Diagnostic MRI Score to Differentiate Susac Syndrome from Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System and Multiple Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Susac syndrome (SuS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) present diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical features. We aimed to enhance diagnostic precision by developing the SPAMS (SuS, PACNS, MS) score, a practical radiological tool. METHODS: This multicenter study included 99 patients (43 SuS, 37 MS, 19 PACNS) from South American countries. Relevant MRI features were identified through an elastic-net model determined key variables. RESULTS: The SPAMS score assigned 2 points for snowball lesions, 1 point for spokes-like lesions, or if there are more than 4 lesions in the corpus callosum, corpus callosum involvement, or cerebellar involvement. It subtracted 1 point if gadolinium-enhancing lesions or 4 points if Dawson's fingers are present. Bootstrapping validated the optimal cutoff at 2 points, exhibiting a diagnostic performance of area under the curve = 0.931, sensitivity = 88%, specificity = 89%, positive predictive value = 88%, negative predictive value = 89%, and accuracy = 88%. INTERPRETATION: When specific MRI findings coexisted, the SPAMS score differentiated SuS from MS and PACNS. Access to MRI and standard protocol sequences makes it a valuable tool for timely diagnosis and treatment, potentially preventing disability progression and severe clinical outcomes. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:846-854.

Do Early Relapses Predict the Risk of Long-Term Relapsing Disease in an Adult and Paediatric Cohort with MOGAD?

OBJECTIVE: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) can be monophasic or relapsing, with early relapse being a feature. However, the relevance of early relapse on longer-term relapse risk is unknown. Here, we investigate whether early relapses increase longer-term relapse risk in patients with MOGAD. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 289 adult- and pediatric-onset patients with MOGAD followed for at least 2 years in 6 specialized referral centers. "Early relapses" were defined as attacks within the first 12 months from onset, with "very early relapses" defined within 30 to 90 days from onset and "delayed early relapses" defined within 90 to 365 days. "Long-term relapses" were defined as relapses beyond 12 months. Cox regression modeling and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to estimate the long-term relapse risk and rate. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients (23.2%) had early relapses with a median number of 1 event. Univariate analysis revealed an elevated risk for long-term relapses if any "early relapses" were present (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.11, p < 0.001), whether occurring during the first 3 months (HR = 2.70, p < 0.001) or the remaining 9 months (HR = 1.88, p = 0.001), with similar results yielded in the multivariate analysis. In children with onset below aged 12 years, only delayed early relapses were associated with an increased risk of long-term relapses (HR = 2.64, p = 0.026). INTERPRETATION: The presence of very early relapses and delayed early relapses within 12 months of onset in patients with MOGAD increases the risk of long-term relapsing disease, whereas a relapse within 90 days appears not to indicate a chronic inflammatory process in young pediatric-onset disease. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:508-517.

Expanding Diagnostic Workup for hypertensive Intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective LATAM cerebrovascular registry comparison.

Background: The leading cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is hypertensive arteriolopathy. In addition to age and hypertension history, patients usually present other comorbidities that potentially increase morbimortality. Ancillary studies other than non-contrast computerized tomography (NCCT) may help clarify the diagnosis and increase the detection of potentially modifiable vascular risk factors. Unfortunately, their use is not routinely performed. Objective: The study aimed to determine the frequency of ancillary studies performed in patients with hypertensive ICH. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of three Latin American cerebrovascular registries from academic medical centers, analyzing the results with descriptive statistics focusing on diagnosis and short-term outcomes. Results: We analyzed a total of 1,324 patients (mean age 64 years). Hypertension and obesity were the most prevalent risk factors. Only 14% underwent MRI, 10.3% extracranial ultrasonography, and 6.7% echocardiography. Among the three registries, the Latin America Stroke Registry performed more ancillary studies. Most of the patients presented a poor clinical outcome and in-hospital death. Conclusions: The use of ancillary studies in the diagnostic workup of ICH was poor in the three registries, and mortality was high. The lack of ancillary studies performed may negatively impact outcomes.

