Ivabradine plus conventional treatment vs conventional treatment alone in reducing the mean heart rate in heart transplant recipients: A randomized clinical trial.

The absence of afferent nerves for heart rate (HR) regulation leaves the transplanted heart under the influence of its internal and hormonal control. The HR of heart transplantation (HTx) recipients varies from to 90-110 bpm, indicating a lack of vagal parasympathetic tone. We hypothesized that the reduction in mean HR using an If-channel antagonist (ivabradine) could be effective and safe in HTx recipients. The primary objective of this open-label randomized clinical trial was to compare the mean HR at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months after randomization between an ivabradine plus conventional treatment group (IG) and conventional treatment alone group (CG). The secondary objectives were reduction in mortality, graft dysfunction, and ventricular mass. All patients were randomized between 1 and 12 months after HTx. Ivabradine started at randomization. Of the 35 patients, 54.28% were in the CG and 45.72% in the IG. There were no significant between-group differences in demographics. Over time, the HR differences between the groups became significant (P < .01). There were no significant between-group differences in mortality, graft dysfunction, and ventricular mass. We conclude that ivabradine could effectively and consistently reduce the HR in HTx recipients.

COVID-19 in heart transplant patients: Case reports from Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic continues, with a late hyperinflammatory phase. The immunosuppressive therapy used in heart transplant patients, in theory, could reduce inflammation, thus benefitting patients with COVID-19. So far, however, there is still very little literature on this subject. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective study. We described laboratory parameters and clinical outcomes from 11 heart transplant patients with COVID-19 assisted at Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology between March and July 2020. RESULTS: Patients with ages of between 35 and 79 years were enrolled, and heart transplantation ranged from 3 to 264 months. The main comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (9/11; 81.8%), hypertension (10/11; 90.9%), and chronic renal disease (6/11; 54.5%). Cyclosporine A was used in 10 (90.9%) patients, mycophenolate mofetil in 9 (81.8%) patients, and mTOR inhibitor in 5 (45.5%) patients. Fever and cough were observed in 8 (72.7%) patients, and dyspnea and gastrointestinal symptoms in 5 (45.5%) patients. Lymphopenia was observed in 10 (90.9%) patients and thrombocytopenia in 5 (45.5%) patients. The higher level of troponin associated with chest tomography above 50% of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with ground-glass opacity (GGO) was observed in those with the worst outcomes. Nine patients needed intensive care, and hospital stay ranged from 4 to 21 days, with 2 (18.2%) patients requiring vasopressor drugs and mechanical ventilation, and three (27.3%) patients dying due to COVID-19 complications. CONCLUSION: Heart transplant patients had similar symptoms and outcomes as the general population; immunosuppressive therapy seems not to have protected them. Patients who presented higher levels of troponin and D-dimer, associated with greater GGO pulmonary infiltrates, had worse outcomes. More studies with larger cohorts may clarify immunosuppressive effects on COVID-19 outcomes.

Donor hypernatremia and smoking addiction contribute to primary graft failure in heart transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Primary graft failure (PGF) is an important contributor to early mortality, accounting for 41% of deaths within the first 30 days after heart transplantation (HT). Donor hypernatremia has been associated with PGF development. However, controversial data exist regarding the impact of sodium deregulation in patient survival after HT. This study aimed to assess the influence of donor hypernatremia on PGF development and to determine the serum sodium level threshold to assist in decision-making for organ procurement. METHODS: The medical record from 200 HT patients and organ donors were retrospectively assessed and categorized by PGF occurrence. Donor sodium levels were compared and cut-off points obtained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to assess the effects of factors and covariates that influence PGF development. RESULTS: Sodium levels of donors were significantly higher in recipients who developed PGF than those who did not develop PGF (162 vs. 153 mmol/L, P = .001). The sodium cut-off value determined by the ROC curve was 159 mmol/L. The group who received organs from donors with a serum sodium concentration ≥159 mmol/L had a higher incidence of PGF (63.3% vs 32.4%, P < .001). Furthermore, donor sodium levels ≥159 mmol/L increased the likelihood of recipients developing PGF by 3.4 times. It is also observed that the incidence of donor smoking addiction was significantly higher in the PGF group (28.6% vs. 11.5%, P = .004) and donor smoking addiction increased the risk of developing PGF by 2.8 times. CONCLUSION: Smoking addiction and the application of suboptimal organs from donors with hypernatremia contribute to primary graft failure in heart transplantation.

