Predicting the Need for Blood Transfusions in Cardiac Surgery: A Comparison between Machine Learning Algorithms and Established Risk Scores in the Brazilian Population.

INTRODUCTION: Blood transfusion is a common practice in cardiac surgery, despite its well-known negative effects. To mitigate blood transfusion-associated risks, identifying patients who are at higher risk of needing this procedure is crucial. Widely used risk scores to predict the need for blood transfusions have yielded unsatisfactory results when validated for the Brazilian population. METHODS: In this retrospective study, machine learning (ML) algorithms were compared to predict the need for blood transfusions in a cohort of 495 cardiac surgery patients treated at a Brazilian reference service between 2019 and 2021. The performance of the models was evaluated using various metrics, including the area under the curve (AUC), and compared to the commonly used Transfusion Risk and Clinical Knowledge (TRACK) and Transfusion Risk Understanding Scoring Tool (TRUST) scoring systems. RESULTS: The study found that the model had the highest performance, achieving an AUC of 0.7350 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.7203 to 0.7497). Importantly, all ML algorithms performed significantly better than the commonly used TRACK and TRUST scoring systems. TRACK had an AUC of 0.6757 (CI: 0.6609 to 0.6906), while TRUST had an AUC of 0.6622 (CI: 0.6473 to 0.6906). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that ML algorithms may offer a more accurate prediction of the need for blood transfusions than the traditional scoring systems and could enhance the accuracy of predicting blood transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery patients. Further research could focus on optimizing and refining ML algorithms to improve their accuracy and make them more suitable for clinical use.

Survival Analysis in Adult Heart Transplantation: Experience from a Brazilian Single Center.

INTRODUCTION: Heart transplantation is the gold standard for advanced heart failure treatment. This study examines the survival rates and risk factors for early mortality in adult heart transplant recipients at a Brazilian center. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved 255 adult heart transplant patients from a single center in Brazil. Data were collected from medical records and databases including three defined periods (2012-2015, 2016-2019, and 2020-2022). Statistical analysis employed Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox proportional hazards analysis for 30-day mortality risk factors, and Log-rank tests. RESULTS: The recipients were mostly male (74.9%), and the mean age was 46.6 years. Main causes of heart failure were idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (33.9%), Chagas cardiomyopathy (18%), and ischemic cardiomyopathy (14.3%). The study revealed an overall survival of 68.1% at one year, 58% at five years, and 40.8% at 10 years after heart transplantation. Survivalimproved significantly over time, combining the most recent periods (2016 to 2022) it was 73.2% in the first year and 63% in five years. The main risk factors for 30-day mortality were longer time on cardiopulmonary bypass, the initial period of transplants (2012 to 2015), older age of the donor, and nutritional status of the donor (overweight or obese). The main causes of death within 30 days post-transplant were infection and primary graft dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The survival analysis by period demonstrated that the increased surgical volume, coupled with the team's experience and modifications to the immunosuppression protocol, contributed to the improved early and mid-term outcomes.

Circular economy, bioeconomy, and sustainable development goals: a systematic literature review.

The circular economy (CE) and bioeconomy (BE) are recognized as potential solutions for achieving sustainable development, yet little research has examined their potential contribution to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this study, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of 649 articles published between 2007 and 2022, as well as a systematic literature review of 81 articles, to assess the extent to which the CE and BE communities have addressed the SDGs. Our analysis identified 10 research gaps including the limited number of empirical quantitative papers, particularly in the context of BE, and the underrepresentation of developing regions such as Latin America and Africa in the literature. Our main finding reveals that the CE community primarily focuses on SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production, followed by SDG 9, Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure; SDG 7, Affordable and Clean Energy; and SDG 6, Clean Water and Sanitation. The BE community, on the other hand, focuses primarily on SDG 7, followed by SDG 9 and SDG 12. However, both communities lack attention to social SDGs such as quality education, poverty, and gender equality. We propose that a combination of CE and BE, known as circular bioeconomy, could help countries achieve all SDGs. Further research is needed to develop and implement circular bioeconomy policies that address these gaps and promote sustainable development. In this sense, our study identified an important research gap that needs more attention in the future.