Chiasmatic lesions on conventional magnetic resonance imaging during the first event of optic neuritis in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease in a Latin American cohort.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Optic neuritis (ON) is often the initial symptom of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD). We aimed to compare the frequency and pattern of chiasmatic lesions in MOGAD-related ON (MOGAD-ON) and NMOSD-related ON (NMOSD-ON) using conventional brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) in Latin America (LATAM). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records and brain MRI (≤30 days from ON onset) of patients with a first event of MOGAD-ON and NMOSD-ON. Patients from Argentina (n = 72), Chile (n = 21), Ecuador (n = 31), Brazil (n = 30), Venezuela (n = 10) and Mexico (n = 82) were included. Antibody status was tested using a cell-based assay. Demographic, clinical, imaging and prognostic (as measured by the Visual Functional System Score [VFSS] of the Expanded Disability Status Scale) data were compared. RESULTS: A total of 246 patients (208 NMOSD and 38 MOGAD) were included. No differences were found in gender and ethnicity between the groups. We observed chiasmatic lesions in 66/208 (31.7%) NMOSD-ON and in 5/38 (13.1%) MOGAD-ON patients (p = 0.01). Of these patients with chiasmatic lesions, 54/66 (81.8%) and 4/5 had associated longitudinally extensive optic nerve lesions, 45/66 (68%) and 4/5 had bilateral lesions, and 31/66 (47%) and 4/5 showed gadolinium-enhancing chiasmatic lesions, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between VFSS and presence of bilateral (r = 0,28, p < 0.0001), chiasmatic (r = 0.27, p = 0.0001) and longitudinally extensive lesions (r = 0,25, p = 0.0009) in the NMOSD-ON group, but no correlations were observed in the MOGAD-ON group. CONCLUSIONS: Chiasmatic lesions were significantly more common in NMOSD than in MOGAD during an ON attack in this LATAM cohort. Further studies are needed to assess the generalizability of these results.

Cyclophosphamide treatment in active multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is an alkylating agent with immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting DNA synthesis and producing apoptosis used in many autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we analyze the efficacy of CYC treatment in relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and active secondary progressive MS (SPMS) in our center with a monthly scheme. METHODS: Patients with MS treated with CYC and a follow up of at least 36 months were eligible for inclusion. All participants had received a standard CYC regimen. The EDSS score mean annualized relapse rate (ARR) and progression index (PI) were measured as efficacy outcomes at 12, 24, and 36 months. Outcomes were also analyzed comparing disease course and activity. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients were included (50% male, 18.75% RRMS and 81.25% SPMS). EDSS remained stable along the follow-up period, with 62.5% improving or maintaining the same EDSS score at 12 months. PI decreased 14% and 21% at 12 and 24-36 months of follow-up, respectively. ARR decreased 20% after 12 months, 19% after 24 months, and 30.23% after 36 months. Median differences in ARR were higher in patients with high relapse activity (0.60 vs 0.07, p = 0.001) and malignant course (0.60 vs 0.17, p = 0.027). PI also differed with higher mean differences in patients with high relapse activity (0.70 vs 0.03, p = 0.016) and malignant course (1.17 vs 0.03, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: CYC continues to be a valid therapeutic option, especially in regions with limited access to high-efficiency therapies particularly in patients with high relapsing activity and malignant course.

Classic and overlapping Miller-Fisher syndrome: clinical and electrophysiological features in Mexican adults.

Classic and overlapping Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) have divergent clinical courses. Few studies have addressed the electrophysiological evaluation of MFS patients, most of them carried out in Asia. This work describes and compares their clinical and neurophysiological characteristics. From a Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) patient cohort, we made a selection of twenty MFS cases. We defined classic and overlapping MFS, as stated by Wakerley et al. (Nat Rev Neurol 10(9):537-544, 2014). We describe and compare clinical, biochemical, and electrodiagnostic parameters between groups. Seventy-five percent were men, mean age was 42.2 ± 13.6 years, and 45% had a Hughes score ≥ 3. MFS/GBS was the most frequent clinical subtype with 50%. Almost one-third had unaltered electrophysiological studies. Comparative analysis between groups showed statistically significant differences in length of stay, dysautonomia presence, and treatment type. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that 100% of the patients had an independent walk at 3 months. This study reports Mexican MFS patient's characteristics and represents the most extensive case series in Latin America. We observed a high proportion of overlapping syndromes, a good recovery profile, and no significant severe complications.

