Depression and Oral FTC/TDF Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex With Men (MSM/TGW).

We conducted a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of depressive symptomology in iPrEx, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of daily, oral FTC/TDF HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men and transgender women who have sex with men. Depression-related adverse events (AEs) were the most frequently reported severe or life-threatening AEs and were not associated with being randomized to the FTC/TDF arm (152 vs. 144 respectively OR 0.66 95 % CI 0.35-1.25). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and a four questions suicidal ideation scale scores did not differ by arm. Participants reporting forced sex at anal sexual debut had higher CES-D scores (coeff: 3.23; 95 % CI 1.24-5.23) and were more likely to have suicidal ideation (OR 2.2; 95 % CI 1.09-4.26). CES-D scores were higher among people reporting non-condom receptive anal intercourse (ncRAI) (OR 1.46; 95 % CI 1.09-1.94). We recommend continuing PrEP during periods of depression in conjunction with provision of mental health services.

Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis infection may potentiate transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We sought to determine the extent to which HIV acquisition was associated with syphilis infection within an HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trial and whether emtricitabine/tenofovir (FTC/TDF) modified that association. METHODS: The Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study randomly assigned 2499 HIV-seronegative men and transgender women who have sex with men (MSM) to receive oral daily FTC/TDF or placebo. Syphilis prevalence at screening and incidence during follow-up were measured. Hazard ratios for the effect of incident syphilis on HIV acquisition were calculated. The effect of FTC/TDF on incident syphilis and HIV acquisition was assessed. RESULTS: Of 2499 individuals, 360 (14.4%) had a positive rapid plasma reagin test at screening; 333 (92.5%) had a positive confirmatory test, which did not differ between the arms (FTC/TDF vs placebo, P = .81). The overall syphilis incidence during the trial was 7.3 cases per 100 person-years. There was no difference in syphilis incidence between the study arms (7.8 cases per 100 person-years for FTC/TDF vs 6.8 cases per 100 person-years for placebo, P = .304). HIV incidence varied by incident syphilis (2.8 cases per 100 person-years for no syphilis vs 8.0 cases per 100 person-years for incident syphilis), reflecting a hazard ratio of 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-4.4; P < .001). There was no evidence for interaction between randomization to the FTC/TDF arm and incident syphilis on HIV incidence. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-seronegative MSM, syphilis infection was associated with HIV acquisition in this PrEP trial; a syphilis diagnosis should prompt providers to offer PrEP unless otherwise contraindicated.

Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis before exposure is a promising approach for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. METHODS: We randomly assigned 2499 HIV-seronegative men or transgender women who have sex with men to receive a combination of two oral antiretroviral drugs, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC-TDF), or placebo once daily. All subjects received HIV testing, risk-reduction counseling, condoms, and management of sexually transmitted infections. RESULTS: The study subjects were followed for 3324 person-years (median, 1.2 years; maximum, 2.8 years). Of these subjects, 10 were found to have been infected with HIV at enrollment, and 100 became infected during follow-up (36 in the FTC-TDF group and 64 in the placebo group), indicating a 44% reduction in the incidence of HIV (95% confidence interval, 15 to 63; P=0.005). In the FTC-TDF group, the study drug was detected in 22 of 43 of seronegative subjects (51%) and in 3 of 34 HIV-infected subjects (9%) (P<0.001). Nausea was reported more frequently during the first 4 weeks in the FTC-TDF group than in the placebo group (P<0.001). The two groups had similar rates of serious adverse events (P=0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Oral FTC-TDF provided protection against the acquisition of HIV infection among the subjects. Detectable blood levels strongly correlated with the prophylactic effect. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00458393.).

Management of Refractory Status Epilepticus: An International Cohort Study (MORSE CODe) Analysis of Patients Managed in the ICU.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Status epilepticus that continues after the initial benzodiazepine and a second anticonvulsant medication is known as refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Management is highly variable because adequately powered clinical trials are missing. We aimed to determine whether propofol and midazolam were equally effective in controlling RSE in the intensive care unit, focusing on management in resource-limited settings. METHODS: Patients with RSE treated with midazolam or propofol between January 2015 and December 2018 were retrospectively identified among 9 centers across 4 continents from upper-middle-income economies in Latin America and high-income economies in North America, Europe, and Asia. Demographics, Status Epilepticus Severity Score, etiology, treatment details, and discharge modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were collected. The primary outcome measure was good functional outcome defined as a mRS score of 0-2 at hospital discharge. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-seven episodes of RSE (386 patients) were included, with 162 (42%) from upper-middle-income and 225 (58%) from high-income economies. Three hundred six (79%) had acute and 79 (21%) remote etiologies. Initial RSE management included midazolam in 266 (69%) and propofol in 121 episodes (31%). Seventy episodes (26%) that were initially treated with midazolam and 42 (35%) with propofol required the addition of a second anesthetic to treat RSE. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients treated with midazolam or propofol were similar. Breakthrough (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.0) and withdrawal seizures (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.7-2.5) were associated with an increased number of days requiring continuous intravenous anticonvulsant medications (cIV-ACMs). Prolonged EEG monitoring was associated with fewer days of cIV-ACMs (1-24 hours OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9, and >24 hours OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.0; reference EEG <1 hour). This association was seen in both, high-income and upper-middle-income economies, but was particularly prominent in high-income countries. One hundred ten patients (28%) were dead, and 80 (21%) had good functional outcomes at hospital discharge. DISCUSSION: Outcomes of patients with RSE managed in the intensive care unit with propofol or midazolam infusions are comparable. Prolonged EEG monitoring may allow physicians to decrease the duration of anesthetic infusions safely, but this will depend on the implementation of RSE management protocols. Goal-directed management approaches including EEG targets may hold promise for patients with RSE. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III data that propofol and midazolam are equivalently efficacious for RSE.

