 or 3µg.kg-1 of clonidine. The primary outcome was morphine consumption in the first 24hours postoperatively. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, time to awakening, pain severity (FLACC scale), level of sedation (RAMSAY), duration of analgesia, and occurrence of adverse effects were also compared. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, there was no difference between groups regarding mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, and time to awakening. Postoperative morphine consumption and pain severity were similar between groups, but the group receiving clonidine (3µg.kg-1) had lower heart rate and higher sedation level than the group receiving bupivacaine alone. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of clonidine at doses of 1, 2 or 3µg.kg-1 with bupivacaine 0.16% via caudal epidural route did not alter the consumption of morphine in the early postoperative period of children undergoing hypospadias repair.

Sedation with dexmedetomidine for conducting electroencephalogram in a patient with Angelman syndrome: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Angelman syndrome is characterized by severe mental retardation and speech and seizure disorders. This rare genetic condition is associated with changes in GABAA receptor. Patients with Angelman syndrome need to be sedated during an electroencephalogram ordered for diagnostic purposes or evolutionary control. Dexmedetomidine, whose action is independent of GABA receptor, promotes a sleep similar to physiological sleep and can facilitate the performing of this examination in patients with Angelman syndrome. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 14 years old, with Angelman syndrome; electroencephalogram done under sedation with dexmedetomidine. The procedure was uneventful and bradycardia or respiratory depression was not recorded. The examination was successfully interpreted and epileptiform activity was not observed. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine promoted satisfactory sedation, was well tolerated and enabled the interpretation of the electroencephalogram in a patient with Angelman syndrome and seizure disorder.

Rotational thromboelastometry in the perioperative period of cardiac surgeries: cost-effectiveness analysis and budget impact / Tromboelastometria rotacional no período perioperatório de cirurgias cardíacas: custo-efetividade e impacto orçamentário

Objective: The transfusion of blood components and blood products in cardiac surgery patients can be guided by protocols based on standard laboratory tests and/or clinical decisions (Standardof-Care, SOC) or viscoelastic haemostatic assays (VHA). The aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of VHAs compared to SOC. Methods: A decision tree model was built in TreeAge Pro® 2009. Costs and benefits were taken from the medical literature. The costeffectiveness was evaluated in a base-case scenario and a worst-case scenario, considering low costs of adverse events. The budget impact was evaluated from data taken from Datasus. Cost data were measured in 2019 USD and outcomes were measured in QALYs. Results: VHAs were considered dominant in the base-case scenario and very cost-effective in the worst-case scenario (ICER = $ 1,083.21 USD/QALY). The budget impact analysis varied from a cost-saving result in the base-case scenario to a reasonable increase in cost in the worst-case scenario. Since the total market share of the technology is unlikely, a reasonable estimative for the base-case scenario and the worst-case scenario are about -$275 million USD and $132 million USD, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that the VHAs are cost-effective and should be recommended for the use in the perioperative period of cardiac surgeries, especially for patients with a high risk of hemorrhage or coagulation problems.

Objetivo: A transfusão de sangue, hemocomponentes e produtos sanguíneos em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca pode ser guiada por protocolos baseados em testes laboratoriais padrão e/ou decisão clínica (Standard-of-Care, SOC) ou testes viscoelásticos (TVEs). O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o custo-efetividade e o impacto orçamentário dos TVEs em comparação com o SOC. Métodos: Um modelo de árvore de decisão foi construído em TreeAge Pro® 2009. Os parâmetros de custos e benefícios foram obtidos da literatura médica. A relação custo-efetividade foi avaliada em um cenário-base e no pior cenário, considerando baixos custos de eventos adversos. O impacto orçamentário foi avaliado a partir de dados extraídos do Datasus. Os custos foram avaliados em USD 2019 e os desfechos em AVAQs. Resultados: Os TVEs foram considerados dominantes no cenário-base e muito custo-efetivos no pior cenário avaliado (RCEI = 1.083,21 USD/QALY). A análise de impacto orçamentário variou de um resultado de economia de custos no cenário-base a um aumento razoável no custo no pior cenário. Como a hipótese de que a tecnologia será adotada para toda a demanda do mercado é improvável, estimativas razoáveis para o cenário-base e o pior cenário são de aproximadamente -275 milhões de USD e 132 milhões de USD, respectivamente. Conclusão: Concluímos que os VHAs são econômicos e devem ser recomendados para uso no período perioperatório de cirurgias cardíacas, principalmente para pacientes com alto risco de problemas de hemorragia ou coagulação.

