The Role of B Cell and T Cell Glycosylation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that affects the stability, structure, antigenicity and charge of proteins. In the immune system, glycosylation is involved in the regulation of ligand-receptor interactions, such as in B-cell and T-cell activating receptors. Alterations in glycosylation have been described in several autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which alterations have been found mainly in the glycosylation of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and immunoglobulins. In immunoglobulin G of lupus patients, a decrease in galactosylation, sialylation, and nucleotide fucose, as well as an increase in the N-acetylglucosamine bisector, are observed. These changes in glycoisolation affect the interactions of immunoglobulins with Fc receptors and are associated with pericarditis, proteinuria, nephritis, and the presence of antinuclear antibodies. In T cells, alterations have been described in the glycosylation of receptors involved in activation, such as the T cell receptor; these changes affect the affinity with their ligands and modulate the binding to endogenous lectins such as galectins. In T cells from lupus patients, a decrease in galectin 1 binding is observed, which could favor activation and reduce apoptosis. Furthermore, these alterations in glycosylation correlate with disease activity and clinical manifestations, and thus have potential use as biomarkers. In this review, we summarize findings on glycosylation alterations in SLE and how they relate to immune system defects and their clinical manifestations.

Intermittent fasting may optimize intestinal microbiota, adipocyte status and metabolic health.

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the present association between Intermittent Fasting (IF), the Gut Microbiota (GM), and the adipocyte with respect to Metabolic Health (MH). A search was carried out through Dialnet, Scielo, Web of Science, Redalyc and PubMed, using keywords such as: "intermittent fasting", "time-restricted feeding", "gut microbiota" and "Metabolic Health". Intermittent fasting (IF) regimens promote weight loss, therefore contributing to improved metabolic health. IF beneficially participates in the modulation of the intestinal microbiome, allowing a continuous interaction with nutrients to be digested and shaping the intestinal immune responses during the development of cardiovascular disease, blood pressure and diabetes mellitus through metabolic activities.

Genes relacionados con microftalmia y anoftalmia hereditarias.

Congenital eye malformations are the second most common cause of childhood blindness and are originated by disruption of the normal process of eye development during embryonic stage. Their etiology is variable, although monogenic causes are of great importance as they have a high risk of familial recurrence. Included among the most severe congenital eye abnormalities are microphthalmia, defined by an abnormally small eye, and anophthalmia, characterized by congenital absence of ocular structures. The currrent knowledge of the genes involved in human microphthalmia and anophthalmia in humans is revised in this work.

Reduction of Platelet Aggregation From Ingestion of Oleic and Linoleic Acids Found in Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea Oils.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of seed oils from Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea in platelet aggregation. The initial hypothesis suggested that subjects who have consumed these seed oils undergo modified platelet aggregation. This study was performed using a pre-post test design, with a control group, and double blind. The effects of the consumption of grape seed and peanut oils were measured for platelet aggregation in clinical and laboratory tests in 30 healthy subjects. In addition to this group, a control group of 4 health subjects received no treatment with oils, just 500 mg oral administration acetylsalicylic acid for 7 days. Platelet aggregation was assessed by the Born turbidimetric method, using 3 different concentrations of adenosine diphosphate as agonists (2, 54; 1, 17; and 0, 58 µM). The study subjects had very similar results; both oils were shown to have a significant reduction in platelet aggregation. Grape seed oil showed a decrease of 8.4 ± 1% in aggregation, compared with peanut oil, which decreased aggregation by 10.4 ± 1%. The control group, taking 500 mg OD aspirin for 7 days, showed a significant decrease in platelet aggregation, similar to that of oil ingestion. Each of the oils was analyzed for fatty acids, to determine which particular acids were presents in greater levels, which could explain the reduction in platelet aggregation. The oil found to be most abundant in grape seeds was linoleic acid (omega-6), and in peanuts, it was oleic acid (omega-9). However, in fact, both acids reduced platelet aggregation. Consumption of plant oils from grape seeds and peanuts had a lowering effect on platelet aggregation, in addition to containing a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. However, omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids were not specifically responsible for the reductions mentioned above.

