Redefining piscine lactococcosis.

Piscine lactococcosis is a significant threat to cultured and wild fish populations worldwide. The disease typically presents as a per-acute to acute hemorrhagic septicemia causing high morbidity and mortality, recalcitrant to antimicrobial treatment or management interventions. Historically, the disease was attributed to the gram-positive pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. However, recent work has revealed three distinct lactococcosis-causing bacteria (LCB)-L. garvieae, L. petauri, and L. formosensis-which are phenotypically and genetically similar, leading to widespread misidentification. An update on our understanding of lactococcosis and improved methods for identification are urgently needed. To this end, we used representative isolates from each of the three LCB species to compare currently available and recently developed molecular and phenotypic typing assays, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS), end-point and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), API 20 Strep and Biolog systems, fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME), and Sensititre antimicrobial profiling. Apart from WGS, sequencing of the gyrB gene was the only method capable of consistent and accurate identification to the species and strain level. A qPCR assay based on a putative glycosyltransferase gene was also able to distinguish L. petauri from L. garvieae/formosensis. Biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF MS showed some species-specific patterns in sugar and fatty acid metabolism or protein profiles but should be complemented by additional analyses. The LCB demonstrated overlap in host and geographic range, but there were relevant differences in host specificity, regional prevalence, and antimicrobial susceptibility impacting disease treatment and prevention. IMPORTANCE: Lactococcosis affects a broad range of host species, including fish from cold, temperate, and warm freshwater or marine environments, as well as several terrestrial animals, including humans. As such, lactococcosis is a disease of concern for animal and ecosystem health. The disease is endemic in European and Asian aquaculture but is rapidly encroaching on ecologically and economically important fish populations across the Americas. Piscine lactococcosis is difficult to manage, with issues of vaccine escape, ineffective antimicrobial treatment, and the development of carrier fish or biofilms leading to recurrent outbreaks. Our understanding of the disease is also widely outdated. The accepted etiologic agent of lactococcosis is Lactococcus garvieae. However, historical misidentification has masked contributions from two additional species, L. petauri and L. formosensis, which are indistinguishable from L. garvieae by common diagnostic methods. This work is the first comprehensive characterization of all three agents and provides direct recommendations for species-specific diagnosis and management.

Severe Presentation of Mpox With Skin, Lung and Pleural Involvement in a Non-HIV-Infected Kidney Transplant Recipient.

Monkeypox (mpox) is an orthopoxviral zoonotic disease with a similar but less severe clinical presentation as smallpox. However, immunocompromised patients such as solid organ transplant recipients are at higher risk of developing severe forms of the disease. Herein, we describe the case of a 43-year-old female kidney transplant recipient that manifested severe skin ulcers alongside nodular lung opacities and pleural effusion attributed directly to the monkeypox virus. Notwithstanding the initiation of early treatment with tecovirimat, a satisfactory response was not achieved until a reduction in immunosuppression to everolimus monotherapy, coupled with the transition to cidofovir for antiviral treatment. In conclusion, mpox has the potential to produce a severe form of systemic infection in individuals who have undergone solid organ transplantation, demanding a meticulous approach involving sequential antiviral treatment and modifications to immunosuppressive regimens in order to achieve complete healing.

Prediction of non-resectability using the updated Predictive Index Value model assessed by imaging and surgery in tubo-ovarian cancer: a prospective multicenter ISAAC study.

