Subtotal versus total gastrectomy for distal diffuse-type gastric cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Diffuse-type gastric carcinoma in an aggressive form of gastric cancer. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment. It is controversial whether patients with diffuse-type gastric carcinoma should undergo total or subtotal gastrectomy when feasible. The aim of this study is to analyze the oncologic outcomes and overall survival of patients diagnosed with distal diffuse-type gastric cancer undergoing subtotal versus total gastrectomy with curative intent. METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients with histologically confirmed diffuse-type distal gastric carcinoma and clinical staging cT1-4M0, who underwent surgery with curative intent between 2011 and 2020 in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Chile. Clinical and pathological staging was conducted using the 8th Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Classification. STG group was comprised by patients who underwent subtotal gastrectomy and TG group by patients who underwent total gastrectomy. Both groups were compared in relation to sociodemographic variables, pathology reports and perioperative data which were obtained from electronic medical records. Data analysis was obtained with Stata 16.1 Statistical Software. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty patients underwent curative intent surgery. Subtotal gastrectomy with D2-lymphadenectomy was completed in 68 patients (52%). An R0 resection was achieved in all patients. Median number of resected lymph nodes, tumor size, proximal margin and depth of invasion were similar in both groups. Pathologic staging was similar between both groups, the most frequent being Stage 3(54%). After a median follow-up of 47 months [0.3-157], no difference was observed in overall survival between both groups (5-year-OS 63% in STG group versus 51% in TG group, p = 0.097). CONCLUSIONS: Oncologic and survival outcomes were similar in patients submitted to subtotal and total gastrectomy, suggesting that a subtotal gastrectomy with D2-lymphadenectomy for distal diffuse-type gastric carcinoma is not associated with a decrease in median overall survival and is an adequate surgical approach when technically feasible.

[Cardiologist training in Chile and contributions from the Chilean Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery]. / Formación del cardiólogo en Chile y contribuciones desde la Sociedad Chilena de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular.

The Chilean Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery (SOCHICAR) is a scientific society whose mission is to improve the nation's cardiovascular health. Its primary goals include discussing issues affecting the specialty and engaging in various activities that support its advancement. To achieve these goals, numerous educational initiatives are undertaken for health professionals, including physicians in cardiology training programs. Training specialists in Chile is the responsibility of the universities, which design the curriculum and plan the program according to the graduate profile. SOCHICAR seeks to integrate these new generations of cardiologists, setting up tasks that contribute to their training. It seemed relevant to us to state our position as a Scientific Society in importants aspects related to this process: the graduate profile of the clinical cardiologist, the necessary competencies for their performance nationally, the identification of deficient areas in their training period, and the Society's contributions to this university-dependent process. A total of 15 cardiologists from SOCHICAR, at different stages of professional development, various geographic areas, and areas of performance and functions, were invited to participate in three working groups. This SOCHICAR position statement may be useful and an important source of information to be considered by authorities, accrediting entities, training centers, and the Chilean Society of Cardiology.

Loxin Reduced the Inflammatory Response in the Liver and the Aortic Fatty Streak Formation in Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is the most harmful form of cholesterol associated with vascular atherosclerosis and hepatic injury, mainly due to inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent severe tissue injury. Lox-1 is the central ox-LDL receptor expressed in endothelial and immune cells, its activation regulating inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factor secretion. Recently, a Lox-1 truncated protein isoform lacking the ox-LDL binding domain named LOXIN has been described. We have previously shown that LOXIN overexpression blocked Lox-1-mediated ox-LDL internalization in human endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. However, the functional role of LOXIN in targeting inflammation or tissue injury in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we investigate whether LOXIN modulated the expression of Lox-1 and reduced the inflammatory response in a high-fat-diet mice model. Results indicate that human LOXIN blocks Lox-1 mediated uptake of ox-LDL in H4-II-E-C3 cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that overexpression of LOXIN reduced both fatty streak lesions in the aorta and inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. These findings were associated with the down-regulation of Lox-1 in endothelial cells. Then, LOXIN prevents hepatic and aortic tissue damage in vivo associated with reduced Lox-1 expression in endothelial cells. We encourage future research to understand better the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic use of LOXIN.

[Prognostic value of the presence of a chronic total occlusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction]. / Sobrevida a largo plazo de pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio en presencia de oclusiones crónicas totales en vaso no culpable.