Changes to the functional traits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase following hybridization in C-4 halophytes.

Hybridization is a relevant evolutionary mechanism linked to the invasiveness of plant species, but little is known about its effect on enzymatic activities in response to stress. We analyzed the effects of salinity on key mechanistic traits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) enzyme for two hybrid taxa derived from native Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald and invasive Spartina densiflora Brongn. in comparison with their parental species. Parental species showed contrasted strategies at the PEPC level to cope with salinity. Spartina maritima showed its physiological optimum at 10 to 40 ppt salinity, with high PEPC activity (per unit leaf soluble protein), in contrast to the lower salinity optimum of 0.5 and 10 ppt for S. densiflora, where highest levels of PEPC apparent specific activity coincided with high light-induced activation of PEPC. Both hybrids showed constant PEPC apparent specific activity from fresh water to hypersalinity and exhibited higher net photosynthesis rates in fresh water than their parents. Spartina maritima × densiflora presented three transgressive PEPC-related traits, being the only taxon able to increase its PEPC activation in darkness at high salinity. Spartina densiflora × maritima showed most PEPC-related traits intermediate between its parents. Inheritance types operating differently in reciprocal hybrids determine key functional traits conditioning their ecological performance.

Phenotypic plasticity of invasive Spartina densiflora (Poaceae) along a broad latitudinal gradient on the Pacific Coast of North America.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Phenotypic acclimation of individual plants and genetic differentiation by natural selection within invasive populations are two potential mechanisms that may confer fitness advantages and allow plants to cope with environmental variation. The invasion of Spartina densiflora across a wide latitudinal gradient from California (USA) to British Columbia (Canada) provides a natural model system to study the potential mechanisms underlying the response of invasive populations to substantial variation in climate and other environmental variables. METHODS: We examined morphological and physiological leaf traits of Spartina densiflora plants in populations from invaded estuarine sites across broad latitudinal and climate gradients along the Pacific west coast of North America and in favorable conditions in a common garden experiment. KEY RESULTS: Our results show that key foliar traits varied widely among populations. Most foliar traits measured in the field were lower than would be expected under ideal growing conditions. Photosynthetic pigment concentrations at higher latitudes were lower than those observed at lower latitudes. Greater leaf rolling, reduced leaf lengths, and lower chlorophyll and higher carbon concentrations were observed with anoxic sediments. Lower chlorophyll to carotenoids ratios and reduced nitrogen concentrations were correlated with sediment salinity. Our results suggest that the variations of foliar traits recorded in the field are a plastic phenotypic response that was not sustained under common garden conditions. CONCLUSIONS: SPARTINA DENSIFLORA shows wide differences in its foliar traits in response to environmental heterogeneity in salt marshes, which appears to be the result of phenotypic plasticity rather than genetic differentiation.

Contribution of Stroke to Long-Term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Stroke mortality is more common in low-income and middle-income nations such as Mexico. Prognosis data typically rely on short-term hospital follow-ups, revealing high mortality rates due to systemic complications and early recurrence. We aim to explore stroke's long-term impact by examining all-cause and cause-specific mortality. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Mexico City Prospective Study (1998-2004) with known mortality outcomes until December 2022. Baseline variables were compared between participants who had stroke and nonstroke participants. Cox proportional hazard regression assessed each variable's contribution to overall mortality. Subsequent analysis within the stroke subgroup aimed to identify unique risk factors of mortality, using Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, and time since stroke. RESULTS: Among 145,537 eligible participants, 1,492 (1.0%) had a history of stroke. Participants who had stroke were older (57.58 vs 50.16, p < 0.001); had lower mean weekly income ($108.24 vs $176.14, p < 0.001); had higher alcohol intake and smoking frequency; and had more frequent comorbidities such as hypertension (48.9 vs 19.3%, p < 0.001), diabetes (23.4 vs 12.9%, p < 0.001), and ischemic heart disease (5.4 vs 1.0%, p < 0.001). They had a significantly increased risk of death from any cause (hazard ratio [HR] 2.59, 95% CI 2.37-2.83, p < 0.001). Deceased participants with stroke were more likely to be male, with a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and abnormal waist-hip index. Stroke increased the risk of death from cardiac (HR 3.56, 95% CI 3.02-4.19, p < 0.001), renal (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.58-2.66, p < 0.001), and pulmonary (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.79-2.92, p < 0.001) causes. DISCUSSION: This study confirms stroke's association with higher mortality rates, especially from cardiac, renal, and pulmonary causes in Mexico. It underscores the elevated prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic profiles among participants who had stroke and those who died with a history of stroke.