BACKGROUND: A laparoscopy-based scoring system was developed by Fagotti et al (Fagotti or Predictive Index Value (PIV)score) based on the intraoperative presence or absence of carcinomatosis on predefined sites. Later, the authors updated the PIV score calculated only in the absence of one or both absolute criteria of non-resectability (mesenteric retraction and miliary carcinomatosis of the small bowel) (updated PIV model). OBJECTIVE: The aim was to demonstrate the non-inferiority of ultrasound to other imaging methods (contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) and whole-body diffusion-weighted (WB DWI)/MRI) in predicting non-resectable tumor (defined as residual disease>1 cm) using the updated PIV model in patients with tubo-ovarian cancer. The agreement between imaging and intraoperative findings as a reference was also calculated. STUDY DESIGN: This was a European prospective multicenter observational study. We included patients with suspected tubo-ovarian carcinoma who underwent preoperative staging and prediction of non-resectability at ultrasound, CT, WB-DWI/MRI and surgical exploration. The predictors of non-resectability were suspicious mesenteric retraction and/or miliary carcinomatosis of the small bowel or if absent, a PIV>8 (updated PIV model). The PIV score ranges from 0 to 12 according to the presence of disease in six predefined intra-abdominal sites (great omentum, liver surface, lesser omentum/stomach/spleen, parietal peritoneum, diaphragms, bowel serosa/mesentery). The reference standard was surgical outcome, in terms of residual disease>1 cm, assessed by laparoscopy and/or laparotomy. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to assess the performance of the methods in predicting non-resectability was reported. Concordance between index tests at detection of disease at six predefined sites and intraoperative exploration as reference standard was also calculated using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: The study was between 2018 and 2022 in five European gynecological oncology centers. Data from 242 patients having both mandatory index tests (ultrasound and CT) were analyzed. 145/242 (59.9%) patients had no macroscopic residual tumor after surgery (R0) (5/145 laparoscopy and 140/145 laparotomy) and 17/242 (7.0%) had residual tumor ≤1cm (R1) (laparotomy). In 80/242 patients (33.1%), the residual tumor was >1 cm (R2), 30 of them underwent laparotomy and maximum surgery was carried out and 50/80 underwent laparoscopy and cytoreduction was not feasible in all of them. After excluding 18/242 (7.4%) patients operated on but not eligible for extensive surgery, the predictive performance of three imaging methods was analyzed in 167 women. The AUCs of all methods in discriminating between resectable and non-resectable tumor was 0.80 for ultrasound, 0.76 for CT, 0.71 for WB-DWI/MRI and 0.90 for surgical exploration. Ultrasound had the highest agreement (Cohen's kappa ranging from 0.59 to 0.79) compared to CT and WB-DWI/MRI to assess all parameters included in the updated PIV model. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound showed non-inferiority to CT and to WB-DWI/MRI in discriminating between resectable and non-resectable tumor using the updated PIV model. Ultrasound had the best agreement between imaging and intraoperative findings in the assessment of parameters included in the updated PIV model. Ultrasound is an acceptable method to assess abdominal disease and predict non-resectability in patients with tubo-ovarian cancer in the hands of specially trained ultrasound examiners.

Endoscopic management of pancreatic collections. Endoscopic Ultrasound Group from the Spanish Society of Digestive Endoscopy (GSEED-USE) Clinical Guidelines.

Acute pancreatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It can develop complications such as fluid collections and necrosis. Infection of necrosis occurs in about 20-40% of patients with severe acute pancreatitis, and is associated with organ failure and worse prognosis. In the past years, the treatment of pancreatic collections has shifted from open surgery to minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic ultrasound guided drainage. These guidelines from a selection of experts among the Endoscopic Ultrasound Group from the Spanish Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (GSEED-USE) have the purpose to provide advice on the management of pancreatic collections based on a thorough review of the available scientific evidence. It also reflects the experience and clinical practice of the authors, who are advanced endoscopists or clinical pancreatologists with extensive experience in managing patients with acute pancreatitis.

The Role of Education in Nanomedicine as a Current Need for Academic Programs Related to the Healthcare Field: A Scoping Review.

Introduction: Clinical research has recently focused on developing diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives through nanomedicine, and it has become essential for both current and coming healthcare professionals, especially medical residents, to know about it to face actual challenges in the setup of their professional practice. Approach: This scoping review was conducted to show the relevance of nanomedicine in the formation of medical residents and to determine the educational strategies proposed worldwide for their teaching. Results: 12 records met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including information related to the importance of teaching nanotechnology, possible educational approaches, or the best action strategies for incorporating said teaching. Discussion: Multiple studies showed the need for students in health-related programs to be trained and instructed in topics related to nanotechnology. Still, the students' perceptions highlight how inadequate or non-existent such education in this field is. Although a few studies have proposed strategies and approaches for incorporating nanotechnology in academic programs in different areas, it is still necessary to establish educational standards so that the training of future professionals will be uniform and of high quality. The concerned educational institutions' directives must try to ensure that their in-training staff receives an updated, full, and excellency education.

ShF5H1 overexpression increases syringyl lignin and improves saccharification in sugarcane leaves.

The agricultural sugarcane residues, bagasse and straws, can be used for second-generation ethanol (2GE) production by the cellulose conversion into glucose (saccharification). However, the lignin content negatively impacts the saccharification process. This polymer is mainly composed of guaiacyl (G), hydroxyphenyl (H), and syringyl (S) units, the latter formed in the ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) branch of the lignin biosynthesis pathway. We have generated transgenic lines overexpressing ShF5H1 under the control of the C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase) rice promoter, which led to a significant increase of up to 160% in the S/G ratio and 63% in the saccharification efficiency in leaves. Nevertheless, the content of lignin was unchanged in this organ. In culms, neither the S/G ratio nor sucrose accumulation was altered, suggesting that ShF5H1 overexpression would not affect first-generation ethanol production. Interestingly, the bagasse showed a significantly higher fiber content. Our results indicate that the tissue-specific manipulation of the biosynthetic branch leading to S unit formation is industrially advantageous and has established a foundation for further studies aiming at refining lignin modifications. Thus, the ShF5H1 overexpression in sugarcane emerges as an efficient strategy to improve 2GE production from straw.

