Molecular characterization of Clostridioides difficile by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST): A study from tertiary care center in India.

OBJECTIVES: Clostridioides difficile is an important pathogen responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD). This study was aimed to perform multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of C. difficile isolates from AAD cases and to understand the clonal relationship between these C. difficile strains. METHODS: Thirty five strains and a standard strain C.difficile ATCC 9689 were characterized by polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) for toxin genes (tcdA and tcdB gene) detection and MLST. RESULTS: MLST results revealed that the most common sequence types were ST-17, ST-54, ST-63. The cluster analysis revealed that strains isolated from AAD patients generated 12 MLST sequence types grouped into two distinct evolutionary lineages. CONCLUSIONS: ST 17 is most prominent sequence type. This is the first report of MLST based study of C. difficile from India. Further studies from diverse geographical regions can help better understand the epidemiology of CDI in India.

Immunoglobulin Receptors Expression in Indian Colon Cancer Patients and Healthy Subjects Using a Noninvasive Approach and Flowcytometry.

BACKGROUND: Isolation of viable colonocytes from human stool is a noninvasive and convenient approach that can be used for diagnostic, screening, management, and research on various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including colon cancer. Limited studies are available globally and for the first time in this article, we have reported the immunoglobulin (Ig) (IgA and IgG) receptors concentration on viable colonocytes for Indian colon cancer patients using this noninvasive approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Viable colonocytes from stool were isolated by the Somatic Cell Sampling and Recovery method (Noninvasive Technology, USA) and processed for the assessment of Igs (IgA and IgG) receptors expression using standard immunophenotyping and flow cytometry. RESULTS: IgA and IgG receptor expression was measured and reported on these viable colonocytes. There was a significant difference in the expression of IgA and IgG receptors on viable colonocytes between colon cancer patients and healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: This noninvasive technique is a promising approach for the detection of molecular and immunological markers that will help clinicians in the diagnosis, screening, monitoring, and management of different GI diseases including colon cancer.