Intragraft vasculitis and gene expression analysis: Association with acute rejection and prediction of mortality in long-term heart transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Vasculitis entails heterogeneous origins; it starts with an inflammatory process that leads to small vessels' necrosis, hemorrhage, and ischemic lesion, and may further result in occlusion of the vascular lumen. Vasculitis' contribution to allograft rejection is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the incidence of vasculitis in the early stages of heart transplantation as well as to assess the intragraft genes' expression associated with vascular function and subsequently to verify the way in which it affects the outcome of the allograft. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 300 archive paraffin-embedded endomyocardial biopsies from 63 heart allograft recipients were assessed. Cellular rejection and vasculitis were diagnosed through histological analysis, and antibody-mediated rejection was performed with immunohistochemical C4d staining. The transcripts of ICAM, VCAM, VEGF, CCL2, IFNG, TGFB, TNF, ADIPOR1, and ADIPOR2 genes were examined through quantitative polymerase chain reaction using B2M for normalization. RESULTS: We observed a higher prevalence of severe vasculitis in the early period of post-transplant, and recovery was observed to take place around 1 year post-transplant. Additionally, vasculitis was found to be directly associated with acute cellular rejection and antibody-mediated rejection. The intense C4d capillary positivity predicts higher long-term cardiovascular disease mortality. In comparison with the vasculitis-free group, the group with severe vasculitis displayed reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and an upregulation of VCAM and IFNG associated with the downregulation of VEGF, ADIPOR1, and ADIPOR2. CONCLUSION: The vasculitis associated with the presence of C4d and the change in intragraft gene expression profile may contribute to poor allograft outcomes.

Absolute Lymphocyte Count: a Predictor of Positive Serum PCR for Trypanosoma cruzi in Patients with Chagas Disease Undergoing Heart Transplantation. / Contagem Absoluta de Linfócitos: um Preditor de PCR Sérica Positiva para o Trypanosoma cruzi em Pacientes com Chagas Submetidos ao Transplante Cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether lymphopenia is a risk factor for the reactivation of Chagas disease in heart transplantation (HTx), as recently described in the reactivation of cytomegalovirus in transplant patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether lymphopenia in the perioperative period of heart transplantation is related to early Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia. METHODS: This observational, retrospective study analyzed a sample from January 2014 to January 2023). Parasitemia was evaluated in the first 3 months after HTx using serum polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared with the total lymphocyte count in the perioperative period of HTx using receiver operating characteristic curves. Baseline characteristics were compared with PCR for Chagas using independent Cox proportional hazards models. A significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: The sample (n = 35) had a mean age of 52.5 ± 8.1 years, and 22 patients (62.8%) had positive PCR for Chagas. The mean lowest lymphocyte values in the first 14 days after HTx were 398 ± 189 and 755 ± 303 cells/mm3 in patients with and without parasitemia, respectively, within 3 months after HTx (area under the curve = 0.857; 95% confidence interval: 0.996 to 0.718, sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 86.4%). A cutoff value of less than 550 lymphocytes/mm3 was determined as a risk factor for the presence of parasitemia. Patients with lymphocytes < 550 units/mm3 in the first 14 days after HTx presented positive PCR in 80% of cases. For every increase of 100 lymphocytes/mm3, the risk of PCR positivity was reduced by 26% (hazard rate ratio = 0.74; 95% confidence interval: 0.59 to 0.93, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: There was an association between lymphopenia in the perioperative period of HTx and early T. cruzi parasitemia detected by PCR.