Assessing the EKC hypothesis by considering the supply chain disruption and greener energy: findings in the lens of sustainable development goals.

This paper investigates the effect of the supply chain disruption, greener energy consumption, and economic growth on carbon emissions in advanced economies and emerging markets from 1997 to 2021 using panel quantile autoregressive distributed lags (QARDL) and the panel quantile regression (QR). The results of the two models confirm, on the one hand, the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and, on the other hand, the role of renewable energy consumption in mitigating carbon emissions in advanced and developing economies. Furthermore, the finding shows that the supply chain disruption for the long run is positive at all quantiles, indicating the evidence of association at the extreme low and high quantiles than at the intermediate quantile. In addition, the effect of the supply chain decreases at the lower quantile. It turns negative at the upper 90th quantile in the short run, indicating that the supply chain disruption reduces the environmental degradation under the bearish market conditions. In the future, the increasing supply chain disruptions due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and further COVID-19 worldwide can consider sluggish economic growth and play an essential role in promoting renewable energy abundance and reducing CO2 emissions. Practical implications are reported in the lens of carbon neutrality and structural changes.

What do we learn from Nexus between trade diversification and structural change: informing the future about climate action and Sustainability.

Economic complexity is considered key a driver of social change, structural change, and economic development. Economic complexity is mostly used to capture issues apropos product diversification of exports, trade, technological innovation, human knowledge, and skills. The current study has conducted a detailed bibliometric review of economic complexity, export quality, and trade diversification. In doing so, the authors used the literature up to 2021 to unveil economic complexity's contextual information that witnessed structural change, social change, and trade indicators. The current study is the first integrative review to report the theoretical contribution, future research agendas, and thematic analysis of economic complexity, export quality, and export diversification. Our study, on the subject of economic complexity, export diversification, and import diversification in the period from 1966 to 2021, was carried out by systematically scanning 386 documents, and it is one of the pioneering studies in this field. In addition, economic diversity, development, and economic complexity; export diversification, import diversification, trade openness, and economic growth; energy, environmental Kuznets curve, and economic complexity; and sustainability and economic diversification are the four main research topics of the study. The findings are discussed apropos of economic complexity and exports, methodological aspects of economic complexity, and environmental issues nexus with economic complexity. The current study reports novel findings toward a path for achieving SDG-9 (industry and innovation) and SDG-13 (climate action). The biometric review enables researchers and policymakers to understand export quality, economic complexity, and the trade nexus and report future research directions for achieving sustainable growth in industries and innovation.

Validation of Blood Transfusion Risk Scores (TRACK and TRUST) in a Cardiac Surgery Service in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Transfusion of red blood cells is recurrent in cardiac surgery despite the well-established deleterious effects. Identifying patients with higher chances of requiring blood transfusion is essential to apply strategic preventive measures to reduce such chances, considering the restricted availability of this product. The most used risk scores to predict blood transfusion are the Transfusion Risk and Clinical Knowledge (TRACK) and Transfusion Risk Understanding Scoring Tool (TRUST). However, these scores were not validated for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of TRACK and TRUST scores in estimating the need for postoperative transfusion of red blood cell concentrates (TRBCC) after cardiac surgery. METHODS: A clinical retrospective study was conducted using the database of a Brazilian reference service composed of patients operated between November 2019 and September 2021. Scores were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test assessed calibration of the scores. Accuracy was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). All analyses considered a level of significance of 5%. The study was approved by the research ethics committee (CAAE 55577421.4.0000.5201). RESULTS: This study assessed 498 patients. Only the TRACK score presented good calibration (P=0.238; TRUST P=0.034). AUC of TRACK was 0.678 (95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.73; P<0.001), showing a significant accuracy. CONCLUSION: Between the scores analyzed, only the TRACK score showed a good calibration, but low accuracy, to predict postoperative TRBCC after cardiac surgery.

The drivers of energy-related CO2 emissions in Brazil: a regional application of the STIRPAT model.