Salivary Cortisol Levels after Hydrotherapy and Land-Based Therapy as a Marker of Stress in Children with Psychomotor Developmental Disorders: A Pilot Study.

Background: The number of children experiencing postnatal situations of neurological risk (such as psycho-motor developmental disorders and delays) after birth has increased in recent years. These infants often require multiple pediatric interventions to address functional problems that might generate stress, anxiety, and discomfort. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the level of salivary cortisol, as a stress marker, increases after hydrotherapy and land-based therapy in children at risk of or currently presenting delayed psycho-motor development. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 25 children (aged 3-36 months) between June 2022 and January 2023 at the Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Clinical Management Unit of the Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain. Three samples were collected from each child, representing baseline, post-hydrotherapy and post-land-based therapy. Result: All salivary cortisol levels were within the normal range. Resting values were the highest, and both modes of therapy decreased salivary cortisol levels. There were no statistically significant differences between the two therapies. Conclusions: Both therapies appear to be useful for treating children with psychomotor developmental disorders without increasing stress during physiotherapy sessions. Although cortisol levels were slightly higher with hydrotherapy than with land-based therapy, this may be due to the small sample size.

[Consensus on criteria and minimum data set for the referral of candidate patients for home enteral nutrition teleconsultation: TELENUT project]. / Consenso sobre criterios y conjunto mínimo de datos para la derivación de pacientes candidatos a teleconsulta de nutrición enteral domiciliaria: proyecto TELENUT.

Introduction: Introduction: teleconsultation is a useful healthcare tool in the multidisciplinary management of patients with indications of home enteral nutrition (HEN). The use of different teleconsultation platforms, as it happens in the Andalusian Health System (SAS), results in heterogeneous referral processes between Primary Care and hospital services in the same region. Objectives: to establish a consensus on patient profiles and the minimum data set necessary to guarantee an adequate referral to NED teleconsultation regardless of the existing platform. These agreed aspects in Andalusia can serve as a reference in other regions. Methods: three consecutive steps were followed: a) non-systematic review of the indexed literature on teleconsultation in clinical nutrition in Spain; b) survey to know the implementation and unmet needs of teleconsultation platforms in Andalusian public hospitals; and c) working meetings and consensus of 14 health professionals of Primary Care (n = 4) and endocrinology and hospital clinical nutrition (n = 10). Results: three referral forms were agreed in which three patient profiles were defined, with the corresponding minimum set of data necessary to request NED teleconsultation. The Primary Care team should provide this set of data to the clinical nutrition specialist via a teleconsultation platform, implemented in the SAS. Conclusions: three agreed forms between healthcare professionals involved in the referral process serve to standardize the request for teleconsultation of NED between healthcare teams based on patient profiles.

Introducción: Introducción: la teleconsulta es una herramienta asistencial útil en el manejo multidisciplinar de pacientes con indicación de nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED). El empleo de diferentes herramientas de teleconsulta de NED, como ocurre en el Sistema Andaluz de Salud (SAS), conlleva heterogeneidad en los procesos de derivación entre los servicios de Atención Primaria (AP) y hospitalaria en una misma región. Objetivos: consensuar perfiles de pacientes y conjunto de datos mínimos necesarios para garantizar una derivación adecuada a la teleconsulta de NED, independientemente de la herramienta existente. Estos aspectos consensuados en Andalucía pueden servir de referencia en otras regiones. Métodos: se siguieron tres pasos consecutivos: a) revisión no sistemática de la literatura indexada sobre la teleconsulta en nutrición clínica en España; b) encuesta para conocer la implementación y las necesidades no satisfechas de las herramientas de teleconsulta en los hospitales públicos andaluces; y c) reuniones de trabajo y consenso de 14 profesionales sanitarios de AP (n = 4) y endocrinología y nutrición clínica hospitalaria (n = 10). Resultados: se consensuaron tres formularios de derivación en los que se definieron tres perfiles de pacientes, con el correspondiente conjunto mínimo de datos necesario para solicitar la teleconsulta de NED. El equipo de AP debe proporcionar este conjunto mínimo de datos al especialista en nutrición clínica a través de una herramienta de teleconsulta, implementada en el SAS. Conclusiones: tres formularios consensuados entre profesionales sanitarios involucrados en el proceso de derivación sirven para estandarizar la solicitud de teleconsulta de NED entre equipos asistenciales en función de perfiles de pacientes.

Protein Binder Toolbox for Studies of Solute Carrier Transporters.