Early clinical effect of cladribine in patients with highly active multiple sclerosis in Mexico.

Background: Cladribine shows efficacy in multiple sclerosis (MS), but Latin American (LATAM) real-world data is limited, despite potential sociodemographic variations. Objective: Investigate baseline characteristics and clinical response in highly active MS patients in Mexico, identifying predictors of early treatment response. Method: A multicenter cohort study analyzed retrospective data from individuals with "highly active" MS in the Cladribine Patient Support Program across 11 Mexican clinics. Criteria included one-year prior treatment with another disease-modifying treatment and recent relapse with specific MRI findings. Primary outcomes focused on achieving NEDA-3 status after 12 months. Results: In the follow-up, 67.5% maintained NEDA-3 status. Baseline EDSS scores decreased significantly from 1.50 to 1.00 (p = 0.011), with no confirmed disability worsening. No significant differences were observed between NEDA-3 achievers and non-achievers in demographic and clinical variables. No severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Cladribine showed early and effective control of active MS in Mexican patients, demonstrating a secure profile with minimal adverse events. This study provides valuable real-world evidence in the LATAM context.

Native plant restoration combats environmental change: development of carbon and nitrogen sequestration capacity using small cordgrass in European salt marshes.

Restoration of salt marshes is critical in the context of climate change and eutrophication of coastal waters because their vegetation and sediments may act as carbon and nitrogen sinks. Our primary objectives were to quantify carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks and sequestration rates in restored marshes dominated by Spartina maritima to provide support for restoration and management strategies that may offset negative aspects of eutrophication and climate change in estuarine ecosystems. Sediment C content was between ca. 13 mg C g(-1)and sediment N content was ca. 1.8 mg N g(-1). The highest C content for S. maritima was recorded in leaves and stems (ca. 420 mg C g(-1)) and the lowest in roots (361 ± 4 mg C g(-1)). S. maritima also concentrated more N in its leaves (31 ± 1 mg N g(-1)) than in other organs. C stock in the restored marshes was 29.6 t C ha(-1); ca. 16 % was stored in S. maritima tissues. N stock was 3.6 t N ha(-1), with 8.3 % stored in S. maritima. Our results showed that the S. maritima restored marshes, 2.5 years after planting, were sequestering atmospheric C and, therefore, provide some mitigation for global warming. Stands are also capturing nitrogen and reducing eutrophication. The concentrations of C and N contents in sediments, and cordgrass relative cover of 62 %, and low below-ground biomass (BGB) suggest restored marshes can sequester more C and N. S. maritima plantations in low marshes replace bare sediments and invasive populations of exotic Spartina densiflora and increase the C and N sequestration capacity of the marsh by increasing biomass production and accumulation.

Multiresponse optimization of the extrusion process for ready-to-eat snacks from pineapple byproducts and maize flour.

This research aimed to optimize the processing conditions to obtain ready-to-eat extruded snacks with a high fiber content from mixtures of pineapple byproduct powder (PBP) and nixtamalized maize flour (PBP-NMF) or maize flour (PBP-MF). The effects of barrel temperature, feed moisture content, and PBP were evaluated. The increase in barrel temperature has a negative effect on the bulk density, the water absorption index, and the texture in both mixtures (PBP-MF and PBP-NMF) and increases the expansion index and the water solubility index in the mixture with MF. The increase in the feed moisture content increased the bulk density and water absorption index in both mixtures and the texture in the mixtures with MF. The increasing PBP decreases the expansion index and increases the water solubility index in both mixtures. The increase in PBP in the mixtures with MF decreases the water absorption index, texture, and bulk density. From the optimization, four products were obtained, two for the NMF mixture and two for the MF mixtures. The optimal formulations can be considered a good source of total fiber (12.46-12.78 g/100 g) and protein (8.27-8.85 g/100 g) with good acceptance by consumers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Pineapple byproducts in combination with nixtamalized and nonnixtamalized maize flour are viable raw materials for the development of ready-to-eat extruded snacks with a high content of dietary fiber and good acceptance by consumers. Due to their characteristic nutritional properties, the consumption of this ready-to-eat snack could present potential benefits for human health.