FUNDAMENTO: É desconhecido se a linfopenia é fator de risco para a reativação da doença de Chagas no transplante cardíaco (TxC), como recentemente descrito na reativação de citomegalovírus em pacientes transplantados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a linfopenia no perioperatório do TxC está relacionada à parasitemia precoce pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. MÉTODOS: Amostra analisada (janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2023) em estudo observacional e retrospectivo. A parasitemia foi avaliada nos primeiros 3 meses após o TxC por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase sérica (PCR) e comparada com a contagem total de linfócitos no perioperatório do TxC por curvas ROC. Comparadas características de base com a PCR Chagas por modelos de risco proporcionais de Cox independentes. Nível de significância adotado de 5%. RESULTADOS: Amostra (n = 35) apresentou idade média de 52,5 ± 8,1 anos e PCR Chagas positiva em 22 pacientes (62,8%). As médias dos menores valores de linfócitos nos primeiros 14 dias do TxC foram 398 ± 189 e 755 ± 303 células/mm3 em pacientes com e sem parasitemia nos 3 meses após o TxC, respectivamente (área sob a curva = 0,857; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,996 a 0,718, sensibilidade e especificidade de 83,3% e 86,4%). Determinado valor de corte inferior a 550 linfócitos/mm3 como fator de risco para presença de parasitemia. Pacientes com linfócitos < 550 unidades/mm3 nos primeiros 14 dias do pós-TxC apresentaram PCR positiva em 80% dos casos. Para cada aumento de 100 linfócitos/mm3, o risco de positividade da PCR é reduzido em 26% (razão de riscos = 0,74; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,59 a 0,93, p = 0,009). CONCLUSÃO: Houve associação entre a linfopenia no perioperatório do TxC com a parasitemia precoce pelo T. cruzi detectada por PCR.

Long Covid as an Indication for Heart Transplantation and Its Characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The post-acute cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19, known as long COVID, have yet to be comprehensively characterized. There is also an increased risk of heart failure in individuals without cardiovascular disease before SARS-CoV-2 infection. The literature lacks information regarding the characteristics of patients with long COVID who developed advanced heart failure refractory to guideline-directed medical therapy. METHODS: We describe the characteristics of patients with long COVID (LC) who were listed for heart transplantation. The study population comprised 45 patients listed for heart transplantation, divided into 2 groups: patients with etiologies other than LC (n = 41) and patients with LC (n = 4) between January 2020 and March 2022. The endpoint of this study was the description of the characteristics of each group. RESULTS: The average duration of hospitalization after the acute infectious episode with SARS-CoV-2 was 150 ± 113 days, and all patients were hospitalized in New York Heart Association class IV. All LC patients were oligosymptomatic in the initial infection, did not require hospitalization in the acute phase, had a lower ejection fraction, used more intra-aortic balloon pumps, had lower pulmonary vascular resistance, and fewer comorbidities compared with other etiologies, suggesting a clinical feature compatible with low cardiac output rather than congestion. CONCLUSIONS: This study is an early investigation of patients listed for heart transplantation due to a complex syndrome of COVID-19. These preliminary findings warrant further large-scale investigation.

Benznidazole as Prophylaxis for Chagas Disease Infection Reactivation in Heart Transplant Patients: A Case Series in Brazil.

Background-Patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) have high mortality, and CC is a common indication for heart transplantation (HTx) in endemic countries. Chagas disease reactivation (CDR) is common after transplantation and is likely to cause adverse outcomes unless detected and treated appropriately. This study reviews our experiences with HTx among patients with CC, and the use of benznidazole (BZ) before transplantation. Methods-During the 18-year period from 1996 through 2014, 70 of 353 patients who underwent HTx (19.8%) had CC, and 53 patients met the inclusion criteria. The effectiveness of prophylactic treatment with BZ (dose of 5 mg/kg/day, two times per day, for at least four weeks and for a maximum of eight weeks) was determined based on the observed reduction in the incidence of CDR during the post-HTx period. Results-Prophylactic therapy was administered to 18/53 patients (34.0%). During the follow-up period, the incidence rate of CDR in our study was 34.0% (18/53). Based on logistic regression analysis, only prophylaxis (OR = 0.12; CI 0.02-0.76; p = 0.025) was considered to protect against CDR. Conclusion-Our study suggests that the use of BZ may reduce the incidence of CDR in patients undergoing HTx and warrants further investigation in a prospective, randomized trial.