Transporters of the solute carrier superfamily (SLCs) are responsible for the transmembrane traffic of the majority of chemical substances in cells and tissues and are therefore of fundamental biological importance. As is often the case with membrane proteins that can be heavily glycosylated, a lack of reliable high-affinity binders hinders their functional analysis. Purifying and reconstituting transmembrane proteins in their lipidic environments remains challenging and standard approaches to generate binders for multi-transmembrane proteins, such as SLCs, channels or G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are lacking. While generating protein binders to 27 SLCs, we produced full length protein or cell lines as input material for binder generation by selected binder generation platforms. As a result, we obtained 525 binders for 22 SLCs. We validated the binders with a cell-based validation workflow using immunofluorescent and immunoprecipitation methods to process all obtained binders. Finally, we demonstrated the potential applications of the binders that passed our validation pipeline in structural, biochemical, and biological applications using the exemplary protein SLC12A6, an ion transporter relevant in human disease. With this work, we were able to generate easily renewable and highly specific binders against SLCs, which will greatly facilitate the study of this neglected protein family. We hope that the process will serve as blueprint for the generation of binders against the entire superfamily of SLC transporters.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Tissue Sampling for the Cytohistological Diagnosis of Focal Liver Lesions.

BACKGROUND: Focal liver lesions (FLL) often require cytohistological evaluation. Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) is highly accurate in diagnosing pancreatic and gastrointestinal malignancies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of EUS-TA in the characterization of FLL. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospective database of patients who underwent EUS-TA for the evaluation of FLL. Diagnostic yield, adverse events and factors associated with diagnostic yield were evaluated as endpoints. The effect of variables such as needle size, lesion size, rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) and the use of cytological or histological needles were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 114 cases were included (mean age 68.05 ± 11.35 years, 64 male). A correct diagnosis was made using EUS-TA in 100 of the 114 cases (diagnostic yield of 88%). The EUS-TA of additional extrahepatic lesions during the same EUS procedure increased the diagnostic yield to 94%. No adverse events were reported. Multivariate analysis did not identify any factor influencing the diagnostic yield. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-TA is a highly accurate and safe technique for the differential diagnosis of FLL and could be considered as the primary approach in this setting.

Pathology, microbiology, and genetic diversity associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and novel Erysipelothrix spp. infections in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).

Erysipelothrix spp., including E. rhusiopathiae, are zoonotic bacterial pathogens that can cause morbidity and mortality in mammals, fish, reptiles, birds, and humans. The southern sea otter (SSO; Enhydra lutris nereis) is a federally-listed threatened species for which infectious disease is a major cause of mortality. We estimated the frequency of detection of these opportunistic pathogens in dead SSOs, described pathology associated with Erysipelothrix infections in SSOs, characterized the genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of SSO isolates, and evaluated the virulence of two novel Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs using an in vivo fish model. From 1998 to 2021 Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated from six of >500 necropsied SSOs. Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated in pure culture from three cases, while the other three were mixed cultures. Bacterial septicemia was a primary or contributing cause of death in five of the six cases. Other pathology observed included suppurative lymphadenopathy, fibrinosuppurative arteritis with thrombosis and infarction, bilateral uveitis and endophthalmitis, hypopyon, petechia and ecchymoses, mucosal infarction, and suppurative meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis. Short to long slender Gram-positive or Gram-variable bacterial rods were identified within lesions, alone or with other opportunistic bacteria. All six SSO isolates had the spaA genotype-four isolates clustered with spaA E. rhusiopathiae strains from various terrestrial and marine animal hosts. Two isolates did not cluster with any known Erysipelothrix spp.; whole genome sequencing revealed a novel Erysipelothrix species and a novel E. rhusiopathiae subspecies. We propose the names Erysipelothrix enhydrae sp. nov. and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ohloneorum ssp. nov. respectively. The type strains are E. enhydrae UCD-4322-04 and E. rhusiopathiae ohloneorum UCD-4724-06, respectively. Experimental injection of tiger barbs (Puntigrus tetrazona) resulted in infection and mortality from the two novel Erysipelothrix spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs shows similar susceptibility profiles to isolates from other terrestrial and aquatic animals. This is the first description of the pathology, microbial characteristics, and genetic diversity of Erysipelothrix isolates recovered from diseased SSOs. Methods presented here can facilitate case recognition, aid characterization of Erysipelothrix isolates, and illustrate assessment of virulence using fish models.