Diagnostic Reliability of Plain Radiography in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: General Radiological Features Revised.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is an incapacitating disease that frequently results in the collapse of the femoral head and secondary osteoarthritis. The diagnosis and staging of this pathology, which usually rely on imaging studies, are challenging. Currently, conventional radiography is the basis of the initial diagnostic assessment. In recent decades, however, radiographs have been considered insensitive to early changes in ONFH and thus, a suboptimal diagnostic tool. Paradoxically, the imaging features of radiographs are often profuse, substantial, and characteristic. This study aimed to elucidate the real limitations of this radiologic tool by assessing the diagnostic reliability of the key radiologic features and staging. METHODS: This was a retrospective study in which radiographs from 28 idiopathic ONFH confirmed cases who underwent hip arthroplasty were analyzed by eight observers who were asked to identify the presence or absence of ONFH universally reported imaging features in AP hip radiographs. RESULTS: Concordance analysis revealed a poor agreement between observers for most of the assessed imaging features. Only the identification of femoral head flattening and osteoarthritis signs exhibited moderate agreement with statistical significance. In contrast, the detection of radiological osteoporosis and the loss of trabeculation showed the lowest reliability, with negative kappa coefficients. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of agreement between qualified observers, even for the identification of the most characteristic ONFH radiographic feature. The reliability of plain radiography for the detection of basic radiological elements is even weaker in the early stages of the disease.

Therapeutic strategies in NMOSD and MOGAD patients: A multicenter cohort study in Latin America.

PURPOSE: This study describes the therapeutic strategies in NMOSD and MOGAD adopted by neurologists to treat both conditions in Latin America (LATAM) with main focus on rituximab (RTX) and the disease outcome. METHODS: retrospective study in a cohort of NMOSD and MOGAD patients followed in specialized MS/NMOSD centers from eight countries and 14 LATAM reference centers. Demographics and clinical characteristics were collected. RTX strategies on naïve (for rituximab) patients were summarized as follows: scheme A: two 1000 mg infusions 15 days apart and repeated every 6 months; scheme B: four 375 mg/m2 infusions every week for 4 weeks and repeated every 6 months; scheme C: one 1000 mg infusions and repeated every 6 months; scheme D: other scheme used. Relapse rate and adverse events during follow-up were analyzed considering the different RTX schemes. Poisson and logistic regression analysis were used to assess baseline aspects and disease activity during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 217 patients were included. 197 were NMOSD patients (164, 83.2% AQP4-IgG seropositive and 16.7% seronegative) and 20 were MOGAD patients. The most frequent long-term treatment was RTX in both groups (48.2% and 65% for NMOSD and MOGAD patients, respectively). The most common RTX regimen used in 79 (83.1%) patients was two 1000 mg infusions 15 days apart and repeat every 6 months. Relapses under RTX treatment were observed in 21 (22.1%) patients. Relapses after RTX treatment were associated with higher EDSS (OR 1.75, 95%CI 1.44-2.34, p = 0.03) and higher ARR pre-RTX (OR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.72-3.12, p = 0.002) but not with RTX regimen (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.89-1.21, p = 0.60). CONCLUSION: the most strategy used in LATAM was RTX with two 1000 mg infusions 15 days apart. Relapses during follow up were not associated with RTX regimen used.