Qualidade do prontuário médico e concordância entre suas informações e a causa básica da morte registrada na Declaração de Óbito em hospital de Belo Horizonte / Quality of medical record and concordance between their information and the basic death cause recorded on the Death Certificates in a hospital of Belo Horizonte

Introdução: o prontuário médico (PM) é uma importante ferramenta para o registro do cuidado profissional prestado ao paciente nos serviços de saúde. Ele contém informações sobre o processo da doença, que são cruciais para o preenchimento da declaração de óbito (DO). Objetivos: determinar se o PM informou os diagnósticos necessários para identificação da causa básica da morte e verificar se o médico que fez a DO preencheu corretamente a causa básica da morte. Método: o médico auditor analisou prontuários médicos de pacientes que evoluíram para óbito na Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte no ano de 2014. Os diagnósticos citados no prontuário médico foram identificados e comparados com as causas da morte descritas na declaração de óbito. Resultados: Seiscentos e vinte e nove prontuários médicos foram avaliados. Entre os diagnósticos iniciais citados nos prontuários, a causa básica da morte esteve correta em 63,11% dos casos avaliados e entre os diagnósticos finais esse percentual foi de 95,86%. A concordância entre os diagnósticos citados no PM e a causa da morte citada na DO foi fraca (Kappa = 0,130 para diagnóstico inicial e Kappa = 0,229 para o diagnóstico final). Na análise da causa básica da morte citada na declaração de óbito, verificou-se que em 28,78% esse dado estava incorreto. Conclusões: os prontuários médicos geralmente apresentaram os diagnósticos necessários para identificar a causa básica da morte. Os médicos tiveram dificuldade em identificar as causas da morte e preencher corretamente a DO.

Introduction: the medical record (MR) is an important tool to register the treatments and diagnosis of the patients. The information from the MR are crucial to the correct fulfill of the Death Certificate (DC), which are basis to many public health policies. Objectives: Define if the MR of the assessed institution informed the necessary diagnosis to identify the basic death cause. Secondarily was evaluated if the doctor who made the DC correctly fulfilled the basic death cause. Method: the medical auditor analyzed the medical records of patients who died in Santa Casa of Belo Horizonte (SCBH) from March 15 to July 15 of 2014. The diagnosis cited on the medical record were identified and compared to the basic death cause described in the death certificate. Results: Six hundred twenty nine medical records were evaluated. In the analysis of the initial diagnosis, the basic death cause were described in 63.11% of the cases and In the analysis of the final diagnosis, the percentage was 95.86%, which shows poor Kappa agreement (Kappa = 0,130 to initial diagnosis and Kappa = 0,229 to final diagnosis). In the analyze of death basic cause in DC its were wrong in 28.78% of cases. Conclusion: In the evaluated period, the medical record of SCBH presented the necessary diagnosis for the medical auditor identify the basic death cause, however the doctors had difficult to fulfill correctly the DC.

Combination of clonidine-bupivacaine in caudal epidural anesthesia for hypospadias surgery in children: prospective, randomized, blind study / Associação clonidina-bupivacaína na anestesia peridural caudal para cirurgia de hipospádia em crianças: estudo prospectivo, randomizado, encoberto

Abstract Background and objectives: The combination of clonidine with local anesthetic administered for epidural anesthesia via caudal route seems to improve the quality of postoperative analgesia, but with conflicting results. This study compared the postoperative analgesia of three different doses of clonidine combined with bupivacaine in caudal epidural anesthesia in children undergoing hypospadias repair. Methods: Eighty children aged 1-10 years, candidates for surgical repair of hypospadias, were randomly divided into four groups of 20 patients to receive general anesthesia combined with caudal epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.165% alone or in combination with 1, 2 or 3 µg.kg- 1 of clonidine. The primary outcome was morphine consumption in the first 24 h postoperatively. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, time to awakening, pain severity (FLACC scale), level of sedation (RAMSAY), duration of analgesia, and occurrence of adverse effects were also compared. Results: Intraoperatively, there was no difference between groups regarding mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, and time to awakening. Postoperative morphine consumption and pain severity were similar between groups, but the group receiving clonidine (3 µg.kg-1) had lower heart rate and higher sedation level than the group receiving bupivacaine alone. Conclusions: The combination of clonidine at doses of 1, 2 or 3 µg.kg-1 with bupivacaine 0.16% via caudal epidural route did not alter the consumption of morphine in the early postoperative period of children undergoing hypospadias repair.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A associação de clonidina ao anestésico local administrado por via peridural caudal parece melhorar a qualidade da analgesia pós-operatória, mas com resultados conflitantes. Este estudo comparou a analgesia pós-operatória de três diferentes doses de clonidina associada à bupivacaína na anestesia peridural caudal em crianças submetidas à correção de hipospádia. Método: Oitenta crianças entre um e dez anos, candidatas à correção cirúrgica de hipospádia, foram divididas, aleatoriamente, em quatro grupos de 20 pacientes para receber anestesia geral associada à anestesia peridural caudal com bupivacaína 0,166% isolada ou associada a 1, 2 ou 3 µg.Kg-1 de clonidina. Como desfecho principal avaliou-se o consumo de morfina nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório. Compararam-se também pressão arterial média, frequência cardíaca, concentração expirada de sevoflurano, tempo de despertar da anestesia, intensidade da dor pela escala FLACC, nível de sedação (Ramsay), tempo de duração da analgesia e ocorrência de efeitos adversos. Resultados: No transoperatório, não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à pressão arterial média, frequência cardíaca, concentração expirada de sevoflurano e ao tempo de despertar. No pós-operatório, o consumo de morfina e a intensidade da dor foram similares entre os grupos, mas o grupo que recebeu 3 µg.Kg-1 de clonidina apresentou menor frequência cardíaca e maior sedação do que o grupo que recebeu somente bupivacaína. Conclusões: A associação de clonidina nas doses de 1, 2 ou 3 µg.Kg-1 à bupivacaína 0,166% por via peridural caudal não alterou o consumo de morfina no pós-operatório imediato de crianças submetidas à correção de hipospádia.