[Parenteral supplementation with EPA/DHA omega-3 fatty acids improves recovery prognosis in critically ill patients]. / La suplementación parenteral con ácidos grasos omega-3 EPA/DHA mejora el pronóstico de recuperación en los pacientes críticos.

Introduction: Introduction: the decision to supplement total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with emulsions of omega-3 (Ω3) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids (FA) of marine origin is based on the clinical benefits obtained in different medical situations and surgical procedures, among which reductions in hospital stay, days of mechanical ventilation, incidence of infections and mortality stand out. However, the evidence in critically ill patients remains contradictory. Objective: the objective of this clinical trial was to analyze the effect of supplementation with EPA/DHA Ω3 FAs on clinical prognostic markers - medical, nutritional and biochemical - in critically ill patients, relating to outcome. Method: a clinical, controlled, randomized, single-center trial in 64 critically ill adult patients, of which 47 patients were randomized to receive TPN supplemented with EPA/DHA Ω3 FAs in doses of 0.1 g/kg/day (n = 23) and 0.2 g/kg/day (n = 24), compared with a historical control group with TPN without supplementation (n = 17). Clinical prognosis markers were determined at baseline and at the end of nutritional support (medical, nutritional and biochemical). Results: the two groups with supplementation showed a statistically significant reduction in mortality (p < 0.005); the clinical prognostic markers SOFA, APACHE II, SAPS 3, NUTRIC, RTL and CRS were consistent in showing a significant improvement (p < 0.005), of prognosis with doses of 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg/day of EPA/DHA Ω3 FAs, respectively. Conclusion: supplementation of parenteral nutrition with EPA/DHA Ω3 fatty acids at doses of 0.1 g and 0.2 g/kg/day improves recovery prognosis and the probability of survival in critically ill patients.

Introducción: Introducción: la decisión de suplementar la nutrición parenteral total (NPT) con emulsiones de los ácidos grasos (AG) omega-3 (Ω3) eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA) de origen marino se basa en los beneficios clínicos obtenidos en distintas situaciones médicas y quirúrgicas, entre los que destacan la reducción de la estancia hospitalaria, de los días de ventilación mecánica, de la incidencia de infecciones y de la mortalidad. Sin embargo, la evidencia en pacientes críticos aún es contradictoria. Objetivo: el objetivo de este ensayo clínico fue analizar el efecto de la suplementación con AG Ω3 EPA/DHA sobre los marcadores de pronóstico clínico: médicos, nutricionales y bioquímicos, en pacientes en estado crítico, en relación con el desenlace. Método: ensayo clínico, controlado, aleatorizado y unicéntrico en 64 pacientes adultos con condición crítica, de los cuales 47 pacientes se aleatorizaron para recibir NPT suplementada con AG Ω3 EPA/DHA a dosis de 0,1 g/kg/día (n = 23) o 0,2 g/kg/día (n = 24), comparados con un grupo de control histórico con NPT sin suplementación (n = 17). Se determinaron de manera basal y al final del soporte nutricional los marcadores de pronóstico clínico: médicos, nutricionales y bioquímicos. Resultados: los dos grupos con suplementación mostraron una reducción estadísticamente significativa de la mortalidad (p < 0,005); los marcadores de pronóstico clínico: SOFA, APACHE II, SAPS 3, NUTRIC, RTL y CRS, fueron consistentes en mostrar una mejoría significativa (p < 0,005) del pronóstico con las dosis de 0,1 y 0,2 g/kg/día de AG Ω3 EPA/DHA, respectivamente. Conclusión: la suplementación de la nutrición parenteral con ácidos grasos AG Ω3 EPA/DHA a dosis de 0,1 g y 0,2 g/kg/día mejora el pronóstico de la recuperación y la probabilidad de sobrevida en los pacientes críticos.

Preliminary Analysis of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles of Coffea arabica L., in Samples with a Denomination of Origin and Speciality of Oaxaca, Mexico.