Since energy is one of the basic inputs for development, emerging economies should make an effort to investigate the environmental impacts of their fast economic growth. However, large emerging economies present significant regional heterogeneity that is usually uncounted for. This study uses the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model and regional data on the 27 Brazilian states to investigate the growth-CO2 nexus under distinct development stages. To perform this analysis, we divided the states into three groups according to their average annual GDP (i.e., richer, intermediate, and poorer regions). The results suggest that richer and poorer regions, particularly, present economic and demographic developments that are environmentally costly. Also, population and per capita GDP have the largest influences on CO2 emissions. The roles of the industrial sector and the ascending service sector are also subject to criticism. Moreover, Brazil arguably suffers from technological stagnation as its energy intensity is growing and boosting CO2 emissions. We discuss the policy implications of these findings and suggest a future research agenda.

COVID Health Structure Index: The Vulnerability of Brazilian Microregions.

Many developing countries have highly unequal health systems across their regions. The pandemic of COVID-19 brought an additional challenge, as hospital structures equipped with doctors, intensive care units and respirators are not available to a sufficient extent in all regions. Using Data Envelopment Analysis, we create a COVID Index to verify whether the hospital structures in 543 Brazilian microregions are adequate to deal with COVID-19 and to verify whether public policies were implemented in the right direction. The results indicate that hospital structures in the poorest microregions were the most vulnerable, although the peak of COVID-19 occurred in the richest microregions (Sao Paulo). The Southeast states could relocate hospital resources or even patients between their regions. The relocation was not possible in many states in the Northeast, as the health system poorly assisted the interior of these states. These findings reveal that the heterogeneity of microregions' hospital structures follows the patterns of socioeconomic inequalities. We conclude that it is easier for the wealthier regions to reallocate hospital resources internally than for the poorest regions. By using the COVID Index, policymakers and hospital managers have straightforward information to decide which regions must receive new investments and reallocate underutilized resources.

Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. in rats as early spatial predictor for human disease in an endemic urban area.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is considered a neglected zoonosis associated with infrastructure problems and low socioeconomic status, particularly slums. Since the disease is mainly transmitted in urban settings by rat urine, this risk factor may be important predictor tool for prompt control and effective prevention at the local level in urban endemic areas. Accordingly, the present study aimed to propose an early spatial predictor tool for human leptospirosis in urban settings, to test the methodology of molecular methods for assessing Leptospira spp. in trapped rats, and report associated environmental data. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Official city records and previous study were used to select risk factors for human leptospirosis in an endemic neighborhood of Curitiba, Brazil. Neighborhood census sectors were divided in high- and low-risk areas using 12 selected factors: flood area, water supply, water course, green coverage, afforestation, sewage network, open sewage, open garbage, garbage collection, dumpster, pavement, and rodent complaints. In addition, rats were captured in pre-determined sites from January through March 2017, euthanized, and individual kidneys samples sent for molecular diagnosis. Human cases were obtained from official city records. In total, 95/112 (84.8%) census sectors were classified as low-risk to human leptospirosis. No significant statistical differences were found in human case frequencies between high and low-risk areas. Kidney samples from 17/25 (68.0%) trapped rats were positive for Leptospira spp. The main risk factors associated with rodent presence included inadequate water supply (p = 0.04), sanitary sewage (p = 0.04), unpaved streets (p = 0.04), and complaint of rodents (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study offers a new approach to score leptospirosis transmission risk, and to compare small areas and their heterogeneity in the same census sector of endemic areas. Environmental risk factors for Leptospira spp. transmission within the neighborhood were mainly due to differences in infrastructure and basic services. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study using Leptospira spp. in rats as predictor for human disease in an urban setting of a major city. Although the number of rats trapped was low, this methodology may be used as basis for early and effective interventions, focused on high risk areas for leptospirosis prior to human cases, and potentially reducing morbidity and mortality in low-income areas of urban settings.