Sedation with dexmedetomidine for conducting electroencephalogram in a patient with Angelman syndrome: a case report / Sedação com dexmedetomidina para realização de eletroencefalograma em paciente portadora de síndrome de Angelmann: relato de caso

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Angelman syndrome is characterized by severe mental retardation and speech and seizure disorders. This rare genetic condition is associated with changes in GABAA receptor. Patients with Angelman syndrome need to be sedated during an electroencephalogram ordered for diagnostic purposes or evolutionary control. Dexmedetomidine, whose action is independent of GABA receptor, promotes a sleep similar to physiological sleep and can facilitate the performing of this examination in patients with Angelman syndrome. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 14 years old, with Angelman syndrome; electroencephalogram done under sedation with dexmedetomidine. The procedure was uneventful and bradycardia or respiratory depression was not recorded. The examination was successfully interpreted and epileptiform activity was not observed. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine promoted satisfactory sedation, was well tolerated and enabled the interpretation of the electroencephalogram in a patient with Angelman syndrome and seizure disorder.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: a síndrome de Angelman (SA) é caracterizada por retardo mental grave, distúrbio da fala e desordem convulsiva. Essa condição genética rara está associada a alterações do receptor GABA-A. Pacientes portadores de SA necessitam ser sedados durante a feitura de eletroencefalograma (EEG), indicado para fins diagnósticos ou controle evolutivo. A dexmedetomidina, cuja ação independe do receptor GABA, promove sono semelhante ao fisiológico e pode viabilizar a feitura desse exame em pacientes com SA. RELATO DE CASO: paciente feminina, 14 anos, portadora de SA, fez EEG sob sedação com dexmedetomidina. O procedimento transcorreu sem intercorrências e não foi registrada bradicardia ou depressão respiratória. O exame foi interpretado com sucesso e atividade epileptiforme não foi observada. CONCLUSÃO: a dexmedetomidina promoveu sedação satisfatória, foi bem tolerada e possibilitou a interpretação do EEG em paciente com SA e desordem convulsiva.

Preanesthesia evaluation and reduction of preoperative care costs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Preanesthesia evaluation (PAE) is fundamental in the preparation of a surgical patient. Among its advantages is the reduction of preoperative care costs. Although prior studies had observed this benefit, it is not clear whether it can be taken into consideration among us. The objective of the present study was to compare the costs of preoperative care performed by the surgeon with estimated costs based on PAE. In parallel, we compared the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification determined by the anesthesiologist with that estimated by other specialists. METHODS: Two hundred patients scheduled for elective surgery or diagnostic procedures whose preoperative care was made by the surgeon underwent PAE after hospital admission. The anesthesiologist determined which ancillary exams or referrals necessary for each patient. The number and cost of ancillary exams or referrals requested by the anesthesiologist were compared with those of the preoperative preparation. The ASA classification according to the anesthesiologist was also compared to that of the physician in charge of the consultation. RESULTS: Out of 1,075 ancillary exams performed, 55.8% were not indicated, which corresponded to 50.8% of the total cost of exams. The anesthesiologist considered that 37 patients (18.5%) did not require exams. The cost of surgeon-oriented preoperative care was higher than that based on the preanesthesia evaluation and this difference in costs was statistically significant (p < 0.01). In 9.3% of the patients discordance in ASA classification according to the specialist was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative care based on judicious preanesthesia evaluation can result in significant reduction in costs when compared to that oriented by the surgeon. Good concordance in ASA classification was observed.

Anesthesia for tonsillectomy in a child with Klippel-Feil Syndrome associated with Down Syndrome. Case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Craniofacial abnormalities present in Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS) and Down Syndrome (DS) can hinder access to the airways. Oropharyngeal surgeries also require special attention with the airways. The association of both syndromes in a patient scheduled for tonsillectomy is a rare condition that imposes challenges to the anesthetic-surgical treatment. The objective of this report was to discuss the approach of the airways and the risks of cervical manipulation in a patient with KFS and DS undergoing tonsillectomy. CASE REPORT: This is a 5 years old child with diagnosis of KFS and DS and instability of the atlantoaxial joint who underwent tonsillectomy under general balanced anesthesia. Ventilation under face mask and tracheal intubation were done with the neck in the neutral position. The perfect visualization of the epiglottis and vocal cords allowed tracheal intubation with conventional laryngoscopy. The surgery was also performed without cervical extension and without intercurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Although access to the airways can be easy, anatomical changes presuppose the presence of difficult airways in patients with KFS and DS. Differentiated care and adequate resources are mandatory to avoid complications during approach of the airways. Cervical manipulation should be avoided in the presence of instability of the atlantoaxial joint due to the risk of neurological damage.