Penfigoide ampolloso de origen idiopático

Introducción: El penfigoide ampolloso es una dermatosis vesicular ampollosa autoinmunitaria subepidérmica, asociada a la formación de autoanticuerpos que reconocen autoantígenos en la zona de la membrana basal. El tratamiento inmunomodulador con corticoides es la primera línea en el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Presentar el caso clínico de un paciente con diagnóstico de penfigoide ampolloso de origen idiopático. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 81 años con lesiones ampollosas dolorosas a la palpación de contenido serohemático, tamaño variado, bordes regulares y base eritematosa a nivel generalizado. La evaluación inicial sugiere diagnóstico de penfigoide ampolloso e infección bacteriana activa de las lesiones en la piel. Se solicitan exámenes de laboratorio e imágenes diagnósticas, se descartan etiologías infecciosas, autoinmunes o neoplásicas asociadas, se inicia tratamiento con corticosteroides intravenosos con adecuada evolución clínica. Finalmente, no se identifican enfermedades asociadas a las lesiones ampollosas del paciente. Conclusión: El penfigoide ampolloso es una entidad poco frecuente, con una elevada tasa de mortalidad si se realiza un diagnóstico y tratamiento tardío. Reconocer las principales manifestaciones y variantes clínicas de esta enfermedad permite un oportuno enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico, este último basado en el control de la respuesta inflamatoria contra la piel y otros órganos.

Introduction: Bullous pemphigoid is a subepidermal autoimmune bullous vesicular dermatosis associated with the formation of autoantibodies that confirm autoantigens in the basement membrane area. Immunomodulatory treatment with corticosteroids is the first line in the control of the disease. Objective: To present the clinical case of a patient diagnosed with a bullous pemphigoid of idiopathic origin. Clinical case: 81-year-old male patient with blistering lesions that are painful on palpation with serohematic content, varied in size, regular borders and a generalized erythematous base; that the initial evaluation suggests a diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid and active bacterial infection of the skin. Laboratory tests and diagnostic images are requested, infectious, autoimmune or associated neoplastic etiologies are ruled out, treatment with intravenous corticosteroids is started with adequate clinical evolution. Finally, no diseases associated with the patient's blistering lesions were identified. Conclusion: Bullous pemphigoid is a rare entity, with a high mortality rate if a late diagnosis and treatment is performed. Recognizing the main manifestations and clinical variants of this disease allows for a timely diagnostic and therapeutic approach, the latter based on the control of the inflammatory response against the skin and other organs.

First record of Triatoma longipennis, Usinger, 1939 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in Tecozautla, Hidalgo

ABSTRACT Background: We report the presence of Triatoma longipennis for the first time in two localities in Hidalgo, Mexico. Methods: This study was conducted at Tecozautla municipality, Hidalgo. Collection was performed in April 2022. Results: We collected eight triatomines from Guadalupe: two fourth-instar nymphs, three fifth-instar nymphs, one female, and two males. In San Miguel Caltepantla, a female was collected inside a dwelling. One sample tested positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. Conclusions: These findings suggest the need to investigate the dynamics of this species with respect to the inhabitants of the study area.

Electroencefalografía básica para monitores de profundidad anestésica / Basic electroencephalography for anesthesia depth monitors

Resumen: Los monitores de profundidad anestésica permiten guiar el estado hipnótico del paciente durante la anestesia general. Debido a su sencillez, tradicionalmente se han empleado índices de profundidad anestésica, obtenidos a través del procesamiento del electroencefalograma mediante algoritmos matemáticos, para orientar la monitorización del nivel de consciencia. Sus beneficios han sido ampliamente recogidos en la literatura científica; sin embargo, no están exentos de importantes limitaciones. No todos los anestésicos actúan en las mismas dianas moleculares ni dichos índices tienen en cuenta las características propias del paciente (comorbilidades, edades extremas, etcétera). Estas limitaciones podrían reducirse si interpretamos directamente toda la información que nos ofrecen los monitores. Presentamos una revisión que describe los conceptos básicos necesarios para su valoración directa, así como su correlación con los estados de profundidad anestésica del paciente.

Abstract: Anesthesia depth monitors allow to guide the patient's hypnotic state during general anesthesia. Traditionally, anesthetic depth indices have been used due to their simplicity to guide the monitoring of the level of consciousness. They have been obtained by processing the electroencephalogram using mathematical algorithms and their benefits have been widely reported in the scientific literature. However, they are not exempt from important limitations. Neither all anesthetics act on the same molecular targets, nor these mentioned indices take into account the patient's own characteristics (comorbidities, extreme ages, etc.). These limitations could be far reduced if we are able to understand all the information provided by the monitors. We present a review describing the basic concepts necessary for its direct assessment, as well as their correlation with the patient's anesthetic depth states.