Predicting the Need for Blood Transfusions in Cardiac Surgery: A Comparison between Machine Learning Algorithms and Established Risk Scores in the Brazilian Population

ABSTRACT Introduction: Blood transfusion is a common practice in cardiac surgery, despite its well-known negative effects. To mitigate blood transfusion-associated risks, identifying patients who are at higher risk of needing this procedure is crucial. Widely used risk scores to predict the need for blood transfusions have yielded unsatisfactory results when validated for the Brazilian population. Methods: In this retrospective study, machine learning (ML) algorithms were compared to predict the need for blood transfusions in a cohort of 495 cardiac surgery patients treated at a Brazilian reference service between 2019 and 2021. The performance of the models was evaluated using various metrics, including the area under the curve (AUC), and compared to the commonly used Transfusion Risk and Clinical Knowledge (TRACK) and Transfusion Risk Understanding Scoring Tool (TRUST) scoring systems. Results: The study found that the model had the highest performance, achieving an AUC of 0.7350 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.7203 to 0.7497). Importantly, all ML algorithms performed significantly better than the commonly used TRACK and TRUST scoring systems. TRACK had an AUC of 0.6757 (CI: 0.6609 to 0.6906), while TRUST had an AUC of 0.6622 (CI: 0.6473 to 0.6906). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that ML algorithms may offer a more accurate prediction of the need for blood transfusions than the traditional scoring systems and could enhance the accuracy of predicting blood transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery patients. Further research could focus on optimizing and refining ML algorithms to improve their accuracy and make them more suitable for clinical use.

Validation of Blood Transfusion Risk Scores (TRACK and TRUST) in a Cardiac Surgery Service in Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Transfusion of red blood cells is recurrent in cardiac surgery despite the well-established deleterious effects. Identifying patients with higher chances of requiring blood transfusion is essential to apply strategic preventive measures to reduce such chances, considering the restricted availability of this product. The most used risk scores to predict blood transfusion are the Transfusion Risk and Clinical Knowledge (TRACK) and Transfusion Risk Understanding Scoring Tool (TRUST). However, these scores were not validated for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of TRACK and TRUST scores in estimating the need for postoperative transfusion of red blood cell concentrates (TRBCC) after cardiac surgery. Methods: A clinical retrospective study was conducted using the database of a Brazilian reference service composed of patients operated between November 2019 and September 2021. Scores were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test assessed calibration of the scores. Accuracy was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). All analyses considered a level of significance of 5%. The study was approved by the research ethics committee (CAAE 55577421.4.0000.5201). Results: This study assessed 498 patients. Only the TRACK score presented good calibration (P=0.238; TRUST P=0.034). AUC of TRACK was 0.678 (95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.73; P<0.001), showing a significant accuracy. Conclusion: Between the scores analyzed, only the TRACK score showed a good calibration, but low accuracy, to predict postoperative TRBCC after cardiac surgery.

Practical application of spatial ecosystem service models to aid decision support.

Ecosystem service (ES) spatial modelling is a key component of the integrated assessments designed to support policies and management practices aiming at environmental sustainability. ESTIMAP ("Ecosystem Service Mapping Tool") is a collection of spatially explicit models, originally developed to support policies at a European scale. We based our analysis on 10 case studies, and 3 ES models. Each case study applied at least one model at a local scale. We analyzed the applications with respect to: the adaptation process; the "precision differential" which we define as the variation generated in the model between the degree of spatial variation within the spatial distribution of ES and what the model captures; the stakeholders' opinions on the usefulness of models. We propose a protocol for adapting ESTIMAP to the local conditions. We present the precision differential as a means of assessing how the type of model and level of model adaptation generate variation among model outputs. We then present the opinion of stakeholders; that in general considered the approach useful for stimulating discussion and supporting communication. Major constraints identified were the lack of spatial data with sufficient level of detail, and the level of expertise needed to set up and compute the models.

Embolization by Bullet Dislodged from the Heart.

Embolization by a dislodged projectile is a rare complication that may occur in cases of gunshot cardiac injuries. We report a case of a firearm projectile cardiac injury that evolved, with dislocation of the projectile during cardiac surgery, into embolization of the right external carotid artery.