[Abdominal compartment syndrome during endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy]. / Síndrome de compartimento abdominal durante pinçamento por via endoscópica de perfuração intestinal secundária à colonoscopia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Colonoscopy is widely used for diagnosis, treatment, and control of intestinal disorders. Intestinal perforation, although rare, is the most feared complication. Perforations can be treated by endoscopic clamping. The objective of this report was to alert specialists for the development and treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome during endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy. CASE REPORT: This is a 60 years old female, physical status ASA II, who underwent colonoscopy under sedation. During the exam, an accidental intestinal perforation was observed, and it was decided to attempt the endoscopic clamping of the perforation. The patient developed abdominal pain and distension, pneumoperitoneum, abdominal compartment syndrome, dyspnea, and cardiovascular instability. Emergency abdominal puncture was done with clinical improvement until urgent laparotomy was performed. After exploratory laparotomy and stitching of the perforation, the patient presented good clinical evolution. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy can contribute for the development of hypertensive pneumoperitoneum and abdominal compartment syndrome with severe clinical repercussions that demand immediate treatment. Capable professionals and adequate technical resources can be determinant of the prognosis of the patient.

Anesthesia in a patient with moebius sequence: case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Moebius sequence (MS) is a rare paralysis of the VI and VII cranial nerves. Craniofacial changes, which can hinder tracheal intubation considerably, are seen in approximately 90% of the patients. CASE REPORT: A male patient, 2 years and 5 months old, with MS, underwent flexible bronchoscopy for evaluation of laryngotracheomalacia. Comorbidities: bronchospasm and interventricular communication. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane in 100% O2, followed by venoclysis. A number 2.5 laryngeal AMBU mask was inserted and the fiberbronchoscope scope introduced through the mask. The procedure evolved without complications and bronchoscopy was normal. The patient was discharged home after two hours. CONCLUSIONS: Airways management is a great challenge in those patients with a report of failure or difficult intubation in 13 out of 41 patients. Micrognathia, retrognathia, mandibular hypoplasia, and palatine cleft are some of the manifestations seen in those patients. The use of a laryngeal mask was reported in one patient in a large series with 106 anesthesias in patients with MS. There does not seem to be contraindications to perform the procedure in an outpatient setting. Pulmonary aspiration and respiratory obstruction in the recovery room due to difficulty swallowing and eliminating mouth secretions have been reported, and the use of anti-sialagogues recommended.

[Severe hemodynamic instability during the use of isoflurane in a patient with idiopathic scoliosis: case report.]. / Instabilidade hemodinâmica grave durante o uso de isoflurano em paciente portador de escoliose idiopática: relato de caso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Isoflurane is considered a safe inhalational anesthetic. It has a low level of biotransformation, and low hepatic and renal toxicity. In clinical concentrations, it has minimal negative inotropic effect, causes a small reduction in systemic vascular resistance, and, rarely, can cause cardiac arrhythmias. The objective of this report was to present a case of severe hemodynamic instability in a patient with idiopathic scoliosis. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 13 years old, ASA physical status I, with no prior history of allergy to medications, scheduled for surgical repair of idiopathic scoliosis. After anesthetic induction with fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, and atracurium, 1% isoflurane with 100% oxygen was initiated for anesthesia maintenance. After five minutes, the patient presented severe hypotension (MAP = 26 mmHg) associated with sinus tachycardia (HR = 166 bpm) that did not respond to the administration of vasopressors and fluids. Lung and heart auscultation, pulse oxymetry, capnography, nasopharyngeal temperature, and arterial blood gases did not change. The patient was treated for anaphylaxis and the surgery was cancelled. The clear temporal relationship between the administration of isoflurane and the symptoms suggested the diagnosis of cardiovascular intolerance to inhalational isoflurane. Two weeks later, total intravenous anesthesia was administered without complications. CONCLUSIONS: There are no reports of severe hemodynamic instability caused by isoflurane in previously healthy individuals. Anaphylaxis, supraventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic consequences, and increased cardiac sensitivity to isoflurane are discussed as possible causes of the hemodynamic instability. Currently, there is evidence that isoflurane can interfere in the coupling-uncoupling system of myocardial contractility by reducing cytosolic Ca2+ and/or depressing the function of contractile proteins. The fundamental molecular mechanisms of this process remain to be elucidated. This report suggests that the administration of isoflurane was the cause of the hemodynamic changes; the patient probably developed an unusual cardiovascular sensitivity to the drug.

Anesthesia for pacemaker implant in an adult patient with unoperated univentricular heart. Case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Single ventricle is a rare abnormality, affecting 1% of the patients with congenital cardiopathy. Only 11 cases of patients with unoperated univentricular heart older than 50 years were reported in the literature. The aim of this report was to describe the anesthetic conduct in a patient with univentricular heart undergoing pacemaker implant. CASE REPORT: A female patient, 47 years old, with double outlet left ventricle, L-transposition of the great vessels, and pulmonary stenosis, without prior surgical correction, was scheduled for definitive implant of a sequential dual-chamber pacemaker. The ABPM demonstrated second degree atrioventricular block and a mean heart rate of 45 bpm. Preoperative exams showed a hematocrit of 57%, normal coagulation studies, and preserved ventricular function. Monitoring consisted of pulse oxymeter, ECG on D(II) and V5, IBP, capnograph, and gas analyzer. A temporary transcutaneous pacemaker was available in case of severe bradycardia. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (0.25 mg), etomidate (20 mg), and atracurium (35 mg). Four minutes after anesthetic induction, the heart rate decreased to 30 bmp and 1 mg of atropine was administered with reversal of the bradycardia. Anesthesia was maintained with 2.5% sevoflurane, 60% room air, and 40% oxygen. Hemodynamic parameters and oxygen saturation remained stable. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit in stable condition and extubated at the end of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The anesthetic conduct for pacemaker implant in a 47-year old patient with non-operated double outlet left ventricle and pulmonary stenosis was appropriate, since it allowed the procedure to be performed.