BACKGROUND: The presence of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) in a non-infarct-related artery in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), may be a sign of bad prognosis. AIM: To estimate the long-term survival of patients with AMI who were studied with coronarography during 2013-2014 who had one or more CTO in a non-infarct-related artery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of coronary angiograms performed between 2013 and 2014 to patients with an AMI. Patients were grouped as having or not a CTO in a non-infarct-related artery. Their medical records were reviewed, and mortality was determined requesting their death certificates. RESULTS: Of 993 patients with AMI under-going coronarography, 233 (23.5%) had at least one CTO. Patients with CTO were older (66 and 62 years respectively). They also had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), kidney failure and moderate to severe systolic ventricular dysfunction. The independent predictors of mortality were CTO, age, DM and kidney failure. Survival at an average follow-up period of 57 months was significantly higher in patients without CTO (89.5 and 80.3% respectively, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CTO in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with a higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors and lower long-term survival.

[Findings of optical coherence tomography in saphenous grafts failure. Report of one case]. / Aterosclerosis en puente venoso aorto-coronario: hallazgos del OFDI. Caso clínico.

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of late saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure. Intracoronary images using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in addition to angiography allow a detailed analysis of the lesion beyond the degree of stenosis. We report a 67 years old diabetic male who underwent coronary surgery in 2009, consulting for an acute coronary syndrome. Angiography showed two different lesions on one aortocoronary venous grafts. OCT demonstrates atherosclerosis in different stages identifying the culprit lesion. Stent placement were successfully carried out.

Starting a peritoneal carcinomatosis treatment program in a developing country: A prospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has become a valuable treatment strategy for selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). In Chile, it is an emerging technique. The aim of this study is to describe our protocol and report our perioperative results. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database for patients undergoing exploratory surgery for PC was reviewed. Eligible patients were selected using the peritoneal cancer index in correlation with the primary tumor. Patients underwent HIPEC using mitomycin C. Clinical data and postoperative results were analyzed. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients underwent exploratory surgery. Most patients were female (55%) with a median age of 62 years (range, 25-83). Complete CRS and HIPEC were achieved in 53 patients. The most frequent primary tumor site was colon-rectum (49%). The median number of resected organs was 4 (range, 1-13). Overall 90-day incidence of major complications was 26%. After a median follow-up of 26 months, 44 patients (83%) in the resected group were alive with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The PC treatment program at our institution has been established in a safe manner, with acceptable morbidity comparable to high-volume centers. A comprehensive preoperative evaluation, careful patient selection, and a cohesive team are necessary for successful results.

Clinical and pulmonary function analysis in long-COVID revealed that long-term pulmonary dysfunction is associated with vascular inflammation pathways and metabolic syndrome.

Introduction: Long-term pulmonary dysfunction (L-TPD) is one of the most critical manifestations of long-COVID. This lung affection has been associated with disease severity during the acute phase and the presence of previous comorbidities, however, the clinical manifestations, the concomitant consequences and the molecular pathways supporting this clinical condition remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize L-TPD in patients with long-COVID and elucidate the main pathways and long-term consequences attributed to this condition by analyzing clinical parameters and functional tests supported by machine learning and serum proteome profiling. Methods: Patients with L-TPD were classified according to the results of their computer-tomography (CT) scan and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide adjusted for hemoglobin (DLCOc) tests at 4 and 12-months post-infection. Results: Regarding the acute phase, our data showed that L-TPD was favored in elderly patients with hypertension or insulin resistance, supported by pathways associated with vascular inflammation and chemotaxis of phagocytes, according to computer proteomics. Then, at 4-months post-infection, clinical and functional tests revealed that L-TPD patients exhibited a restrictive lung condition, impaired aerobic capacity and reduced muscular strength. At this time point, high circulating levels of platelets and CXCL9, and an inhibited FCgamma-receptor-mediated-phagocytosis due to reduced FcγRIII (CD16) expression in CD14+ monocytes was observed in patients with L-TPD. Finally, 1-year post infection, patients with L-TPD worsened metabolic syndrome and augmented body mass index in comparison with other patient groups. Discussion: Overall, our data demonstrated that CT scan and DLCOc identified patients with L-TPD after COVID-19. This condition was associated with vascular inflammation and impair phagocytosis of virus-antibody immune complexes by reduced FcγRIII expression. In addition, we conclude that COVID-19 survivors required a personalized follow-up and adequate intervention to reduce long-term sequelae and the appearance of further metabolic diseases.