Relative cerebral blood volume as response predictor in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma with anti-angiogenic therapy.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is one of the most common brain tumors in adult populations, usually carrying a poor prognosis. While several studies have researched the impact of anti-angiogenic therapies, especially anti-VEFG treatments in glioblastoma, few have attempted to assess its progress using imaging studies. PURPOSE: We attempted to analyze whether relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) from dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI (DSC-MRI) could predict response in patients with glioblastoma undergoing Bevacizumab (BVZ) treatment. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study evaluating patients with recurrent glioblastoma receiving anti-angiogenic therapy with BVZ between 2012 and 2017 in our institution. Patients were scheduled for routine MRIs at baseline and first-month follow-up visits. Studies were processed for DSC-MRI, cT1, and FLAIR images, from which relative cerebral blood volume measurements were obtained. We assessed patient response using the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group criteria and overall survival. RESULTS: 40 patients were included in the study and were classified as Bevacizumab responders and non-responders. The average rCBV before treatment was 4.5 for both groups, and average rCBV was 2.5 for responders and 5.4 for non-responders. ROC curve set a cutoff point of 3.7 for rCBV predictive of response to BVZ. Cox Multivariate analysis only showed rCBV as a predictive factor of OS. CONCLUSION: A statistically significant difference was found in rCBV between patients who responded and those who did not respond to BVZ treatment. rCBV may be a low-cost and effective marker to assess response to Bevacizumab treatment in GBM.

Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with optic neuritis related to NMOSD and MOGAD in distinct ethnic groups from Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Optic neuritis (ON) can be an initial manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) associated with aquaporin 4-antibody (AQP4-Ab) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab)-associated disease (MOGAD). Additionally, both diseases may have overlapping paraclinical and radiological features. These diseases may have different outcomes and prognoses. We aimed to compare clinical outcomes and prognostic features of patients with NMOSD and MOGAD presenting ON as first attack, from different ethnic groups in Latin America. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational multicenter study in patients from Argentina (n = 61), Chile (n = 18), Ecuador (n = 27), Brazil (n = 30), Venezuela (n = 10) and Mexico (n = 49) with MOGAD or NMOSD related ON. Predictors of disability outcomes at last follow-up, namely visual disability (Visual Functional System Score ≥4), motor disability (permanent inability to walk further than 100 m unaided) and wheelchair dependence based on EDSS score were evaluated. RESULTS: After a mean disease duration of 42.7 (±40.2) months in NMOSD and 19.7 (±23.6) in MOGAD, 55% and 22% (p>0.001) experienced permanent severe visual disability (visual acuity from 20/100 to 20/200), 22% and 6% (p = 0.01) permanent motor disability and 11% and 0% (p = 0.04) had become wheelchair dependent, respectively. Older age at disease onset was a predictor of severe visual disability (OR=1,03 CI95%1.01-1.05, p = 0.03); older age at disease onset (OR=1,04 CI95%1.01-1.07, p = 0.01), higher number of relapses (OR=1,32 CI95%1.02-1.71, p = 0.03) and rituximab treatment (OR=0,36 CI95%0.14-0.90, p = 0.02) were predictors of permanent motor disability, whereas ON associated with myelitis at disease onset was a predictor of wheelchair dependency (OR=4,16, CI95%1.23-14.08, p = 0,02) in NMOSD patients. No differences were found when evaluating distinct ethnic groups (Mixed vs. Caucasian vs. Afro-descendant) CONCLUSIONS: NMOSD was associated with poorer clinical outcomes than MOGAD. Ethnicity was not associated with prognostic factors. Distinct predictors of permanent visual and motor disability and wheelchair dependency in NMOSD patients were found.

Optic neuritis after COVID-19 vaccine application.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rise, the development of effective vaccines is of crucial importance to prevent further morbidity and mortality. In parallel, some rare adverse events related to COVID-19 vaccines, have been reported, most of them mild. Here we report the case of a previously healthy 19-year-old woman who developed optic neuritis 1 week after single dose of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine with marked improvement after management with steroids. Although causality cannot be confirmed due to lack of a biological marker, this case may help to guide further research for potential pathogenic mechanism.