Left Ventricular Reconstruction Surgery in Candidates for Heart Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To report our center's experience in the surgical treatment of ventricular reconstruction, an effective and efficient technique that allows patients with end-stage heart failure of ischemic etiology to have clinical improvement and increased survival. METHODS: Observational, clinical-surgical, sequential, retrospective study. Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular aneurysm were attended at the Heart Failure, Ventricular Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplant outpatient clinic of the Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, from January 2010 to December 2016. Data from 34 patients were collected, including systemic arterial hypertension, ejection fraction, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification (FC), European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II value, Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, ventricular reconstruction technique, and survival. RESULTS: Overall mortality of 14.7%, with hospital admission being 8.82% and late death being 5.88%. Total survival rate at five years of 85.3%. In the preoperative phase, NYHA FC was Class I in five patients, II in 18, III in eight, and IV in three vs. NYHA FC Class I in 17 patients, II in eight, III in six, and IV in three, in the postoperative period. EuroSCORE II mean value was 6.29, P≤0.01; hazard ratio (HR) 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.31). STS mortality/morbidity score mean value was 18.14, P≤0.004; HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.05-1.33). Surgical techniques showed no difference in survival among Dor 81% vs. Jatene 91.7%. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of left ventricular reconstruction in candidates for heart transplantation is effective, efficient, and safe, providing adequate survival.

[Isolated left ventricular noncompaction causing refractory heart failure]. / Miocárdio não compactado isolado evoluindo para insuficiência cardíaca refratária.

Left ventricular noncompaction is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by excessive left ventricular trabeculation, deep intertrabecular recesses and a thin compacted layer due to the arrest of compaction of myocardial fibers during embryonic development. We report the case of a young patient with isolated left ventricular noncompaction, leading to refractory heart failure that required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation followed by emergency heart transplantation.

Non Working Beating Heart: a new strategy of myocardial protection during heart transplant.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We attempt to reduce the ischemic time during implantation of the donor heart in the bicaval bipulmonary orthotopic position using normothermic beating heart and thus, facilitate the transplanted heart adaptation to the recipient. This study presents a small experience about a new strategy of myocardial protection during heart transplant. METHODS: In cardiopulmonary bypass, the aorta anastomosis was done first, allowing the coronary arteries to receive blood flow and the recovering of the beats. The rest of the anastomosis is performed on a beating heart in sinus rhythm. The pulmonary anastomosis is the last to be done. This methodology was applied in 10 subjects: eight males, age 16-69 (mean 32.7 years), SPAo 90-100 mmHg (mean 96 mmHg), SPAP 25-65 mmHg (mean 46.1 mmHg), PVR 0.9 to 5.0 Wood (mean 3.17 Wood), GTP 4-13 mmHg (mean 7.9 mmHg), and eight male donors, age 15-48 years (mean 27.7 years), weight 65-114 kg (mean 83.1 kg). Causes of brain coma: encephalic trauma in five hemorrhagic stroke in four, and brain tumor in one. RESULTS: The ischemic time ranged from 58-90 minutes (mean 67.6 minutes) and 8 donors were in hospitals of Sao Paulo and two in distant cities. All grafts assumed the cardiac output requiring low-dose inotropic therapy and maintained these conditions in the postoperative period. There were no deaths and all were discharged. The late evolution goes from 20 days to 10 months with one death occurred after 4 months due to sepsis. CONCLUSION: This method, besides reducing the ischemic time of the procedure, allows the donated organ to regain and maintain their beats without pre or after load during implantation entailing the physiological recovery of the graft.

Vasculitides and eosinophils in endomyocardial biopsies as rejection predictors in heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of vasculitides, ischemic lesions, Quilty effect and the presence of eosinophils in endomyocardial biopsies of heart transplantation recipients with mild rejection has yet to be established. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether these histological findings observed in endomyocardial biopsies (eosinophils, vasculitides, Quilty effect and ischemic lesions) are capable of predicting acute graft rejection. METHODS: A total of 1,012 consecutive endomyocardial biopsies were reevaluated; of these, 939 were classified as OR or 1R according to the Nomenclature of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation of 2005 and divided in two groups: (1) Predictive biopsies: those that preceded acute rejection; and (2) Nonpredictive biopsies: those that did not precede acute rejection. We compared the occurrence of the following histological findings: vasculitides, ischemic lesions, Quilty effect and eosinophils between the groups by uni- and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed that the presence of severe vasculitides and eosinophils were the best predictors for future acute rejection, with the following odds ratios: 10.60 (95%CI: 3.62 - 31.06. p < 0.001) and 6.26 (95%CI: 3.16 - 12.43, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Severe vasculitides and eosinophils in myocardial biopsies are the main predictive factors of acute graft rejection post-heart transplantation.