[Chilean results of the international registry of risk factors and treatment of unstable angina and non ST elevation myocardial infarction: ACCORD (ACute CORonary syndrome Descriptive study)]. / Resultados Chilenos del registro internacional de factores de riesgo y tratamiento de angina inestable e infarto al miocardio sin supradesnivel del segmento ST: ACCORD (ACute CORonary syndrome Descriptive study).

BACKGROUND: Guidelines for the management of unstable angina (UA) and non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) have been issued, however, current practices are unknown in Chile. AIM: To evaluate in a prospective cohort of NSTEMI patients the current practices, treatments and risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One year prospective International non interventional registry, conducted in Chile between January 2005 and November 2006. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty three Chilean NSTEMI patients were enrolled. Mortality was 5.5% at the end of the follow-up. Mean age was 61.6 years, and 30.6% were female. Most of the patients had at least one risk factor (98%): hypertension (84%), previous myocardial infarction (33%), dyslipidemia (54%), diabetes (33%), current smoking (30%). Main procedures during the hospitalization were coronary angiogram (67%), angioplasty (33%; 88% with stent) and coronary bypass surgery (7%). During procedures, 31% of patients received clopidogrel, and 4.2% glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa antagonists. Medical management was selected for 60% of patients. In comparison to men, women received less interventional procedures despite having more risk factors. Treatments prescribed at discharge were aspirin (97%), clopidogrel (49%), beta blockers (78%), diuretics (21%), lipid lowering agents (78%), oral hypoglycemic agents (13%) and insulin (9%). At the end of the 1-year follow-up, treatments were aspirin (84%), beta blockers (72%), diuretics (19%), and dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel (16%). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Chilean patients with NSTEMI was observed. More aggressive primary and secondary preventive measures are urgently needed. Use of therapies proposed in the guidelines is high, but dual antiplatelet therapy is less than 50% at discharge and decreases during the one year-follow-up.

Plasma from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Reduces Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Induces Reactive Oxygen Species in A Cell-Based Biosensor.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) diseases. It has been proposed that systemic inflammation plays a key role in premature atherosclerosis development, and is therefore crucial to determine whether systemic components from RA patients promotes endothelial cell-oxidative stress by affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric-oxide (NO) production. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether plasma from RA patients impair NO synthesis and ROS production by using the cell-line ECV-304 as a biosensor. NO synthesis and ROS production were measured in cells incubated with plasma from 73 RA patients and 52 healthy volunteers by fluorimetry. In addition, traditional CV risk factors, inflammatory molecules and disease activity parameters were measured. Cells incubated with plasma from RA patients exhibited reduced NO synthesis and increased ROS production compared to healthy volunteers. Furthermore, the imbalance between NO synthesis and ROS generation in RA patients was not associated with traditional CV risk factors. Our data suggest that ECV-304 cells can be used as a biosensor of systemic inflammation-induced endothelial cell-oxidative stress. We propose that both NO and ROS production are potential biomarkers aimed at improving the current assessment of CV risk in RA.

Subexpansión de stent tratado con balón de Shockwave / Use of a Shockwave balloon to treat insufficient stent expansion

La calcificación coronaria afecta negativamente los resultados de las intervenciones coronarias al impedir el cruce, lograr una buena aposición y expansión del stent; puede alterar el polímero y la cinética de liberación del fármaco. La subexpansión del stent se asocia a trombosis posterior del stent y/o necesidad de nueva revascularización de la lesión. Existen distintas técnicas para modificar el calcio de las arterias coronarias como los balones no complacientes (BNC), balones modificadores de placa y tecnologías de ateroablación como la aterectomia rotacional, orbital y láser. Todas con complicaciones y limitaciones. La litotripsia intracoronaria es una tecnología nueva, que mediante la emisión de ondas de choque acústicas es capaz de fracturar el calcio coronario profundo mejorando la distensibilidad de la arteria coronaria, lo que permite una adecuada expansión del stent. En esta oportunidad presentamos el caso de un stent subexpandido debido a una lesión muy calcificada de la arteria coronaria derecha (ACD) tratada con un catéter de Shockwave IVL (Shockwave Medical, Santa Clara, California).

