RESUMO
COVID-19 is pandemic since 2020 and further information is necessary on the risk factors associated with the infection of SARS-CoV-2. As an entry mechanism, SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to activate fusion with host plasma membrane. Because dysgeusia is an early symptom of COVID-19, we here studied the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the tongue and the associated tissues of mice and humans with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis. ACE2 expression was low in the human tongue but was observed in the squamous epithelium, perineurium, arterial wall, salivary glands as well as taste buds. In contrast, mice showed high expression. In sharp contrast, TMPRSS2 expression was high in all the cells mentioned above in humans but relatively low in mice except for salivary glands. We then performed semi-quantitation of immunohistochemistry data of human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and analyzed for age, sex, alcohol intake, and smoking habit with logistic regression analysis. We found that alcohol intake and female gender were the significant risk factors for increasing TMPRSS2 expression. In conclusion, TMPRSS2 is an important factor to be considered regarding SARS-CoV-2 entry and amplification in the oral cavity, which is promoted through drinking habit.
RESUMO
A man in his late 40s was diagnosed with clinical stage 4B lung adenocarcinoma with a PD-L1 tumor proportion score of 100% and high tumor mutational burden. A partial response was achieved after administration of pembrolizumab. The patient received two doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BNT162b2) after 59 courses, and a chest computed tomography revealed consolidation in the peri-tumoral area, which subsequently disappeared, and the tumor continued to shrink in the next 4 months. This case provides indirect evidence for the persistence of cancer immunity during long-term treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors and the potential for further activation.
RESUMO
A 58-year-old woman with cough and dyspnea who was suspected of having idiopathic interstitial pneumonia had been treated with corticosteroids and cyclosporine, but the symptoms had worsened. There were no findings to suspect pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 17 months after the start of treatment. The transbronchial lung biopsy specimens showed eosinophilic bodies that strongly stained with periodic acid-Schiff staining. Anti-granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (anti-GM-CSF) antibodies were detected in her serum. We diagnosed the patient with autoimmune PAP. Thus, we present a rare case of PAP presenting atypical radiological images and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings.
RESUMO
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RESUMO
We report a patient with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (I-HES) who achieved remission with benralizumab after relapsing on mepolizumab. An 83-year-old man was admitted to Showa General Hospital after presenting with hypoxaemia and multiple erythematous lesions. He showed a marked increase in blood eosinophil count. Skin biopsy revealed an invasion of eosinophils in the dermis. He was diagnosed with I-HES. He was commenced on prednisolone 40 mg/day with a plan to wean this over time after pulse steroid therapy for three days. Mepolizumab was added when the prednisolone dose was 25 mg/day. Unfortunately, at a prednisolone dose of 5 mg/day, there was evidence of disease progression and the patient was switched to benralizumab. Prednisolone was tapered again and, finally, the patient was in remission. Benralizumab targets interleukin (IL)-5R and induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, thereby reducing the eosinophil counts in the tissue. This can be attributed to the therapeutic efficacy against I-HES. We believe this report may help develop novel therapeutic strategies for I-HES.