Early Outcomes of Modified De Vega Annuloplasty for Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation at a Brazilian Hospital

Abstract Background: Right valve diseases are not benign, the tricuspid regurgitation has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality of patients. Objectives: This study aimed to report the short-term results of tricuspid annuloplasty using the De Vega technique modified by Manuel Antunes. Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was performed to evaluate the results of the tricuspid valvuloplasty performed at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira between 2012 and 2017. Data were collected by reviewing charts and databases of the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery of the institution. Those with rheumatic diseases or infective endocarditis with tricuspid valve involvement, or reoperation of the tricuspid valve were excluded. Student's t-test and McNemar's were used for statistical analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 87 patients were studied, most of them were women (56.3%). The most associated heart valve diseases were mitral regurgitation (27.6%) and aortic regurgitation (20.7%). There was a significant decrease in the degree of tricuspid regurgitation in the postoperative period, with 83.3% of patients with none or mild regurgitation and only 1.1% with severe regurgitation (p = 0.0077). Conclusions: In the current study, tricuspid valve annuloplasty using the modified De Vega technique was shown to be effective in the short term. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term results.

Embolization by Bullet Dislodged from the Heart

Abstract Embolization by a dislodged projectile is a rare complication that may occur in cases of gunshot cardiac injuries. We report a case of a firearm projectile cardiac injury that evolved, with dislocation of the projectile during cardiac surgery, into embolization of the right external carotid artery.

Influência da música na dor e na ansiedade decorrentes de cirurgia em pacientes com câncer de mama / Influence of music on pain and anxiety due to surgery in patients with breast cancer

Introdução: A ansiedade no período pré-operatório é bastante comum. Incidência de até 80 por cento tem sido relatada na literatura, em pacientes adultos. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da música na ansiedade e na dor, em pacientes com câncer de mama que se submeteram à cirurgia. Método: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico controlado, com randomização simples. As pacientes foram divididas nos grupos: Experimental (GE) e Controle (GC). A intervenção musical foi realizada com As quatro estações de Vivaldi. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas, no pré-operatório imediato, ao Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE -Estado), sendo verificados, também, os parâmetros fisiológicos (pressão arterial, temperatura, saturação sanguínea, frequência respiratória e cardíaca). No dia seguinte, foram aplicadas as escalas de dor, em ambos os grupos. Os dados foram analisados pelo software estatístico BioEstat, versão 5.0, com nível de significância estabelecido em 5,0 por cento, sendo utilizado teste t-Student pareado. Resultados: Foram estudadas 29 pacientes, sendo 15 no GE e 14 no GC. Os parâmetros fisiológicos (FC, PAM, FR, T e SatO2) e a média das escalas de dor não apresentaram alterações significantes. Com relação ao nível de ansiedade, medido pelo escore do IDATE -Estado, houve redução significante nos níveis de ansiedade nas pacientes do grupo submetido à intervenção musical (p menor que 0,0001). Conclusão: A intervenção musical, ao reduzir o nível de ansiedade pré-operatória, mostrou-seum instrumento bom e de baixo custo para tal finalidade.

Perfil dos efeitos adversos e contra indicações dos fármacos moduladores do apetite: uma revisão sistemática / Side effects and contraindications of anti-obesity drugs: a systematic review

Anti-obesity drugs such as mazindol and beta-phenylethylamine derivatives induce their therapeutic effects by inhibiting noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake. In the hypothalamus, noradrenaline and dopamine play an important role in the control of appetite. Sibutramine reduces food intake due to a mechanism of action discretely distinct from beta-phenylethylamine products. In fact, this drug also decreases serotonin reuptake, which is a neurotransmitter quite related to satiety. Rimonabant was considered anovelty on the treatment of obesity, mainly due to its quite new mechanism of action, which is based on the blockade of CB1 receptors. Thus, considering a recent increase in the consumption of such anti-obesity drugs, this study aimed to perform a systematic review about the safety of these drugs. Based on literature, this study concluded that beta-phenylethylaminic drugs and mazindol show many side effects, mainly due to the activation of the sympathetic system (i.e. cardiovascular and gastrointestinal effects, and also central side effects, such as anxiety, and insomnia). Despite sibutramine is well tolerated by patients, clinical studies show that this drugis able to evoke similar sympathetic central and peripheral effects. Regarding rimonabant, the clinical use of this drug was linked to an increase in the incidence of major depression. In conclusion, despite most of the side effects evoked by anti-obesity drugs are classified as of low to moderate intensity, physicians must be aware of such effects upon prescription. In addition, they have to pay attention to the contraindications of such anti-obesity drugs in order to avoid health complications.