Coronary calcification negatively affects the results of coronary interventions by preventing crossing, achieving good apposition and expansion of the stent; it may alter the polymer and the kinetics of drug release. Stent underexpansion is associated with subsequent stent thrombosis and/or the need for new revascularization of the lesion. There are different techniques to modify the calcium of the coronary arteries such as non-compliant balloons (NCB), plaque-modifying balloons and atheroablation technologies such as rotational, orbital and laser atherectomy. All with complications and limitations. Intracoronary lithotripsy is a new technology that, through the emission of acoustic shock waves, is capable of fracturing deep coronary calcium, improving compliance of the coronary artery, which allows adequate expansion of the stent. On this occasion, we present the case of an underexpanded stent due to a highly calcified lesion of the right coronary artery (RCA) treated with a Shockwave IVL catheter (Shockwave Medical, Santa Clara, California).

[Risk factors for hydatid disease in high school students in the district of Punitaqui, Chile]. / Factores de riesgo para hidatidosis en estudiantes de enseñanza media de la comuna de Punitaqui, Chile.

BACKGROUND: Hydatidosis is an endemic zoonosis in different areas of Chile, including the Region of Coquimbo, this is linked to the slaughter of cattle and presence of dogs. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors related to hydatidosis in the home of high school students of Punitaqui. MATERIAL: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done by the application of a self-administered questionnaire to 274 students of high school. The information was analyzed by urban/rural area in five dimensions: knowledge, basic sanitation, keeping dogs, vegetable growing and cattle slaughtering and possession. RESULTS: 84.6% of urban students reported not having received hydatidosis education. In rural areas, 93.5% reported owning dogs, with an average of 2.95 dogs/home (p < 0.001). In urban areas 44.4% of the dogs had not been dewormed and 60.3% (p < 0.001) was fed with viscera in rural areas. The 66.2% of cattle were goats and sheep and 64.5% (p < 0.001) of rural households did slaught. The main way to eliminate viscera was feeding the dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors that favor the presence of the parasite were present in relation to keeping dogs and cattle breeding and slaughter, which occurred mostly in rural areas, but being also present in urban areas.

Aterosclerosis en puente venoso aorto-coronario: hallazgos del OFDI: caso clínico / Findings of optical coherence tomography in saphenous grafts failure: report of one case

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of late saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure. Intracoronary images using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in addition to angiography allow a detailed analysis of the lesion beyond the degree of stenosis. We report a 67 years old diabetic male who underwent coronary surgery in 2009, consulting for an acute coronary syndrome. Angiography showed two different lesions on one aortocoronary venous grafts. OCT demonstrates atherosclerosis in different stages identifying the culprit lesion. Stent placement were successfully carried out.

Sobrevida a largo plazo de pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio en presencia de oclusiones crónicas totales en vaso no culpable / Prognostic value of the presence of a chronic total occlusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: The presence of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) in a non-infarct-related artery in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), may be a sign of bad prognosis. AIM: To estimate the long-term survival of patients with AMI who were studied with coronarography during 2013-2014 who had one or more CTO in a non-infarct-related artery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of coronary angiograms performed between 2013 and 2014 to patients with an AMI. Patients were grouped as having or not a CTO in a non-infarct-related artery. Their medical records were reviewed, and mortality was determined requesting their death certificates. RESULTS: Of 993 patients with AMI under-going coronarography, 233 (23.5%) had at least one CTO. Patients with CTO were older (66 and 62 years respectively). They also had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), kidney failure and moderate to severe systolic ventricular dysfunction. The independent predictors of mortality were CTO, age, DM and kidney failure. Survival at an average follow-up period of 57 months was significantly higher in patients without CTO (89.5 and 80.3% respectively, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CTO in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with a higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors and lower long-term survival.

Factores de riesgo para hidatidosis en estudiantes de enseñanza media de la comuna de Punitaqui, Chile / Risk factors for hydatid disease in high school students in the district of Punitaqui, Chile

Background: Hydatidosis is an endemic zoonosis in different areas of Chile, including the Region of Coquimbo, this is linked to the slaughter of cattle and presence of dogs. Objective: To identify risk factors related to hydatidosis in the home of high school students of Punitaqui. Material: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done by the application of a self-administered questionnaire to 274 students of high school. The information was analyzed by urban/rural area in five dimensions: knowledge, basic sanitation, keeping dogs, vegetable growing and cattle slaughtering and possession. Results: 84.6% of urban students reported not having received hydatidosis education. In rural areas, 93.5% reported owning dogs, with an average of 2.95 dogs/home (p < 0.001). In urban areas 44.4% of the dogs had not been dewormed and 60.3% (p < 0.001) was fed with viscera in rural areas. The 66.2% of cattle were goats and sheep and 64.5% (p < 0.001) of rural households did slaught. The main way to eliminate viscera was feeding the dogs. Conclusions: Risk factors that favor the presence of the parasite were present in relation to keeping dogs and cattle breeding and slaughter, which occurred mostly in rural areas, but being also present in urban areas.