Farmacologic pre implants test in high pulmonary hypertension and still in candidates for heterotopic transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure just before transplanting with sodium nitroprusside may allow conversion to orthotopic technique. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2007, 228 transplants were performed systematically and this was used in seven patients with preoperative hemodynamic evaluation: Pre NP (mmHg) Post NP (mmHg) Systolic systemic blood pressure (PSAS) 108-78 (101.7 ± 10.9) 90-74 (79.5 ± 15.2) pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) 88-51 (69.8 ± 13.2) 70-40 (57.8 ± 9.9) Gradient transpulmonary (GTP) 16-11 (14.2 ± 1.7) 14-11 (12.4 ± 1.2) pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR/w) 7.9 to 4.8 (6.2 ± 1 0) 5.9-4.1 (5.0 ± 0.8). RESULTS: The intraoperative findings were: Pre NP (mmHg) e Post NP (mmHg), respectively, PSAS 91-78 (8.5 ± 5.2) and 65-59 (4.2 ± 63.8) (P = 0.017), decrease 19.9%, decrease 29.3%; PSAP 71-52 (61.8 ± 6.1) and 43-32 (37.5 ± 3.3) (P = 0.018), decrease 28%, decrease 41%. In light of these data, patients were transplanted by orthotopic technique not being observed mortality in the short and long-term evolution from 5 months to 6 years. CONCLUSION: This methodology allowed the conversion of the technique for heterotopic orthotopically, with good early and late outcomes.

"Non Working Beating Heart": novo método de proteção miocárdica no transplante cardíaco / Non Working Beating Heart: a new strategy of myocardial protection during heart transplant

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: Trata-se do implante em posição ortotópica bicaval bipulmonar do coração doado batendo em normotermia. Este estudo busca diminuir o tempo isquêmico e criar condições de ir se adaptando ao organismo hospedeiro. MÉTODOS: Já em CEC, a primeira anastomose a ser feita é a da aorta, reperfundindo as artérias coronárias e recuperando os batimentos. As restantes são realizadas com o coração batendo em ritmo sinusal, sendo a da artéria pulmonar a última. Esta metodologia foi aplicada em 10 pacientes receptores, sendo oito do sexo masculino, com idades entre 16 e 69 (média de 32,7 anos), PSAo 90-100 (média de 96 mmHg), PSAP 25-65 (média de 46,1 mmHg), RVP 0,9-5,0 (média de 3,17 Wood), GTP 4-13 (média de 7,9 mmHg). Entre os 10 doadores, sete eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 15 e 48 (média 27,7 anos), peso entre 65 e 114 kg (média de 83,1 kg). As causas do coma encefálico foram: TCE (cinco), AVCH (quarto) e tumor cerebral (um). RESULTADOS: O tempo isquêmico variou de 58 a 90 minutos (média 67,6 minutos), sendo que oito doadores estavam em hospitais da região metropolitana de São Paulo e dois em cidades distantes. Todos os enxertos, após completadas as anastomoses, retomaram o fluxo e o débito, mantendo bons parâmetros, com baixa dosagem de inotrópico e mantiveram estas condições no pós-operatório imediato. Não ocorreram óbitos e todos os pacientes obtiveram alta hospitalar. A evolução tardia variou de 20 dias a 10 meses, tendo ocorrido um óbito ao 4º mês pós-transplante, por sepse. CONCLUSÕES: Esta metodologia, além de reduzir o tempo isquêmico, permite ao órgão doado recuperar e manter seus batimentos sem pré nem pós-carga durante o implante, o que enseja proporcionar recuperação fisiológica, ultraestrutural, imunológica, inflamatória e mecânica do enxerto, com resultados consistentes precoces e tardios.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We attempt to reduce the ischemic time during implantation of the donor heart in the bicaval bipulmonary orthotopic position using normothermic beating heart and thus, facilitate the transplanted heart adaptation to the recipient. This study presents a small experience about a new strategy of myocardial protection during heart transplant. METHODS: In cardiopulmonary bypass, the aorta anastomosis was done first, allowing the coronary arteries to receive blood flow and the recovering of the beats. The rest of the anastomosis is performed on a beating heart in sinus rhythm. The pulmonary anastomosis is the last to be done. This methodology was applied in 10 subjects: eight males, age 16-69 (mean 32.7 years), SPAo 90-100 mmHg (mean 96 mmHg), SPAP 25-65 mmHg (mean 46.1 mmHg), PVR 0.9 to 5.0 Wood (mean 3.17 Wood), GTP 4-13 mmHg (mean 7.9 mmHg), and eight male donors, age 15-48 years (mean 27.7 years), weight 65-114 kg (mean 83.1 kg). Causes of brain coma: encephalic trauma in five hemorrhagic stroke in four, and brain tumor in one. RESULTS: The ischemic time ranged from 58-90 minutes (mean 67.6 minutes) and 8 donors were in hospitals of Sao Paulo and two in distant cities. All grafts assumed the cardiac output requiring low-dose inotropic therapy and maintained these conditions in the postoperative period. There were no deaths and all were discharged. The late evolution goes from 20 days to 10 months with one death occurred after 4 months due to sepsis. CONCLUSION: This method, besides reducing the ischemic time of the procedure, allows the donated organ to regain and maintain their beats without pre or after load during implantation entailing the physiological recovery of the graft.