Los fármacos antiobesidad tales como el mazindoly los derivados de la beta-feniletilamina actúan inhibiendo la recaptación de la noradrenalinay de la dopamina, neurotransmisores que en el hipotálamo desenvuelven papel importante en el control del apetito. La sibutramina presenta mecanismo de acción discretamente diferente porque disminuye también la recaptación deserotonina, lo cual es positivo porque la activación del sistema serotoninérgico provoca saciedad. El rimonabanto surgió como una novedad para el tratamiento de la obesidad debido a su mecanismo de acción por medio del bloqueo de receptores cannabinoides CB1. Así, considerando el uso creciente y indiscriminado de moduladores del apetito este estudio tiene como principal objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre los efectos adversos de estos fármacos. De acuerdo con la literatura, este estudio concluyó que los fármacos beta-feniletilamínicos y el mazindol provocan varios efectos adversos derivados dela activación del sistema simpático, como sonlos efectos gastrointestinales y cardiovasculares, además de algunos efectos secundarios centrales, tales como ansiedad e insomnio. A pesar de la sibutramina ser mejor tolerada por los pacientes, los estudios clínicos muestran que este fármaco es responsable de varios efectos centrales y periféricos simpáticos. Con relación al rimonabanto, a pesar de la expectativa en relación a su mecanismo de acción innovador, su uso clínico demostró efectos adversos graves, como una depresión mayor. Enconclusión, aun cuando la mayor parte de los efectos secundarios provocados por los fármacos anti-obesidad fueron clasificados como de bajao moderada intensidad, los médicos deben estar conscientes de tales efectos secundarios en el momento de la prescripción de un fármaco anorexígeno. Además, deben estar atentos a las contra indicaciones de los tratamientos para la obesidad, a fin de evitar complicaciones mayores.

Fármacos anorexígenos como o mazindole os derivados da beta-feniletilamina ageminibindo a recaptação de noradrenalina edopamina, cujos neuro transmissores estão envolvidos em nível hipotalâmico no controle do apetite. A sibutramina possui mecanismo de ação ligeiramente diverso, pois também inibe a recaptação de serotonina, sendo um ponto positivo, visto que a ativação do sistema serotoninérgico promove a saciedade. O rimonabanto despontou como uma novidade no tratamento da obesidade, graças ao seu mecanismo de ação baseado no bloqueio de receptores canabinoides CB1. Considerando o uso crescente e indiscriminado de moduladores do apetite, o presente estudo visa fazer uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre os efeitos adversos e as contraindicações do uso desses fármacos. Com base na literatura, este estudo concluiu que os fármacos beta-feniletilamínicos e o mazindol apresentam muitos efeitos adversos decorrentes da ativação do sistema simpático, como distúrbios gastrintestinais e cardiovasculares, além de alguns efeitos centrais, como ansiedade e insônia. Apesar de a sibutramina ser mais bem tolerada, os estudos clínicos mostram que este fármaco é também responsável por sintomas relacionados à ativação simpática periférica e a estimulação do sistema nervoso central. O rimonabanto, apesar das expectativas com relação ao seu mecanismo de ação inovador, mostrou efeitos adversos graves, como depressão maior. Em conclusão, muito embora os efeitos adversos fossem considerados de intensidade leve ou moderada, o médico precisa ter em mente tais situações no momento da prescrição de um fármaco anorexígeno. Além disso, deve estaratento às contraindicações dos tratamentos para obesidade, a fim de evitar maiores complicações.