Population-level utilisation of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for the treatment of rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: International clinical guidelines recommend long- or short-course neoadjuvant radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. This study aims to examine variation in the use of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer and identify patient and hospital factors that underpin this variation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We conducted a retrospective, consecutive cohort study using statewide hospitalisation and radiotherapy data from New South Wales, Australia, 2013-2018. Included participants had a primary rectal adenocarcinoma and underwent surgical resection. Factors associated with the use or not of any neoadjuvant radiotherapy, and short versus long-course were explored using multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 2912 people included in the study, 43% received neoadjuvant radiotherapy. There was significant variation in the use of neoadjuvant radiotherapy depending on geographic location. Abdominoperineal excision (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53-2.28) and having surgery in a public hospital (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.92-2.87) were both predictors of use. Among those receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy, 17% received short-course therapy, with short-course declining over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The use of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer is highly variable, with differences only partially explained by assessable patient-or hospital-level factors. Understanding neoadjuvant radiotherapy utilisation patterns may assist in identifying barriers and opportunities to improve adherence to clinical guidelines.

Lung, breast and bowel cancer treatment for Aboriginal people in New South Wales: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Aboriginal Australians have higher cancer mortality than non-Aboriginal Australians. Lower rates of cancer treatment among Aboriginal people can contribute to this. AIMS: To investigate demographic, clinical and access factors associated with lung, breast and bowel cancer treatment for Aboriginal people compared with non-Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS: Population-based cohort study using linked routinely collected datasets, including all diagnoses of primary lung, breast or bowel cancer from January 2009 to June 2012. Treatment (surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy) within 6 months from diagnosis was measured. Access was measured using minimum distance to radiotherapy or hospital with a cancer-specific multidisciplinary team, visit to a specialist and possession of private health insurance. Logistic regression modelling was employed. RESULTS: There were 587 Aboriginal and 34 015 non-Aboriginal people diagnosed with cancer. For lung cancer, significantly fewer Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal people received surgery (odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.73, P < 0.001) or any treatment (surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy; odds ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.88, P = 0.006) after adjusting for sex, age, disease extent and comorbidities. They were less likely to have an attendance with a surgeon (27.0%, 62/230 vs 33.3%, 2865/8597, P = 0.04) compared with non-Aboriginal people. There were no significant differences in cancer treatment for Aboriginal people compared with non-Aboriginal people for breast or bowel cancers after adjusting for patient sex, age, disease extent and comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Aboriginal people were significantly less likely to receive surgery for lung cancer than non-Aboriginal people and had fewer attendances with a surgeon, suggesting a need to strengthen referral pathways.

Contraceptive practices among women: the second Australian study of health and relationships.

OBJECTIVE: To document the use of contraception by a representative sample of Australian women aged 16-49 years and compare it with 2001-2002. METHODS: Women were asked about their use of contraception and method used or reason for non-use during computer-assisted telephone interviews in 2012-2013. Women were sampled by random digit dialling of landline and mobile phones (participation rate 67.2%). RESULTS: Of a weighted sample of 5654 heterosexually active women interviewed 81% were using a method of contraception including sterilisation; this amounts to 66% of all women aged 16-49. Of those who were not using a method, 42% were pregnant or wanted a baby, 25% said they or their partners were infertile, 5% were currently not having intercourse, 3% were past menopause and 25% were apparently at risk of unintended pregnancy. Of those who used a method, 33% used oral contraceptives, 30% condoms and 19% sterilisation as their primary method. Use of condoms, intrauterine devices, implants and emergency contraception has increased since 2002, and use of sterilisation has fallen. Method used varied by age group, location, occupational group, relationship status and parity. A third of women had ever used emergency contraception, with the highest rate among women in their 20s. CONCLUSION: Australian women have access to a wide range of effective contraceptive methods. IMPLICATIONS: Given the high levels of use, most unintended pregnancies in Australia are likely to be attributable to method failure or inconsistent use.