Vasculites e eosinófilos em biópsia endomiocárdica, como preditores de rejeição em transplante cardíaco / Vasculitides and eosinophils in emdomyocardial biopsies as rejection predictors in heart transplantation / Vasculitis y eosinófilos en biopsia endomiocárdica, como predictores de rechazo en transplante cardíaco

FUNDAMENTO: O significado clínico de vasculites, lesões isquêmicas, efeito Quilty e da presença de eosinófilos em biópsias endomiocárdicas de receptores de transplante cardíaco com rejeições leves não foi ainda estabelecido. OBJETIVO: Verificar se esses achados histológicos encontrados nas biópsias endomiocárdicas (eosinófilos, vasculites, efeito Quilty e lesões isquêmicas) são capazes de predizer rejeição aguda do enxerto. MÉTODOS: Foram reavaliadas 1.012 biópsias endomiocárdicas consecutivas; dessas, 939 foram classificadas como OR ou 1R pela Nomenclatura da Sociedade Internacional de Transplante de Coração e Pulmão de 2005, e divididas em dois grupos: (1) Biópsias preditoras: aquelas que precederam rejeição aguda; e (2) Biópsias não preditoras: aquelas que não precederam rejeição aguda. Comparamos a ocorrência dos seguintes achados histológicos: vasculites, lesões isquêmicas, efeito Quilty e eosinófilos por análise uni e multivariada entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Após análise estatística verificou-se a presença de vasculite intensa e de eosinófilos como maiores preditores para rejeição aguda futura, apresentando respectivamente as seguintes razões de chance: 10,60 (IC95 por cento: 3,62 - 31,06. p < 0,001) e 6,26 (IC95 por cento: 3,16 - 12,43. p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Vasculites intensas e eosinófilos em biópsias do miocárdio são os principais fatores preditores de rejeição aguda pós-transplante cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of vasculitides, ischemic lesions, Quilty effect and the presence of eosinophils in endomyocardial biopsies of heart transplantation recipients with mild rejection has yet to be established. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether these histological findings observed in endomyocardial biopsies (eosinophils, vasculitides, Quilty effect and ischemic lesions) are capable of predicting acute graft rejection. METHODS: A total of 1,012 consecutive endomyocardial biopsies were reevaluated; of these, 939 were classified as OR or 1R according to the Nomenclature of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation of 2005 and divided in two groups: (1) Predictive biopsies: those that preceded acute rejection; and (2) Nonpredictive biopsies: those that did not precede acute rejection. We compared the occurrence of the following histological findings: vasculitides, ischemic lesions, Quilty effect and eosinophils between the groups by uni- and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed that the presence of severe vasculitides and eosinophils were the best predictors for future acute rejection, with the following odds ratios: 10.60 (95 percentCI: 3.62 - 31.06. p < 0.001) and 6.26 (95 percentCI: 3.16 - 12.43, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Severe vasculitides and eosinophils in myocardial biopsies are the main predictive factors of acute graft rejection post-heart transplantation.