Uso del sildenafilo oral en el tratamiento del linfangioma orbitario / Use of Oral Sildenafil in the Treatment of Orbital Lymphangioma

Los linfangiomas orbitarios son malformaciones vasculares benignas, de crecimiento lento, abortivas y no funcionales, que se presentan principalmente en la primera década de la vida. Las opciones terapéuticas en estos casos presentan una resolutividad limitada, algunos tratamientos suelen ser agresivos y provocar daños del aparato visual. Se presenta un caso de una paciente femenina de 6 años de edad atendida por proptosis del ojo izquierdo a la que se le realizó el diagnóstico clínico-imagenológico de linfangioma de la órbita, con el objetivo de mostrar el resultado alcanzado en el manejo de la misma mediante el uso del sildenafilo por vía oral, modalidad terapéutica en estudio a nivel mundial en el tratamiento de estas afecciones. El tratamiento con sildenafilo en el linfangioma orbitario demostró ser eficaz en la mejoría del cuadro clínico y por imágenes. Durante el tratamiento no se reportaron reacciones adversas(AU)

Orbital lymphatic malformations are benign, slow-growing, abortive, nonfunctional vascular malformations that occur mainly in the first decade of life. Therapeutic options in these cases present limited resolution, some treatments are usually aggressive and cause damage to the visual apparatus. We present a case of a 6-year-old female patient treated for proptosis of the left eye. The clinical-imaging diagnosis of lymphangioma of the orbit was made to show the results achieved in its treatment through the use of oral sildenafil, a therapeutic modality under study worldwide in the treatment of these conditions. The treatment with sildenafil in orbital lymphangioma proved to be effective in the improvement of the clinical and imaging picture. No adverse reactions were reported during treatment(AU)

Citología e histología de la enfermedad nodular tiroidea, estudio transversal: Un reporte de centro único de segundo nivel / Cytology and histology of thyroid nodular disease, cross-sectional study: A second-level single center report / Citologia e histologia da doença nodular da tireoide, estudo transversal: um relatório de centro único de segundo nível

Introducción: Los nódulos tiroideos se presentan entre el 4 al 8 % de la población, de los cuales hasta el 15% tienen etiología neoplásica. Las nódulos sospechosos de malignidad requieren la realización de punción, aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) y la citología maligna reportada mediante sistema Bethesda tiene que ser corroborada con el estudio anatomopatólógico una vez realizada la excisión nodular. El objetivo del presente estudio es presentar la experiencia de un centro de referencia de pacientes con nódulos tiroideos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo en el Servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital General del Norte de Guayaquil IESS CEIBOS, desde Junio 2017 a Julio 2019. El Universo estuvo compuesto por todos los casos con diagnóstico de nódulo tiroideo que requirieron PAAF. Se utiliza en sistema Bethesda para los reportes. Resultados: Fueron 349 casos de pacientes con nódulos tiroideos, mujeres (89%), edad entre 60 ­ 69 años (26%). 71 casos (21%) BETHESDA I; 220 casos (63%) BETHESDA II; 11 casos (3%) BETHESDA III; 15 casos (4%) BETHESDA IV; 15 casos (4%) BETHESDA V; y 17 casos (5%) BETHESDA VI. Malignidad de los nódulos tiroideos post en BETHESDA I 1%; de BETHESDA II 21%; BETHESDA III 56%, BETHESDA IV, 33%; BETHESDA V 71%; y BETHESDA VI 100%. Conclusión: La citología Benigna (Bethesda II) fue la más predominante, seguido de la Citología Insatisfactoria (Bethesda I) con un 21%.En la población estudiada el riesgo real de malignidad en los nódulos tiroideos que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente de las Categorías de diagnóstico citopa-tológicas BETHESDA II, IV, V y VI, confirmado por histopatología; fueron similares a lo esperado en-contrándose dentro del rango estimado por el Sistema Bethesda 2017. La categoría citopatológica Bethesda III (AUS/FLUS) presentó una tasa de malignidad más alta que el límite superior descrito por el Sistema Bethesda 2017, confirmando la necesidad de mayores estudios en este tipo de pacientes.

Introduction: Thyroid nodules occur between 4 to 8% of the population, of which up to 15% have neoplastic etiology. Nodules suspected of malignancy require puncture, fine needle aspiration (FNA) and the malignant cytology reported by the Bethesda system must be corroborated with the pathological study once the nodular excision has been performed. The objective of this study is to present the experience of a referral center for patients with thyroid nodules. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out in the Endocriology Service of the General Hospital of the North of Guayaquil IESS CEIBOS, from June 2017 to July 2019. The Universe was made up of all the cases with a diagnosis of thyroid nodule that required PAAF. It is used in the Bethesda system for reports. Results: There were 349 cases of patients with thyroid nodules, women (89%), aged between 60 - 69 years (26%). 71 cases (21%) BETHESDA I; 220 cases (63%) BETHESDA II; 11 cases (3%) BETHESDA III; 15 cases (4%) BETHESDA IV; 15 cases (4%) BETHESDA V; and 17 cases (5%) BETHESDA VI. Post thyroid nodule malignancy in BETHESDA I 1%; of BETHESDA II 21%; BETHESDA III 56%, BETHESDA IV, 33%; BETHESDA V 71%; and BETHESDA VI 100%. Conclusion: Benign cytology (Bethesda II) was the most predominant, followed by Unsatisfactory Cytology (Bethesda I) with 21%. In the population studied, the real risk of malignancy in thyroid nod-ules that underwent surgery from the Diagnostic Categories cytopathological BETHESDA II, IV, V and VI, confirmed by histopathology; were similar to what was expected, and were within the range esti-mated by the 2017 Bethesda System. The Bethesda III cytopathological category (AUS / FLUS) pre-sented a higher malignancy rate than the upper limit described by the 2017 Bethesda System, con-firming the need for further studies in this type of patient.