Evaluación del antibiótico miocamicina en niños con infecciones bacterianas cutáneas / Evaluation of the miocarmycin antibiotic in children with bacterial skin infecctions

Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico prospectivo abierto con 42 niños que sufrían de enfermedades de la piel, para verificar la eficacia y tolerancia de la Miocamicina, un nuevo antibiótico-macrólido. Se incluyeron 31 casos con impétigo, 5 forunculosis y 6 foliculitis con edades comprendidas entre 1 mes hasta 12 años de edad. De éstos, 27 fueron niñas y 15 niños, promedio de edad 3,3 años. La duración del tratamiento fue de 10 días, a una dosis oral de 30-50 mg/Kg/día. la suspensión de Miocamicina contenía 200 mg/5 ml. Se encontraron 30 aislados bacterianos con alta sensibilidad a la Miocamicina, 2 casos de sensibilidad intermedia y 10 casos con mediana resistencia, la mayoría de los cuales fueron Staphylococcus aureus. Los resultados clínicos mostraron porcentaje de éxito terapéutico equivalente a 90,32 por ciento dentro del grupo de 31 pacientes con impétigo. Asi mismo curaron completamente 3 forunculosis de un grupo de 6 casos, en tanto que 2 mejoraron parcialmente. Por su parte, se logró exito terapéutico total en 50 por ciento de los casos de foliculitis. Del grupo total de 42 pacientes, en 2 no se modificó la patología y 4 empeoraron. Estos datos totalizan un promedio de curación completa, para las 3 piodermias indicadas, equivalente a 85,71 por ciento. Los efectos secundarios se presentaron sólo en 2 casos y consistieron en diarrea ligera y pérdida de apetito, hecho que nos da una tolerancia del 95,23 por ciento

Investigación de portadores de Neisseria Meningitidis en niños relacionados con el Centro de Rehabilitación Social del Litoral / Investigation of carriers of Neisseria Meningitidis in children related with the Social Rehabilitation Center of the seaboard

Se practicaron cultivos para N. meningitidis en 118 niños entre 1 y 14 años que viven en la guardería del CRL (31 niños), en el albergue María Reyna (50) y en el pabellón de varones del CRL (37), tratando de identificar la fuente de infección del brote epidémico de EMA ocurrido 2 meses atrás en este centro penitenciario.Se tomó una muestra de cada fosa nasal y se procesaron los 236 cultivos. No se aisló ninguna colonia de N. meningitidis.Entre las conclusiones se destaca que estos niños no son fuentes de infección ni de contaminación así como tampoco representa un potencial elemento diseminador de la bacteria en la comunidad.

Several cultures heading to the isolation of Neisseria meningitidis were performed to 118 children between the ages of 1 to 14 years old, living in the foster home for the “CRL” (31 children), Maria Reyna temporary home (50) and the men’s block (37), with the purpose of identifying the source of infection for the outbreak that took place 2 months ago in this facility.One sample for each nostril was taken and 236 cultures were processed. No single strain of N. meningitidis was isolated.Among the conclusions of this trial is obvious that these children are not neither the source of infection nor contamination as well as they do not represent a spreading risk for N. meningitidis in community.

Enfermedad de Carrión: hallazgos histopatológicos de los núdulos verrugosos cutáneos de un paciente ecuatoriano

Se han estudiado aquí los nódulos verrugosos cutáneos, tomados de un paciente con la enfermedad de Carrión. Histológicamente, los nódulos verrugosos eran cosistentes lesiones granulomatosas, que mostraron infiltración con varios tipos de células, junto con la proliferación de capilares. Los cortes estuvieron predominantemente infiltrados con neutrófilos y células endoteliales, mientras que los histiocitos, las células plasmáticas, los linfocitos y células mastoideas fueron visibles en cierto grado. Las venas estaban dilatadas con muchas células endoteliales redondeadas localizadas periféricamente, mientras un gran número de neutrófilos invadían las venas. A la microscopía electrónica, se encontraron numerosos organismos...