Avaliação pré-anestésica e redução dos custos do preparo pré-operatório / Preanesthesia evaluation and reduction of preoperative care costs / Evaluación preanestésica y reducción de los costes de la preparación del preoperatorio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A avaliação pré-anestésica (APA) é fundamental no preparo do paciente cirúrgico. Entre suas muitas vantagens, destaca-se a redução dos custos com o preparo pré-operatório. Embora estudos prévios tenham constatado esse benefício, não é certo que ele se aplique adequadamente em nosso meio. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os custos do preparo pré-operatório realizado pelo cirurgião com os custos estimados a partir da APA. Paralelamente, comparou-se a classificação do estado físico da American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) determinada pelo anestesiologista ou por outros especialistas. MÉTODO: Duzentos pacientes candidatos a procedimentos cirúrgicos ou diagnósticos eletivos, cujo preparo pré-operatório foi orientado pelo cirurgião, foram submetidos à APA após internação hospitalar. O anestesiologista determinou os exames complementares ou as consultas especializadas e necessárias a cada paciente. Foram comparados o número e os custos dos exames ou consultas indicados pelo anestesiologista com aqueles realizados no preparo pré-operatório. Comparou-se também a classificação da ASA determinada pelo anestesiologista ou pelo médico que realizou a consulta especializada. RESULTADOS: Dos 1.075 exames complementares realizados, 55,8 por cento não estavam indicados, o que equivaleu a uma fração de 50,8 por cento do custo total com exames. O anestesiologista considerou que 37 pacientes (18,5 por cento) não precisariam realizar exames. O custo do preparo orientado pelo cirurgião foi 25,11 por cento maior do que o custo estimado a partir da avaliação pré-anestésica, sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,01). Houve discordância na classificação da ASA em 9,3 por cento dos pacientes avaliados pelo especialista. CONCLUSÕES: O preparo pré-operatório baseado na avaliação pré-anestésica criteriosa pode resultar em significativa redução dos custos quando comparado ao preparo orientado pelo cirurgião. Observou-se boa concordância na determinação do escore da ASA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Preanesthesia evaluation (PAE) is fundamental in the preparation of a surgical patient. Among its advantages is the reduction of preoperative care costs. Although prior studies had observed this benefit, it is not clear whether it can be taken into consideration among us. The objective of the present study was to compare the costs of preoperative care performed by the surgeon with estimated costs based on PAE. In parallel, we compared the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification determined by the anesthesiologist with that estimated by other specialists. METHODS: Two hundred patients scheduled for elective surgery or diagnostic procedures whose preoperative care was made by the surgeon underwent PAE after hospital admission. The anesthesiologist determined which ancillary exams or referrals necessary for each patient. The number and cost of ancillary exams or referrals requested by the anesthesiologist were compared with those of the preoperative preparation. The ASA classification according to the anesthesiologist was also compared to that of the physician in charge of the consultation. RESULTS: Out of 1,075 ancillary exams performed, 55.8 percent were not indicated, which corresponded to 50.8 percent of the total cost of exams. The anesthesiologist considered that 37 patients (18.5 percent) did not require exams. The cost of surgeon-oriented preoperative care was higher than that based on the preanesthesia evaluation and this difference in costs was statistically significant (p < 0.01). In 9.3 percent of the patients discordance in ASA classification according to the specialist was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative care based on judicious preanesthesia evaluation can result in significant reduction in costs when compared to that oriented by the surgeon. Good concordance in ASA classification was observed.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La evaluación preanestésica (EPA), es fundamental para la preparación del paciente quirúrgico. Entre sus muchas ventajas tenemos la reducción de los costes con la preparación del preoperatorio. Aunque algunos estudios previos hayan constatado ese beneficio, no es correcto decir que él se pueda aplicar adecuadamente a nuestro medio. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los costes de la preparación del preoperatorio realizado por el cirujano con los costes estimados a partir de la EPA. En paralelo, comparamos la clasificación del estado físico de la American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) determinada por el anestesiólogo o por otros especialistas. MÉTODO: Doscientos pacientes candidatos a procedimientos quirúrgicos o diagnósticos electivos, cuya preparación preoperatoria estuvo orientada por el cirujano, se sometieron a la EPA después de su ingreso. El anestesiólogo determinó los exámenes complementarios o las consultas especializadas pertinentes para cada paciente. Se comparó el número y los costes de los exámenes o consultas indicados por el anestesiólogo con los realizados durante la preparación del preoperatorio. También comparamos la clasificación de la ASA determinada por el anestesiólogo o por el médico que realizó la consulta especializada. RESULTADOS: De los 1.075 exámenes complementarios realizados 55,8 por ciento no estaban indicados, lo que equivalió a una fracción de un 50,8 por ciento del coste total con los exámenes. El anestesiólogo consideró que 37 pacientes (18,5 por ciento) no necesitarían realizar exámenes. El coste de la preparación orientada por el cirujano fue un 25,11 por ciento mayor que el coste estimado a partir de la evaluación preanestésica, siendo ésa la diferencia entre los costes estadísticamente significantes: (p < 0,01). Se registró una discordancia en la clasificación de la ASA en 9,3 por ciento de los pacientes evaluados por el experto. CONCLUSIONES: La preparación del preoperatorio con base en la evaluación preanestésica de criterio puede resultar en una significativa reducción de los costes cuando se le compara a la preparación orientada por el cirujano. Se observó una buena concordancia en la determinación de la puntuación de la ASA.