Introdução: Os nódulos tireoidianos ocorrem em 4-8% da população, dos quais até 15% têm etiologia neoplásica. Os nódulos com suspeita de malignidade requerem punção, aspiração por agulha fina (FNA) e a citologia maligna relatada pelo sistema de Bethesda deve ser corroborada com o estudo patológico, uma vez que a excisão nodular tenha sido realizada. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a experiência de um centro de referência para pacientes com nódulos tireoidianos. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal e retrospectivo no Serviço de Endocrinologia do Hospital Geral do Norte de Guayaquil IESS CEIBOS, de junho de 2017 a julho de 2019. O Universo foi composto por todos os casos com diagnóstico de nódulo tireoidiano que exigia FNA. É usado no sistema Bethesda para relatórios. Resultados: Houve 349 casos de pacientes com nódulos tireoidianos, mulheres (89%), com idades entre 60-69 anos (26%). 71 casos (21%) BETHESDA I; 220 casos (63%) BETHESDA II; 11 casos (3%) BETHESDA III; 15 casos (4%) BETHESDA IV; 15 casos (4%) BETHESDA V; e 17 casos (5%) BETHESDA VI. Malignidade pós-nódulo tireoidiano em BETHESDA I 1%; de BETHESDA II 21%; BETHESDA III 56%, BETHESDA IV, 33%; BETHESDA V 71%; e BETHESDA VI 100%. Conclusão: A citologia benigna (Bethesda II) foi a mais predominante, seguida da Citologia Insatisfatória (Bethesda I) com 21%. Na população estudada, o risco real de malignidade em nódulos de tireoide operados das Categorias de Diagnóstico Citopático tológico BETHESDA II, IV, V e VI, confirmados por histopatologia; foram semelhantes ao esperado, e estiveram dentro da faixa estimada pelo Sistema Bethesda 2017. A categoria citopatológica Bethesda III (AUS / FLUS) apresentou uma taxa de malignidade superior ao limite superior descrito pelo Sistema Bethesda 2017, confirmando a necessidade de mais estudos nesse tipo de paciente.

La displasia de codo en el perro / Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs / A displasia de cotovelo em cães

Resumen La displasia del codo (DC), es un término general, usado para designar una enfermedad hereditaria poligénica del codo de los perros. Los huesos de las articulaciones involucradas son tres: húmero, ulna y radio, que dan lugar a tres articulaciones: humeroradial, humeroulnar y radioulnar. Cuatro procesos configuran dicha enfermedad, en forma independiente o en combinación: I) Fractura del proceso coronoides medial, II) Osteocondritis disecante del cóndilo del húmero, III) No unión del proceso ancóneo y IV) Incongruencia entre radio y ulna. Con el objetivo de contribuir al mejor conocimiento de esta enfermedad, se investigó si existía alguna asociación entre la mecánica del funcionamiento de las articulaciones del codo y la DC. Para ello, y empleando los programas informáticos I-DEAS 9.0 y ABAQUS 6.3, usados en ingeniería para el cálculo de reparto y distribución de esfuerzos en estructuras malladas, se construyó un modelo tridimensional de la articulación, a partir de su tomografía computarizada. Así, se ha conseguido información precisa de la distribución de las fuerzas que actúan en la superficie articular del codo, tanto cuando soporta las cargas del peso del animal como tras la acción muscular selectiva. Mediante este modelo biomecánico se han podido encontrar varias asociaciones entre las zonas lesionadas en la DC y las regiones articulares que hacen más esfuerzos mecánicos, así mismo, permite focalizar la exploración radiológica de animales con posible DC y diseñar unos hábitos terapéuticos en su tratamiento traumatológico. Todo lo anterior podría constituir el inicio de otros posibles estudios epidemiológicos y biomecánicos más complejos.