FUNDAMENTO: El significado clínico de vasculitis, lesiones isquémicas, efecto Quilty y de la presencia de eosinófilos en biopsias endomiocárdicas de receptores de transplante cardíaco con rechazos leves no fue aun establecido. OBJETIVO: Verificar si esos hallazgos histológicos encontrados en las biopsias endomiocárdicas (eosinófilos, vasculitis, efecto Quilty y lesiones isquémicas) son capaces de predecir rechazo agudo del injerto. MÉTODOS: Fueron reevaluadas 1.012 biopsias endomiocárdicas consecutivas; de esas, 939 fueron clasificadas como OR o 1R por la Nomenclatura de la Sociedad Internacional de Transplante de Corazón y Pulmón de 2005, y divididas en dos grupos: (1) Biopsias predictoras: aquellas que precedieron rechazo agudo; y (2) Biopsias no predictoras: aquellas que no precedieron rechazo agudo. Comparamos la ocurrencia de los siguientes hallazgos histológicos: vasculitis, lesiones isquémicas, efecto Quilty y eosinófilos por análisis uni y multivariado entre los grupos. RESULTADOS: Después de análisis estadístico se verificó la presencia de vasculitis intensa y de eosinófilos como mayores predictores para rechazo agudo futuro, presentando respectivamente las siguientes razones de posibilidad: 10,60 (IC95 por ciento: 3,62 - 31,06. p < 0,001) y 6,26 (IC95 por ciento: 3,16 - 12,43. p < 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: Vasculitis intensas y eosinófilos en biopsias del miocardio son los principales factores predictores de rechazo agudo post transplante cardíaco.

Teste farmacológico pré-implante na hipertensão pulmonar elevada e fixa em candidatos a transplante heterotópico / Farmacologic test pre implants in hypertension pulmonary elevated and still in candidates to heterotopic transplantation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a pressão da artéria pulmonar, nos momentos que precedem ao transplante, e verificar se o nitroprussiato de sódio pode possibilitar a conversão para técnica ortotópica. MÉTODOS: Entre 1992 e 2007, foram realizados 228 transplantes e esta sistemática foi empregada em sete pacientes que apresentavam na avaliação hemodinâmica pré-operatória: Pré NP (mmHg) Pós NP (mmHg) Pressão Sistólica Arterial Sistêmica (PSAS) 108 - 78 (101,7 ±10,9) 90 - 74 (79,5 ± 15,2) Pressão Sistólica Arterial Pulmonar (PSAP) 88 - 51 (69,8 ± 13,2) 70 - 40 (57,8 ± 9,9) Gradiente Transpulmonar (GTP) 16 11 (14,2 ± 1,7) 14 - 11 (12,4 ± 1,2) Resistência Vascular Pulmonar (RVP/w) 7,9 - 4,8 (6,2 ± 1,0) 5,9 - 4,1 (5,0 ± 0,8). RESULTADOS: Os achados intra-operatórios foram: Pré NP (mmHg) e Pós NP (mmHg), repectivamente, PSAS 91-78 (8,5 ± 5,2) e 65-59 (63,8 ± 4,2) (P = 0,017), queda 19,9 por cento, Queda 29,3 por cento; PSAP 71-52 (61,8 ± 6,1) e 43-32 (37,5 ± 3,3) (P = 0,018), queda 28 por cento, Queda 41 por cento Diante destes dados, os pacientes foram transplantados pela técnica ortotópica, não sendo constatada mortalidade a curto e a longo prazo em evolução de 5 meses a 6 anos. CONCLUSÃO: A aplicação desta metodologia permitiu a conversão da técnica heterotópica para ortotópica, com bons resultados imediatos e tardios.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure just before transplanting with sodium nitroprusside may allow conversion to orthotopic technique. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2007, 228 transplants were performed systematically and this was used in seven patients with preoperative hemodynamic evaluation: Pre NP (mmHg) Post NP (mmHg) Systolic systemic blood pressure (PSAS) 108-78 (101.7 ± 10.9) 90-74 (79.5 ± 15.2) pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) 88-51 (69.8 ± 13.2) 70-40 (57.8 ± 9.9) Gradient transpulmonary (GTP) 16-11 (14.2 ± 1.7) 14-11 (12.4 ± 1.2) pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR/w) 7.9 to 4.8 (6.2 ± 1 0) 5.9-4.1 (5.0 ± 0.8). RESULTS: The intraoperative findings were: Pre NP (mmHg) e Post NP (mmHg), respectively, PSAS 91-78 (8.5 ± 5.2) and 65-59 (4.2 ± 63.8) (P = 0.017), decrease 19.9 percent, decrease 29.3 percent; PSAP 71-52 (61.8 ± 6.1) and 43-32 (37.5 ± 3.3) (P = 0.018), decrease 28 percent, decrease 41 percent. In light of these data, patients were transplanted by orthotopic technique not being observed mortality in the short and long-term evolution from 5 months to 6 years. CONCLUSION: This methodology allowed the conversion of the technique for heterotopic orthotopically, with good early and late otcomes.