In February 2020, Coffea arabica L. grown on the coast and in the Southern Sierra Madre of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico obtained the denomination of origin. Which does not have data on color and chemical composition, the first associated with the degree of roasting and the second with lipids (17-18%), as the group of compounds responsible, in part, for flavor, consistency, and may contribute to health benefits. In the present work, color was determined on the CIE L*a*b* scale and the unsaturated fatty acids by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of 1H and 13C in samples of medium roasted specialty coffee from the "Pluma" coffee-growing region, Oaxaca, Mexico. The average value of L* luminosity in ground coffee was 42.1 ± 0.1 reported for a light roast. Unsaturated fatty acids were quantified from the lipid fraction of the gr1 ound grain by NMR 1H and 13C, obtaining on average the highest abundance of linoleic (41.7 ± 0.5 by 1 H and 41.24 ± 0.5 by 13C), followed by oleic (9.2 ± 0.2 by 1H and 7.4 ± 0.2 by 13C) and linolenic (1.5 ± 0.1 by H and 1.1 ± 0.2 by 13C). This study indicates that 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy is a useful tool for the quantification of linolenic, linoleic, and oleic fatty acids by the method of key signal shifts of these acids found in lipid samples in roasted coffee grains.

Fatty Acids and Lipid Derivatives Protecting Photooxidative Attack in Age-related Macular Degeneration.

The objective is the systematic review of studies published in Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed, related to the inclusion of fatty acids and lipid derivatives in the daily diet to prevent or delay the appearance or progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). The analysis of the research results consulted shows that AMD is one of the most frequent causes of blindness in subjects over 55 years of age. AMD is characterized by decreased vision, metamorphopsia, macropsies, micropsies, and central scotoma. Disease that must be diagnosed early as it can lead to irreversible blindness. Among the components of the diet that in numerous epidemiological studies have shown an association in the treatment of AMD and that are reviewed in this work are fatty acids, vitamins and carotenoids. There is ample evidence that fatty acids and lipid derivatives can be included in the diet plans of subjects with AMD.

Consumption of Vegetable Oils of Persea americana L., and Vitis vinifera L., as Part of Nutritional Support in Non-Communicable Diseases in the Population of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico: Pretest-Postest Intervention Study without Control.

Lifestyle plays an important role in the development of noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity, in addition to a poor diet loaded with simple carbohydrates and saturated fats. This was a trial with a randomized, analytical, longitudinal, and prospective quasi-experimental design, which was divided into 2 phases: the first with healthy subjects with an age range between 18 to 30 y and normal BMI (18.5-24.9). The second phase was subjected with familial hypercholesterolemia aged between 18 to 45 y and overweight (25-29.9). For those subjects who frequently consumed vegetable oil of both Vitis vinifera L., or Persea americana L. (10 mL), they presented a significant reduction in anthropometric measures and in biochemical variables such as capillary glucose and increased HDLc. The vegetable oils of Persea americana L., and Vitis vinifera L., can act as adjuvants for the treatment of noncommunicable diseases.

Vitis vinifera: An Alternative for the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

To present a systematic review of published studies in databases such as PUBMED, REDALYC, SCIELO, DIALNET, SCOPUS, EBSCO and CONRICYT related to the role-played by the components present in the vegetable oil of grape seed (Vitis vinífera) and the prevention or delay in the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The analysis of the research revealed that neurodegenerative diseases causes alterations in consciousness or in the nervous system leading to severe damage in neuronal cells, these pathologies are considered gradual and progressive. Various syndromes manifest the degenerative diseases of the nervous system; in some of them the predominant symptom is the progressive dementia. Among the components of the diet that in numerous epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association are vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, the latter being the ones addressed in this document. There is an important evidence that a nutritional support based on polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants can be applied to subjects with a history of neurodegenerative conditions in order to act as neuroprotectors. This requires the determination of the nutritional benefits of these nutrients or of nutraceuticals for the health of this group of patients.

[Increasing consumption of dietary fiber complementary to the treatment of metabolic syndrome]. / Incremento en el consumo de fibra dietética complementario al tratamiento del síndrome metabólico.