Introducción: La hidatidosis es una zoonosis endémica en diferentes zonas de Chile y en la Región de Coquimbo, ligada a la faena de ganado y presencia de perros. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo relacionados con hidatidosis en hogares de estudiantes de enseñanza media de la comuna de Punitaqui. Material: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, aplicándose un cuestionario auto-administrado a 274 estudiantes de enseñanza media. Se analizó según zona urbana/rural en cinco dimensiones: conocimientos, saneamiento básico, tenencia de perros, cultivo de vegetales y, tenencia y faena de ganado. Resultados: El 84,6% de los estudiantes urbanos manifestó no haber recibido educación sobre hidatidosis. En zonas rurales, 93,5% señaló poseer perros, promediando 2,95 perros/vivienda (p < 0,001) y 60,3% (p < 0,001) era alimentado con vísceras. En zonas urbanas, 44,4% de los perros no había sido desparasitado. El 66,2% del alumnado declaró poseer ganado caprino y ovino y 64,5% (p < 0,001) de hogares rurales faenaba. La eliminación de vísceras era destinada principalmente para alimentación de perros. Conclusiones: Se presentaron factores de riesgo que favorecen la presencia del parásito, relacionados a la tenencia de perros y crianza y faena de ganado, los que fueron mayoritarios en sectores rurales siendo igualmente altos en zonas urbanas.

Diferencias en la aterosclerosis coronaria entre hombres y mujeres con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 evaluados con el Score de Gensini / Differences in coronary atherosclerosis assessed with the Gensini score between men and women with type 2 Diabetes

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las mujeres diabéticas tienen mayor morbi-mortalidad asociada a eventos coronarios isquémicos que los hombres. Este estudio describe la extensión, magnitud y severidad de la ateros-clerosis coronaria entre hombres y mujeres con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo que incluyó a 162 pacientes diabéticos consecutivos con sospecha de aterosclerosis coronaria y estudiados con coronariogra-fía. La magnitud de la aterosclerosis fue cuantificada utilizando el Score de Gensini. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 64.8 años. Noventa y cuatro eran mujeres (58.0 por ciento). El tiempo de evolución de la diabetes fue mayor para mujeres que para hombres (152.1 +/- 90.0 vs 120.2 +/- 99.4 meses) respectivamente (p<0.05). Las mujeres tuvieron un índice de masa corporal (30.5 +/- 5.1), superior al de los hombres (28.5 +/- 5.2) (p<0.05). La aterosclerosis coronaria significativa estuvo presente en el 61.7 por ciento de toda la población diabética, siendo en hombres de 76.5 por ciento versus 51.5 por ciento en mujeres (odds ratio: 1.5). El número de placas ateroscle-róticas fue 195 en 68 hombres (2,86 placa/paciente) y de 168 en 94 mujeres (1,78 placa/paciente) (p<0.0043). La presencia de aterosclerosis significativa en 1, 2 y 3 vasos se observó en el 7.4 por ciento; 17.6 por ciento y 51.5 por ciento de los hombres, respectivamente, versus el 12.8 por ciento; 10.6 por ciento y 27.7 por ciento en las mujeres, (p<0.0002). La magnitud de la enfermedad coronaria medida con el Score de Gensini fue 69.4 +/- 66.7 en hombres versus 35.6 +/- 47.3 en mujeres (p<0.005). Conclusión: En este estudio observamos que hombres diabéticos tienen mayor extensión, magnitud y severidad de aterosclerosis coronaria que las mujeres diabéticas.

Diabetic women have higher morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic coronary events than diabetic men, but the extension of coronary artery disease in both groups is less well established. Aim: to compare the extension, magnitude and severity of coronary atherosclerosis between men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: 162 consecutive diabetic patients with suspected coronary atherosclerosis studied by coronary angiography were included. The magnitude of atherosclerosis was quantified using the Gensini Score. Results: The average age was 64.8 years. Ninety-four patients were women (58.0 percent). Diabetes was present for 152 +/- 90.0 months for women and 120 +/- 99.4 months for men (p <0.05). Women had a higher body mass index (30.5 +/- 5.1) than men (28.5 +/- 5.2, p<0.05). The presence of significant coronary atherosclerosis in the entire diabetic population was of 61.7 percent: 76.5 percent in men and 51.5 percent in women (OR 1.5). The mean number of atherosclerotic plaques was 195 in 68 men (2.86 plaques/patient) and 168 in 94 women (1.78 plaques/patient, p=0.0043). Significant atherosclerosis in 1, 2 and 3 vessels was observed in 7.4 per cent, 17.6 percent and 51.5 percent of men, respectively, versus 12.8 percent, 10.6 percent and 27.7 percent in women (p<0.0002). The magnitude of coronary disease measured by Gensini Score was 69.4 + 66.7 in men versus 35.6 +/- 47.3 in women (p<0.005). Conclusion: Men with diabetes have greater extension, magnitude and severity of coronary atherosclerosis than diabetic women.