Cardiomiopatia dilatada / Dilated cardiomyopathy

A cardiomiopatia dilatada é a doença do miocárdio mais comum, sendo responsável por 25 por cento dos casos de insuficiência cardíaca, é a terceira causa mais comum de falência miocárdica e a indicação mais comum de transplante cardíaco na América do Norte. A cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) é caracterizada principalmente pela disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo, com aumento associado da massa e do volume. Várias doenças podem cusar CMD, porém em muitos casos, não se encontra nenhuma etiologia e a cardiomiopatia é chamada de idiopática (até 50 por cento dos casos).

The dilated cardiomyopathy is the most important myocardial disease and represent 25% of all heart diseases. It is the third cause of myocardial failure and the most common cause of heart transplantation in North America. Its feature is the left ventricle systolic dysfunction with mass and volume increase. Several diseases may cause dilated cardiomyopathy, but in 50% the cause is unknown.

Vasculitides and eosinophils in emdomyocardial biopsies as rejection predictors in heart transplantation

Background: The clinical significance of vasculitides, ischemic lesions, Quilty effect and the presence of eosinophils inendomyocardial biopsies of heart transplantation recipients with mild rejection has yet to be established.Objective: To verify whether these histological findings observed in endomyocardial biopsies (eosinophils, vasculitides, Quilty effect and ischemic lesions) are capable of predicting acute graft rejection. Methods: A total of 1,012 consecutive endomyocardial biopsies were reevaluated; of these, 939 were classified as OR or 1R according to the Nomenclature of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation of 2005 and divided intwo groups: (1) Predictive biopsies: those that preceded acute rejection; and (2) Nonpredictive biopsies: those that did not precede acute rejection. We compared the occurrence of the following histological findings: vasculitides, ischemic lesions, Quilty effect and eosinophils between the groups by uni- and multivariate analyses.Results: The statistical analysis showed that the presence of severe vasculitides and eosinophils were the best predictorsfor future acute rejection, with the following odds ratios: 10.60 (95%CI: 3.62 - 31.06. p < 0.001) and 6.26 (95%CI: 3.16 - 12.43, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Severe vasculitides and eosinophils in myocardial biopsies are the main predictive factors of acute graftrejection post-heart transplantation.

Hipernatremia do doador como fator de risco para falência primária de enxerto após transplante cardíaco ortotópico / Hypernatremia donor as a risk factor for primary graft failure after heart transplantation ortópico

Introdução: O transplante cardíaco exerce um papel relevante no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca grave. Dentro dos desfechos desfavoráveis a seus resultados, a falência primária do enxerto é reconhecida, como condição de gravidade e mortalidade elevada. Os fatores implicados no aparecimento da falência do enxerto ainda não são bem esclarecidos e sua relevância é pouco estudada. Objetivo: Observar se há associação entre hipenatremia do doador e de outras variáveis com o desenvolvimento da falência primária do enxerto (FPE). Métodos: foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 200 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de Transplante cardíaco Ortotópico (TXC)...