Impact of rituximab in Mexican patients with Multiple Sclerosis-A single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). B cells have an essential role in the disease pathogenesis and therefore selective B-cell depletion are commonly used to treat the disease. Rituximab (RTX), a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody had demonstrated reduced inflammatory activity and radiological activity in MS patients. Due to economic constrains and treatment access limitations, RTX is often used as a treatment alternative in these patients. Here, we described our center experience in RTX -treated MS patients. METHODS: A single-center observational retrospective study was conducted in a Mexican cohort MS during 2010 to 2020. All patients had a confirmed MS diagnosis.All patients received fixed scheme involving induction with 1 g on day one and day 15, followed by 500 mg-1 g every six months for maintenance. Annual Relapse Rate (ARR), Progression index (PI), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and MRI activity of the disease were evaluated. Comparison between naïve and non-naïve patients was also conducted. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 33.13 (±8.90) years with 73 (85.9%) being RRMS. 39 (34.1%) were treatment-naïve. While treated with RTX, 62(72.9%) patients reached a free-of-relapse status, with statistically significant decrease in the mean ARR from 0.82 to 0.36 [0.14 (95%CI: 0.09-0.20), p = 0.0001 and EDSS [0.25 CI 0-0.5 (p = 0.034)] and a decrease in their T1 Gd-enhancing MRI lesions (1.64 vs. 0.12 CI 0.70-2.30, p = 0.004. 29 (29.4%) patients achieved NEDA-3. Among all patients, only 2 (2.4%) experienced infusion-related mild adverse events. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: We found significant clinical and radiological improvement in naïve and non-naïve MS patients treated with RTX.

Rituximab in Refractory Myasthenia Gravis: Experience in a Single Healthcare Center in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Ten to fifteen percent of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have treatment-refractory disease. In short series and case reports, rituximab has proven to be effective in refractory MG. METHODS: A retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted. Recruitment was performed in an MG cohort from a single third-level healthcare center in Mexico. The selection included refractory MG patients that were treated with rituximab. Response after rituximab therapy was assessed with MG composite score (MGCS) and prednisone dose reduction at 6, 12, and 18 months after initiation. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate differences between related groups for non-continual variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Ten patients (7%) fulfilled criteria for refractory MG, and eight of them were treated with rituximab. The mean age at MG diagnosis was 25.5 (±2) years, with a female predominance (75%). All our patients (100%) had positive acetylcholine receptor (AchR) antibodies. The median MG duration was six years (interquartile range [IQR] 4.2-6) before rituximab initiation. All patients were previously treated with azathioprine and 50% additionally with cyclophosphamide. The median prednisone doses before rituximab treatment and 18-month follow-up were 50 mg (IQR 30-50 mg) and 10 mg (IQR 0-20 mg), respectively (p=0.011). The median baseline MGCS and at 18-month follow-up were 19.5 (IQR 11-31) and 6 (IQR0-16), respectively (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Rituximab appears to be associated with clinical improvement and prednisone dose reduction in Latin-American patients diagnosed with anti-AchR MG. Our findings need to be interpreted in light of the limitations mentioned.

Brain MRI volumetric changes in the follow-up of patients with anti-NMDAr encephalitis.

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune anti-NMDAr encephalitis is an antibody-mediated disorder characterized by psychiatric symptoms followed by decreased consciousness, dysautonomia and seizures. The pathophysiology of the disease is related to the internalization of NR1 subtype NMDA receptors and the dysfunction of structures where they are abundant (frontotemporal and insular regions). Some reports suggest the existence of cerebral atrophy in the follow-up of these patients, with conflicting evidence regarding its presence and usefulness as a marker of prognosis. METHODS: In a longitudinal, observational study, all patients with the diagnosis of definite anti-NMDAr autoimmune encephalitis with initial and control MRI studies were included. Conventional MR Brain acquisition was performed using a 3-Tesla Skyra MRI System. Automated brain segmental analysis was performed using the Volbrain volumetry system. The differences between baseline MRI volumetric characteristics and volumetric measures at follow-up was assessed. RESULTS: 25 patients were included (mean age 26.6, SD 9.6). 44% were females. The mean time between the studies was 24 (SD 21.4, 3-24) months. Significant volume loss was identified in the total brain volume (- 0.02%, p = 0.029), cerebellar volume (- 0.27%, p = 0.048) and brainstem volume (- 0.16%, p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports previous observations regarding volume loss in several brain regions of patients with antiNMDAr encephalitis. Further analyses are required to understand the role of treatment and severe clinical forms, as well as the relationship between volume loss and functional outcome.