Acceso radial durante la angioplastía primaria en el infarto agudo al miocardio / Radial artery access to perform primary angyoplasty in acute myocardial infarction

Introdución: El acceso radial (AR) ha demostrado reducir las complicaciones vasculares asociadas a la coronariografía y angioplastía coronaria; sin embargo, su rol en la angioplastía primaria (AP) durante el infarto agudo al miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST (IAM c/SDST) es muy escasa. En diciembre de 2007, nuestro equipo adoptó esta técnica como primera opción durate la AP Objetivo. Estudiar si el AR durante la AP es tan rápido y seguro como el acceso femoral (AF). Métodos: Utilizando el registro de nuestro laboratorio, analizamos todos los pacientes con IAM c/SDST que fueron tratados con AP en nuestro hospital en el período Septiembre 2005 - Agosto 2009, y luego de identificar los pacientes de acuerdo al AF y AR, comparamos el tiempo "puerta-balón", los resultados an-giográficos, el éxito clínico y las complicaciones relacionadas al acceso. El seguimiento se efectuó a través de las visitas médicas y vía telefónica. Los valores se muestran como promedio +/- DS. Resultados: En el periodo estudiado, en 354 (75 por ciento) pacientes se utilizó AF y en 118 (25 por ciento) el AR. La edad promedio de ambos grupos fue similar, 61+/-12 años en el grupo con AF vs 62+/-12 años en AR (p=ns) y no hubo diferencias en las características clínicas de los grupos. El tiempo "puerta-balón" fue 62+/-37 minutos vs 61+/-29 minutos en AF y AR respectivamente (p=ns) con una tasa de éxito superior al 94 por ciento en ambo grupos. En el grupo de AF hubo 3 por ciento de complicaciones vasculares vs 0 por ciento en AR. La mortalidad global a 30 días fue 5,1 por ciento en el grupo de AF y de 4,0 por ciento en AR (p=ns). Conclusión: El acceso radial para la AP permite abrir la arteria culpable en tiempos similares al AF y con una menor incidencia de complicaciones vasculares.

Background: Radial access (RA) has been shown to help reduce vascular complications of coronary ar-teriography and angioplasty (PTCA). However, little experience has been reported with RA to perform primary PTCA in ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Since December 2007, we selected RA as a first option for primary PTCA in STEMI. Aim: to determine whether RA is as effective, safe and expeditious as femoral access (FA) in primary PTCA for STEMI Method: we performed a retrospective review of our database of all patients undergoing primary PTCA in our laboratory from Sept 2005 through August 2009. We compared all patients who had a PTCA using a FA to those in whom the RA was used. The door to balloon time, angiographic results, clinical success rate and complications related to the vascular access were compared between groups. Follow-up was based con clinical visits and phone calls. Values are expressed as mean and SD. Results: 375 patients had an FA (75 percent) and 118 an RA (25 percent). Mean age was similar in both groups (61+/-12 vs 62+/-12, respectively, NS). Selected clinical characteristics did no differ between groups. Door to balloon time was 62+/-37 min for FA and 61+/-29 min for RA (NS). Clinical success rate exceeded 94 percent in both groups. Vascular complications occurred in 3 percent in the AF group. No vascular complications were observed in the RA group. Thirty day overall mortality rates were 5.2 percent in FA and 4.0 percent in RA (NS). Conclusion: Radial access can be used for primary PTCA in STEMI with similar success rates and lower incidence of vascular complications, when compared to the traditional femoral access.