INTRODUCTION: the amount of fiber ingested in Latin American countries is lower (10-20 g/d) than recommended (35 g/d). An increase isrecommended for patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) to reduce cardiovascular risk, as well as to prevent obesity and other complications. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate whether increased dietary fiber consumption complements MS treatment and improves clinical and laboratory parameters in subjects at the San Martín Mexicapam "La Joya" Health Center, Oaxaca (Mexico). METHODS: an analytical-longitudinal study was carried out from January to April 2017, to evaluate nutritional status before and after intervention with dietary fiber and to measure cholesterol levels, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose. An increase of 15 g of fiber (fruits-vegetables and/or oat bran and/or wheat bran) was indicated in the usual diet over eight weeks. RESULTS: the sample consisted of 30 participants from the Mutual Aid Group diagnosed with MS, with an average age of 37.26 years, starting from a body mass index (BMI) of 30.75 kg/cm2 and levels of fasting glycemia at 153.87 mg/dl, triglycerides at 209.67 mg/dl, and cholesterol at 213.81 mg/dl. Following the intervention, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was obtained with a BMI of 29.7 kg/cm2, fasting glycemia at 127.77 mg/dl, triglycerides at 179.71 mg/dl and cholesterol at 207.13 mg/dl. CONCLUSION: a reduction in the results for the parameters tested in patients of MS is improved by a greater consumption of dietary fiber, such as oat bran. However, additional studies are required to generate clearer recommendations.

Molecules in seminal plasma related to platelets in preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Prostaglandins present in seminal fluid are actively involved in vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle maintenance, reproduction, and inflammatory processes. Seminal plasma contains molecules, such as oxylipins, which possess cell signaling functions. Several studies have shown that specific molecules in seminal fluid can increase passive diffusion, and cause interactions in the female reproductive tract. This may provoke a cascade of cellular and molecular changes in general health and certain diseases. This study examines the hypothesis that the molecules in seminal fluid are involved in platelet activity. The molecules diffuse through cells and membranes, affecting Hoxa 10, binding ganglioside pathways, and acting over platelet function. When these molecules are at low levels, they may trigger prothrombotic states, explaining the pathophysiology of haemostatic response, such as preeclampsia, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

[NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS AND MACULAR DEGENERATION AGE-RELATED]. / COMPONENTES NUTRICIONALES Y DEGENERACIÓN MACULAR RELACIONADA CON LA EDAD.

OBJECTIVE: nutritional components such as antioxidants may modify the risk of Macular Degeneration Age-related (AMD). This article is a systematic review of published studies relating to the modification of lifestyle, nutrition and vitamin intake to prevent or delay the onset or progression of Macular Degeneration Age-related (AMD). RESULTS: the analysis of the results of research consulted shows that AMD is one of the most common causes of blindness in individuals over 55 years. AMD is characterized by decreased vision, metamorphopsias, macropsias, micropsias and central scotoma. Disease that must be diagnosed early because it can lead to irreversible blindness. Between components of the diet in many epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association with AMD and are reviewed in this paper are: vitamins (vitamin E and C), minerals (eg. zinc, selenium, manganese and copper) and carotenoids. CONCLUSIONS: there is substantial evidence that can be applied nutritional support for patients with AMD. This requires determining the nutritional benefits of these nutrients (vitamins, minerals and carotenoids) or nutraceutical foods for health in this group of patients.

Objetivo: componentes nutricionales como los antioxidantes pueden modificar el riesgo de padecer Degeneración Macular Relacionada con la Edad (DMRE). Este es un artículo de revisión sistemática de estudios publicados relacionados con la modificación del estilo de vida, la nutrición y la ingesta de vitaminas para prevenir o retrasar la aparición o progresión de la DMRE. Resultados: el análisis de los resultados de investigación consultados pone de manifiesto que la DMRE es una de las causas de ceguera más frecuentes en sujetos mayores de 55 años. La DMRE se caracteriza por disminución de la visión, metamorfosias, macropsias, micropsias y escotoma central. Es una enfermedad que debe ser diagnosticada a tiempo, ya que puede conducir a la ceguera irreversible. Entre los componentes de la dieta que en numerosos estudios epidemiológicos han mostrado una asociación inversa con la DMRE y que se revisan en este trabajo se encuentran: vitaminas (E y C), minerales (ej. zinc, selenio, manganeso y cobre) y carotenoides. Conclusiones: existe una evidencia importante de que puede aplicarse un soporte nutricional a pacientes con DMRE. Esto requiere de la determinación de los beneficios nutricionales de estos nutrientes (vitaminas, minerales y carotenoides), o bien de alimentos nutracéuticos en pro de la salud de este grupo de enfermos.