Anestesia caudal combinada à anestesia geral para cirurgia abdominal em paciente com Síndrome de Edwards: relato de caso / Combined caudal-general anesthesia for an abdominal procedure in a patient with Edwards?s syndrome: case report

Introdução: a síndrome de Edwards, ou trissomia do 18, é uma anomalia cromossômica rara e frequentemente fatal. Os pacientes que sobrevivem têm múltiplas malformações, que resultam em risco anestésico aumentado, mesmo em cirurgias de menor porte. Objetivo: discutir o uso da anestesia caudal, em associação com anestesia geral, como técnica anestésica e analgésica para cirurgia abdominal em criança portadora de síndrome de Edwards. Relato do caso: criança de 75 dias de idade, 2,9 kg, com diagnóstico de síndrome de Edwards e cardiopatia congênita, foi submetida à correção de refluxo gastroesofágico sob anestesia geral combinada ao bloqueio peridural caudal com bupivacaína 0,125%, morfina e clonidina. A anestesia geral foi mantida com sevoflurano, sem a necessidade do uso endovenoso de opioides. O paciente manteve estabilidade durante todo o procedimento cirúrgico. No final da cirurgia, o anestésico inalatório foi suspenso e a paciente foi extubada na sala de ciurgia após 17 minutos. O pós-operatório foi realizado em centro de terapia intensiva, sem intercorrências e sem a necessidade do uso suplementar de analgésicos. Conclusão: a anestesia geral inalatória combinada com o bloqueio caudal mostrou-se técnica anestésica segura e satisfatória em crianças com síndrome de Edwards.

Introduction: Edwards syndrome or trisomy 18 is a rare and often fatal chromosome abnormality. Patients who survive are dysmorphic with multiple malformations leading to an increase anesthetic risk even during small surgery. Objective: to discuss the use of caudal anesthesia combined with general anesthesia as an anesthetic and analgesic technique for abdominal surgery in a child with Edwards?s syndrome. Case report: a girl with 75-day-old, 2.9 kg, with Edward?s syndrome and congenital heart disease who underwent surgical correction of gastroesophageal reflux with combined caudal-general anaesthesia using 0.125% bupivacaine, morphine and clonidine. General anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and no opioid was used. Throughout the procedure, no major changes in the monitored parameters were recorded. At the completion of the procedure, the inhalational agent was discontinued and the patient was extubated in the operating room after 17 min. The postoperative period at the intensive care unit was uneventful and no postoperative analgesics were necessary. Conclusion: inhalatory general anesthesia associated with caudal anesthesia seems to be a good and safe technique in children with Edwards?s syndrome.

Anestesia para amigdalectomia em criança portadora de síndrome de Klippel-Feil associada à síndrome de down: relato de caso / Anesthesia for tonsillectomy in a child with Klippel-Feil syndrome associated with down syndrome. Case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Anormalidades craniofaciais, presentes na síndrome de Klippel-Feil (SKF) e na síndrome de Down (SD), podem dificultar o acesso à via aérea. Cirurgias na orofaringe também exigem atenção especial com a via aérea. A associação de ambas as síndromes em paciente candidato à amigdalectomia é uma condição rara, que impõe desafios ao tratamento anestésico-cirúrgico. O objetivo deste relato é discutir os cuidados para a abordagem da via aérea e os riscos da manipulação cervical em paciente portador de SKF e SD submetido à amigdalectomia. RELATO DE CASO: Criança de 5 anos com diagnóstico prévio de SKF, SD e instabilidade da articulação atlantoaxial foi submetida à amigdalectomia sob anestesia geral balanceada. A ventilação sob máscara e a intubação traqueal foram realizadas com a cabeça em posição neutra. A perfeita visualização da epiglote e das cordas vocais permitiu intubação traqueal com laringoscopia convencional. A cirurgia também foi realizada sem extensão cervical, transcorrendo sem intercorrências. CONCLUSÕES: Embora o acesso à via aérea possa ser fácil, alterações anatômicas pressupõem via aérea difícil em pacientes portadores de SKF e SD. Cuidados diferenciados e recursos adequados são obrigatórios para se evitarem complicações durante a abordagem da via aérea. A manipulação cervical deve ser evitada na presença de instabilidade da articulação atlantoccipital pelo risco de lesão neurológica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Craniofacial abnormalities present in Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS) and Down Syndrome (DS) can hinder access to the airways. Oropharyngeal surgeries also require special attention with the airways. The association of both syndromes in a patient scheduled for tonsillectomy is a rare condition that imposes challenges to the anesthetic-surgical treatment. The objective of this report was to discuss the approach of the airways and the risks of cervical manipulation in a patient with KFS and DS undergoing tonsillectomy. CASE REPORT: This is a 5 years old child with diagnosis of KFS and DS and instability of the atlantoaxial joint who underwent tonsillectomy under general balanced anesthesia. Ventilation under face mask and tracheal intubation were done with the neck in the neutral position. The perfect visualization of the epiglottis and vocal cords allowed tracheal intubation with conventional laryngoscopy. The surgery was also performed without cervical extension and without intercurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Although access to the airways can be easy, anatomical changes presuppose the presence of difficult airways in patients with KFS and DS. Differentiated care and adequate resources are mandatory to avoid complications during approach of the airways. Cervical manipulation should be avoided in the presence of instability of the atlantoaxial joint due to the risk of neurological damage.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las anormalidades craneofaciales presentes en el Síndrome de Klippel-Feil (SKF) y en el Síndrome de Down (SD), pueden dificultar el acceso a la vía aérea. Las cirugías en la orofaringe también exigen una atención especial con la vía aérea. La asociación de los dos síndromes en paciente candidato a la amigdalectomía es una condición rara, que impone retos al tratamiento anestésico-quirúrgico. El objetivo de este relato es discutir los cuidados para el abordaje de la vía aérea y los riesgos de la manipulación cervical en un paciente portador de síndrome de SKF y SD, sometido a la amigdalectomía. RELATO DEL CASO: Niño de cinco años, con diagnóstico previo de SKF, SD e inestabilidad de la articulación atlantocervical, que fue sometido a la amigdalectomía bajo anestesia general balanceada. La ventilación bajo máscara y la intubación traqueal fueron realizadas con la cabeza en posición neutra. La perfecta visualización de la epiglotis y de las cuerdas vocales, permitió la intubación traqueal con laringoscopia convencional. La cirugía también se hizo sin la extensión cervical, y transcurrió sin intercurrencias. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el acceso a la vía aérea pueda ser fácil, las alteraciones anatómicas nos avisan que existe una vía aérea difícil en pacientes portadores de SKF y SD. Los cuidados diferenciados y los recursos adecuados son indispensables para evitar las complicaciones durante el abordaje de la vía aérea. La manipulación cervical debe ser evitada en presencia de una inestabilidad de la articulación atlanto-occipital, por el riesgo de lesión neurológica.