Resultados Chilenos del registro internacional de factores de riesgo y tratamiento de angina inestable e infarto al miocardio sin supradesnivel del segmento ST: ACCORD (ACute CORonary syndrome Descriptive study) / Chilean results of the international registry of risk factors and treatment of unstable angina and non ST elevation myocardial infarction: ACCORD (ACute CORonary syndrome Descriptive study)

Background: Guidelines for the management of unstable angina (UA) and non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) have been issued, however cu-rrent practices are unknown in Chile. Aitn: To evalúate in a prospective cohort of NSTEMI patients the current practices, treatments and risk factors. Material and Methods: Oneyear prospective International non interventional registry, conducted in Chile between January 2005 and November 2006. Results: Two hundred thirty three Chilean NSTEMI patients were enrolled. Mortality was 5.5 percent at the end ofthe follow-up. Mean age was 61.6 years, and 30.6 percent were female. Most of the patients had at least one risk factor (98 percent): hypertension (84 percent), previous myocardial infarction (33 percent), dyslipidemia (54 percent), diabetes (33 percent), current smoking (30 percent). Main procedures duringthe hospitalization were coronary angiogram (67 percent), angioplasty (33 percent; 88 percent with stent) and coronary bypass surgery (7 percent). Duringprocedures, 31 percent of patients received clopidogrel, and 4.2 percent glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa antagonists. Medical management was selected for 60 percent of patients. In comparison to men, women received less interventional procedures despite havingmore risk factors. Treatments prescribed at discharge were aspirin (97 percent), clopidogrel (49 percent), beta blockers (78 percent), diuretics (21 percent), lipid lowering agents (78 percent), oral hypoglycemic agents (13 percent) and insulin (9 percent). At the end ofthe 1-year follow-up, treatments were aspirin (84 percent), beta blockers (72 percent), diuretics (19 percent), and dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel (16 percent). Conclusions: A high prevalence of múltiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Chilean patients with NSTEMI was observed. More aggressive primary and secondary preventive measures are urgently needed. Use of therapies proposed in the guidelines is high, but dual antiplatelet therapy is less than 50 percent at discharge and decreases during the one year-follow-up.

[Survival of diabetic patients with known coronary artery disease]. / Sobrevida de pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad coronaria conocida.

BACKGROUND: The risk of cardiovascular diseases is two to four times higher in diabetic patients. AIM: To study the severity of coronary disease and survival of patients with diabetes mellitus, compared to matched controls without diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all coronary angiographies performed at a private hospital. All diabetic patients with coronary lesions over 50% were considered as the index group. Non diabetic patients with coronary artery lesions over 50% and with similar demographic features and risk factors to the diabetic patients group, were studied as controls. A follow up was done reviewing clinical records and by telephone interviews. Mortality was obtained reviewing death certificates. RESULTS: Seventy seven diabetic patients (48 male, mean age 61+/-10 years and 129 non diabetic subjets (87 males, mean age 61+/-10 years) were studied. Mean follow up in diabetic and non diabetic patients was 1,270 and 1,340 days respectively. Diabetic patients had a higher frequency of multiple vessel disease than their non diabetic counterparts (69 and 52% respectively, p<0.003). Ejection fraction was 61 and 65% in diabetics and non diabetics. General mortality was 15.5 and 2.3% in diabetics and non diabetic respectively (p<0.01). Cardiovascular mortality was 9.1 and 0.8% in diabetics and non diabetics respectively (p 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients with coronary artery disease have a lower survival and more extensive coronary artery lesions than non diabetic patients with similar age, sex and overall coronary risk.

Necesidad de nueva revascularización coronaria en pacientes diabéticos tratados con stents no recubiertos / New coronary revascularization in diabetics patients treated with bare metal stent

Antecedentes: Los pacientes diabéticos tratados con angioplastía coronaria (AC) poseen un mayor riesgo de reestenosis y por lo tanto de reintervención en comparación a los no diabéticos, lo que ha derivado en una mayor utilización de stents recubiertos con drogas en este grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia de reintervención en pacientes diabéticos no seleccionados sometidos a una AC con stent no recubierto en el Hospital Regional de Concepción e identificar los predictores de la reintervención. Método: Entre Enero 2005 y Diciembre 2006, 571 pacientes fueron sometidos AC, de los cuales 108 (19 por ciento) eran diabéticos. En este grupo estudiamos sus características clínicas, factores de riesgo y los factores angiográficos tales como el vaso tratado, diámetro, longitud y número de stents. Mediante un seguimiento telefónico y de ficha clínica se determinó la existencia o no de una reintervención coronaria. Identificado elgrupo con reintervención coronaria, comparamos las variables clínicas y angiográficas y a través de un modelo de regresión logística se buscó identificar predictores de dicha intervención. Se utilizó t de student y test exacto de Fisher. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 61±10 años, 71(66 por ciento) hombres y 25 por ciento insulinorequirientes 47(44 por ciento) pacientes tenía dislipidemia, 93(86 por ciento) hipertensión y 26(25 por ciento) eran fumadores. La AC fue en contexto de un SCA s/SDST en 56(52 por ciento) pacientes, 38 (35 por ciento) por IAM en evolución y 12(11 por ciento) por angina estable. Se implantaron 138 stents (1,3 stent/pt) y fue exitosa en el 96 por ciento. En el seguimiento de 13,7 ±7 meses la mortalidad fue 4,6 por ciento y sólo 12(11 por ciento) pacientes fueron sometidos a una nueva revascularización, 75 por ciento de las cuales fue otra AC. De las reintervenciones, sólo 4(33 por ciento) pacientes tenía reestenosis, el resto fue por lesiones en otro vaso. La distribución de los factores de riesgo...