Abstract Elbow dysplasia (ED) is a general term used to name a polygenic hereditary disease in dogs. Three bones are involved -humerus, ulna and radius- creating three articulations: humeroradial, humeroulnar, and radioulnar. Four processes characterize the disease, either independently or combined: I) fracture in the medial coronoid process; II) osteochondritis dissecans of the humerus condyle; III) ununited anconeal process; and IV) radius-ulna incongruence. To contribute to a better understanding of the disease, this work enquires whether the elbow joint functional mechanics is associated with the ED. To do so -and using the I-DEAS 9.0 and ABAQUS 6.3 software that engineers use for calculating the effort distribution and delivery in grid structures- a joint 3D model was designed based on computer-aided tomography. This way accurate information has been obtained about the distribution of the forces acting in the elbow articular surface, both when holding the animal weight loads and after a selective muscle action. This biomechanic model has enabled to find different associations between the ED injured areas and the articular regions making the greater mechanic efforts. Likewise, it allows focusing the radiological exploration of animals with potential DE and designing therapeutic habits for the trauma treatment. All this may be the starting point for studying other more complex epidemiological and biomechanic conditions.

Resumo A displasia de cotovelo (DC) é um termo geral, usado para designar uma doença hereditária poligênica do cotovelo de cães. Os ossos das articulações envolvidas são três: úmero, ulna e rádio, que dão lugar a três articulações: humerorradial, humeroulnar e radioulnar. Quatro processos configuram esta doença, independentemente ou em combinação: I) Fratura do processo coronóide medial, II) Osteocondrite dissecante do côndilo do úmero, III) Não união do processo anconeal e IV) Incongruência entre o radio e a ulna. Para contribuir para o melhor conhecimento desta doença, pesquisou-se si havia associação entre a mecânica do funcionamento das articulações do cotovelo e a DC. Para isso, e empregando os programas informáticos I-DEAS 9.0 e ABAQUS 6.3 usados na engenharia para o cálculo de reparto e distribuição de esforços em estruturas de malha, construiu-se um modelo tridimensional da articulação a partir da sua tomografia computadorizada. Assim, conseguiu-se informação exata da distribuição das forcas que atuam na superfície articular do cotovelo, tanto quando suporta as cargas do peso do animal quanto após a ação muscular seletiva. Mediante esse modelo biomecânico varias associações foram encontradas entre as zonas lesionadas na DC e as regiões articulares que fazem mais esforços mecânicos, além de permitir focar a exploração radiológica de animais com possível DC e desenhar hábitos terapêuticos no seu tratamento do trauma. Todo isso poderia constituir o começo de outros possíveis estudos epidemiológicos e biomecânicos mais complexos.

Incidencia de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales para el tratamiento de la infección por HIV en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Santa Clara de Bogotá / Incidence of antiretroviral drug-related problems in the treatment of HIV among hospitalized patients in the Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá

Resumen Introducción. El tratamiento antirretroviral de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) se ha relacionado con diversos problemas de los medicamentos que causan o pueden causar la aparición de resultados negativos. En este contexto, es importante determinar su incidencia, caracterizarlos y clasificarlos para diseñar estrategias que minimicen su impacto. Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia global y de cada uno de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales utilizados en el tratamiento del HIV en una cohorte de pacientes hospitalizados en una institución de tercer nivel de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de cohorte en pacientes de 18 años o más de edad con diagnóstico de infección por el HIV y en tratamiento antirretroviral, hospitalizados entre el 1° enero de 2015 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016 en el Hospital Santa Clara de Bogotá. Resultados. La incidencia global de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos antirretrovirales fue de 0,90 (IC95% 0,85-0,93). La incidencia de las interacciones medicamentosas fue de 0,85 (IC95% 0,80-0,90), la de las reacciones adversas de 0,28 (IC95% 0,22-0,35) y la del error de prescripción de 0,12 (IC95% 0,08-0,17). Conclusión. Los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos deben estudiarse, diagnosticarse, prevenirse y tratarse para que el personal de salud pueda anticiparse a su aparición, disminuir su incidencia, implementar planes de manejo del riesgo y optimizar el cumplimiento del tratamiento antirretroviral.

Abstract Introduction: The antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a therapeutic strategy linked to drug-related problems that cause or can cause the appearance of negative results associated with the medication. It is important, therefore, to identify their incidence, characterize them, and classify them to design strategies to minimize their impact. Objective: To estimate the overall incidence and the incidence of each one of the antiretroviral drugs-related problems in the treatment of the HIV infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive, retrospective cohort study in patients aged 18 years or more diagnosed with HIV infection and under antiretroviral treatment hospitalized between January 1st, 2015, and December 31st, 2016, in the Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá. Results: The overall incidence of antiretroviral drug-related problems was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.93). The incidence of drug-drug interactions was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80-0.90), 0.28 (95% CI: 0.22-0.35) for adverse reactions, and 0.12 (CI 95%: 0.08-0.17) for prescription errors. Conclusion: Drug-related problems should be studied, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. Their knowledge can enable health care professionals to anticipate their emergence, reduce their incidence, implement risk management plans, and optimize adherence to antiretroviral treatment.