Anestesia para paciente portador da equência de moebius: relato de caso / Anesthesia in a patient with moebius sequence: case report / Anestesia para Paciente Portador de la Secuencia de Moebius: relato de Caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A sequência de Moebius (SM) é uma rara paralisia do VI e VII nervos cranianos. Alterações craniofaciais estão presentes em aproximadamente 90% destes pacientes, o que pode tornar a intubação traqueal muito difícil. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 2 anos e 5 meses, portador de SM, submetido à broncoscopia flexível para avaliação de laringotraqueomalácia. Comorbidades: crises de broncoespasmo e comunicação interventricular. Realizou-se indução anestésica com sevoflurano em O2 a 100% e venóclise. Introduziu-se máscara laríngea AMBU® número 2,5 e o fibrobroncoscópio foi introduzido através da mesma. O procedimento foi realizado sem complicações e a broncoscopia revelou-se normal. O paciente recebeu alta para casa após duas horas. CONCLUSÕES: O controle das vias aéreas é o grande desafio nestes pacientes, havendo relato de falha ou dificuldade de intubação em 13 pacientes de uma série de 41 casos analisados. Micrognatia, retrognatia, hipoplasia mandibular e fenda palatina são algumas características destes pacientes. Em outra grande série com 106 anestesias em pacientes com SM há descrição do uso da máscara laríngea em um caso. Parece não haver contra-indicação a realizar o procedimento em regime ambulatorial. Há relato de aspiração pulmonar e obstrução respiratória na sala de recuperação devido à dificuldade em deglutir e eliminar as secreções da boca e recomenda-se administrar antisialogogos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Moebius sequence (MS) is a rare paralysis of the VI and VII cranial nerves. Craniofacial changes, which can hinder tracheal intubation considerably, are seen in approximately 90% of the patients. CASE REPORT: A male patient, 2 years and 5 months old, with MS, underwent flexible bronchoscopy for evaluation of laryngotracheomalacia. Comorbidities: bronchospasm and interventricular communication. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane in 100% O2, followed by venoclysis. A number 2.5 laryngeal AMBU™ mask was inserted and the fiberbronchoscope scope introduced through the mask. The procedure evolved without complications and bronchoscopy was normal. The patient was discharged home after two hours. CONCLUSIONS: Airways management is a great challenge in those patients with a report of failure or difficult intubation in 13 out of 41 patients. Micrognathia, retrognathia, mandibular hypoplasia, and palatine cleft are some of the manifestations seen in those patients. The use of a laryngeal mask was reported in one patient in a large series with 106 anesthesias in patients with MS. There does not seem to be contraindications to perform the procedure in an outpatient setting. Pulmonary aspiration and respiratory obstruction in the recovery room due to difficulty swallowing and eliminating mouth secretions have been reported, and the use of anti-sialagogues recommended.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La secuencia de Moebius (SM) es una rara parálisis del VI y VII nervios cranianos. Las alteraciones craneofaciales están presentes en aproximadamente un 90% de esos pacientes, lo que puede hacer con que la intubación traqueal sea muy difícil. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo masculino, 2 años y 5 meses, portador de SM, sometido a la broncoscopia flexible para la evaluación de laringotraqueomalacia. Comorbidades: crisis de broncoespasmo y comunicación interventricular. Se realizó la inducción anestésica con sevoflurano en O2 a 100% y venoclisis. Se introdujo la máscara laríngea AMBU® número 2,5 y el fibrobroncoscopio fue introducido a través de ella. El procedimiento fue realizado sin complicaciones y la broncoscopia fue normal. El paciente recibió alta después de dos horas. CONCLUSIONES: El control de las vías aéreas es el gran reto para esos pacientes, habiendo relatos de falla o de dificultad de intubación en 13 pacientes de una serie de 41 casos analizados. Micrognatia, retrognatia, hipoplasia mandibular y la hendidura palatina, son algunas de las características de esos pacientes. En otra gran serie con 106 anestesias en pacientes con SM, hay una descripción del uso de la máscara laríngea en un caso. En régimen ambulatorial, parece no haber contraindicación para realizar el procedimiento. Existe un relato de aspiración pulmonar y obstrucción respiratoria en la sala de recuperación, a causa de la dificultad de deglutir y eliminar las secreciones de la boca y para ese caso se recomienda administrar antisialogogos.