Diabetes mellitus is associated to a more severe and extensive coronary artery disease. Coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has been demonstrated to have similar immediate results compared with patients without diabetes; however, diabetic patients exhibit a higher rate of restenosis and target lesion revascularization. Aim: to study the real incidence of a new interventional procedures in diabetics patients who were treated with bare metal stents. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2006, 571 patients were submitted to PTCA at the Hospital Regional de Concepcion. 108 patients (195) were diabetics. Clinical characteristics, risk factors, and angiographic findings were tabulated. Telephone follow up was used to determine the performance of coronary re intervention. A logistics regression model was used to identify predictors of coronary re intervention. Results: The mean average age was 61±10 years, 66 percent were men and 25 percent required insulin treatment. Dyslypidemia was present in 86 percent, hypertension in 86 percent and 25 percent were smokers. Indication for PTCA was acute coronary syndrome in 52 percent, myocardial infarction in 35 percent and stable angina in 11 percent. They received 1,3 stents/pts and immediate success rate was 96 percent. During follow up (13,7±7 months) global mortality was 4,6% and only 12 (11 percent) patients had a second revascularization procedure, 67 percent of them performed in non stentedcoronary arteries. Four revascularizations (33 percent) were due to significant in-stent restenosis, seven (58 percent) to other significant lesions and 1 to subacute stent thrombosis. In the univariate and multivariate analysis we didnot find independent clinical or angiographic factors as predictors of new revascularization. However, it wasmore frequent in patients with proximal left anterior descending artery stents and long lesions (58 percent and 50 percent, respectively). Conclusion: In our experience, need for repeat...

Uso de la técnica de anchoring en la angioplastía de una oclusión crónica de la coronaria derecha / Anchoring technique for occluded right coronary artery angioplasty

Las oclusiones totales crónicas son las lesiones coronarias con la menor tasa de éxito agudo en la práctica clínica debido fundamentalmente a la imposibilidad técnica de cruzar la lesión con la guía. Con el objetivo de mejorar los resultados angiográficos se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas y materiales, sin embargo lo más importante es disponer de un buen soporte para el catéter guía, entre las que destaca el anchoring. Presentamos el caso de una oclusión crónica de la arteria derecha en el cual la técnica de anchoring en la arteria del cono permitió mantener un adecuado soporte del catéter guía y recanalizar la oclusión.Las oclusiones totales crónicas (OTC), definidas como aquellas de más de tres meses, son un hallazgo frecuente con una incidencia de alrededor del 30 por ciento de las coronariografías y de un 12 por ciento del volumen total de angioplastías, siendo más frecuente de observar en la coronaria derecha. Por otra parte, las OTC son una de las principales causas de exclusión en los estudios que comparan el tratamiento percutáneo versus el quirúrgico, en la enfermedad multivaso4 y la razón de ello es que la tasa de éxito de una angioplastía de OTC fluctúa entre el 50 y el 70 por ciento. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que la recanalización de una oclusión crónica se asocia a una mejoría de los síntomas, de la capacidad funcional, de la función ventricular e incluso en la sobrevida. Debido a que el principal inconveniente durante una angioplastía de OTC es la dificultad para cruzar lesión con la guía, se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas destinadas a mejorar los resultados. Actualmente se dispone de nuevas guías tales como la Miracle, Confianza, guías hidrofílicas como PT2 y Pilot, microcatéteres, técnicas como sistema 5 en 6 o madrehijo10, acceso retrogrado11, inyección contralateral, etc...