[A GENETIC VIEW OF FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA]. / UNA VISIÓN GENÉTICA DE LA HIPERCOLESTEROLEMIA FAMILIAR.

OBJECTIVE: to show reviewed information of published studies relating to Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), nutrition, and genes involved in the development of this pathology. RESULTS: an analysis showing familial hypercholesterolemia as a disorder occuring due to mutations in gene encoding of the LDL receptor, which can be transmitted as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. It's diagnosis is important for those with a greater likelihood of premature coronary disease, and can significantly reduce life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS: there are no specific clinical criteria with absolute predictive value for the diagnosis of HF, Genetic diagnosis can prove functional defects in the LDL receptor gene, constituting definitive confirmation of the diagnosis, thus the importance of presenting a genetic vision of development of this disease, which can be treated adequately through diet therapy affecting future generations in the family concerned.

Objetivo: mostrar información revisada de manera sistemática de estudios publicados relacionados con la hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF), la nutrición y los genes que intervienen en el desarrollo de esta patología. Resultados: el análisis de los resultados de investigación consultados pone de manifiesto que la hipercolesterolemia familiar es un trastorno que se produce debido a mutaciones en genes que codifican el receptor de LDL, que se puede transmitir de forma autosómica dominante o bien autosómica recesiva. La importancia de su diagnóstico radica en que las personas afectas presentan una elevada frecuencia de enfermedad coronaria prematura, reduciéndose de forma importante su expectativa de vida. Conclusiones: no existen criterios clínicos específicos con un valor predictivo absoluto para el diagnóstico de HF; el diagnóstico genético permite demostrar defectos funcionales en el gen del receptor LDL, constituyendo la confirmación definitiva del diagnóstico, de ahí la importancia de presentar una visión genética del desarrollo de esta patología, que puede ser tratada para generaciones futuras de manera adecuada a través de la dietoterapia en la familia afectada.

[Not Available]. / Intervención nutricional en un Grupo de Ayuda Mutua del municipio de "El Rosario", Oaxaca de Juárez, México.

Introducción: los grupos de ayuda mutua se forman con la finalidad de atender a adultos mayores con problemas crónicos-degenerativos. La organización y participación activa de los integrantes favorece la intervención del nutriólogo y, por ende, cambios en el estilo de vida de los participantes, sobrellevando de mejor manera sus vidas. Objetivo: intervenir nutricionalmente en individuos del Grupo de Ayuda Mutua del Centro de Salud C-2, "El Rosario" de Oaxaca de Juárez, México. Material y métodos: se trató de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, analítico y longitudinal, llevado a cabo desde noviembre/2014 hasta julio/2015, evaluando el estado nutricional antes y después de la intervención, buscando la correlación entre índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucosa capilar, hemoglobina glicada con las consultas-talleres brindadas. Resultados: la muestra trabajada fue de 15 participantes del Grupo de Ayuda Mutua con un promedio de edad de 55,26 años, con un IMC de 28,74 kg/cm 2 , glucosa capilar de 218,66 mg/dl y una hemoglobina glicada de 10,43%. Al finalizar la intervención se correlacionaron entre sí mediante Spearman, dando como resultado el valor de 1, es decir, una correlación positiva perfecta. Conclusión: el nutriólogo juega hoy en día un papel importante en el hecho de atender enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, a través del seguimiento en consultas y talleres propuestos. Los grupos de ayuda mutua día a día se posicionan como una estrategia en la línea educativa para mejorar el control de las enfermedades.