Síndrome de compartimento abdominal durante pinçamento por via endoscópica de perfuração intestinal secundária à colonoscopia / Síndrome de compartimiento abdominal durante pinzamiento por vía endoscópica de perforación intestinal secundaria a la colonoscopia / Abdominal compartment syndrome during endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A colonoscopia é um exame muito utilizado nos dias atuais para diagnóstico, tratamento e controle de doenças intestinais. A perfuração intestinal, embora rara, é a mais temida complicação deste exame. A correção da perfuração pode ser feita através do uso de clipes posicionados por via endoscópica. O objetivo deste relato de caso foi alertar os especialistas para a ocorrência e o tratamento de síndrome de compartimento abdominal durante pinçamento endoscópio de perfuração intestinal secundário à colonoscopia. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 60 anos, estado físico ASA II, submetida à colonoscopia sob sedação. Durante o exame constatou-se perfuração acidental do intestino e optou-se por tentar pinçar a perfuração por via endoscópica. A paciente evoluiu então com dor e distensão abdominal, pneumoperitônio, síndrome de compartimento abdominal, dispnéia e instabilidade cardiovascular. Realizou-se punção abdominal de emergência, o que determinou a melhora clínica da paciente até que laparotomia de urgência fosse realizada. Após laparotomia exploradora e sutura da perfuração a paciente evoluiu clinicamente bem. CONCLUSÕES: O pinçamento por via endoscópica de perfuração intestinal secundária à colonoscopia pode contribuir para a formação de pneumoperitônio hipertensivo e síndrome de compartimento abdominal, com repercussões clínicas graves que exigem tratamento imediato. Profissionais capacitados e recursos técnicos adequados podem ser fatores determinantes do prognóstico do paciente.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Colonoscopy is widely used for diagnosis, treatment, and control of intestinal disorders. Intestinal perforation, although rare, is the most feared complication. Perforations can be treated by endoscopic clamping. The objective of this report was to alert specialists for the development and treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome during endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy. CASE REPORT: This is a 60 years old female, physical status ASA II, who underwent colonoscopy under sedation. During the exam, an accidental intestinal perforation was observed, and it was decided to attempt the endoscopic clamping of the perforation. The patient developed abdominal pain and distension, pneumoperitoneum, abdominal compartment syndrome, dyspnea, and cardiovascular instability. Emergency abdominal puncture was done with clinical improvement until urgent laparotomy was performed. After exploratory laparotomy and stitching of the perforation, the patient presented good clinical evolution. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy can contribute for the development of hypertensive pneumoperitoneum and abdominal compartment syndrome with severe clinical repercussions that demand immediate treatment. Capable professionals and adequate technical resources can be determinant of the prognosis of the patient.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La colonoscopia es un examen utilizado muy a menudo en la actualidad para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y el control de las enfermedades intestinales. La perforación intestinal, aunque sea rara, es la más temida complicación de ese examen. La corrección de la perforación puede ser hecha a través del uso de clips introducidos por vía endoscópica. El objetivo de este relato de caso, fue avisarles a los expertos sobre el aparecimiento y el tratamiento del síndrome de Compartimiento Abdominal durante el pinzamiento endoscópico de perforación intestinal secundario a la colonoscopia. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 60 años, estado físico ASA II, sometida a la colonoscopia bajo sedación. Durante el examen se comprobó la perforación accidental del intestino y se optó por tratar de pinzar la perforación por vía endoscópica. La paciente evolucionó con dolor y con una distensión abdominal, neumoperitoneo, síndrome de Compartimiento Abdominal, disnea e inestabilidad cardiovascular. Se realizó la punción abdominal de emergencia, lo que determinó la mejoría clínica de la paciente hasta que se hiciese la laparotomía de urgencia. Después de realizarla con exploración y con sutura de la perforación, la paciente evolucionó bien clínicamente. CONCLUSIONES: El pinzamiento por vía endoscópica de perforación intestinal secundaria a la colonoscopia, puede contribuir a la formación de neumoperitoneo hipertensivo y el síndrome de Compartimiento Abdominal, con repercusiones clínicas graves que exigen un tratamiento inmediato. Los profesionales capacitados y los recursos técnicos adecuados, pueden ser factores determinantes del pronóstico del paciente.