Heterologous expression of a deacetylase and its application in L-glufosinate preparation.

With potent herbicidal activity, biocatalysis synthesis of L-glufosinate has drawn attention. In present research, NAP-Das2.3, a deacetylase capable of stereoselectively resolving N-acetyl-L-glufosinate to L-glufosinate mined from Arenimonas malthae, was heterologously expressed and characterized. In Escherichia coli, NAP-Das2.3 activity only reached 0.25 U/L due to the formation of inclusive bodies. Efficient soluble expression of NAP-Das2.3 was achieved in Pichia pastoris. In shake flask and 5 L bioreactor fermentation, NAP-Das2.3 activity by recombinant P. pastoris reached 107.39 U/L and 1287.52 U/L, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH for N-acetyl-glufosinate hydrolysis by NAP-Das2.3 were 45 °C and pH 8.0, respectively. The Km and Vmax of NAP-Das2.3 towards N-acetyl-glufosinate were 25.32 mM and 19.23 µmol mg-1 min-1, respectively. Within 90 min, 92.71% of L-enantiomer in 100 mM racemic N-acetyl-glufosinate was converted by NAP-Das2.3. L-glufosinate with high optical purity (e.e.P above 99.9%) was obtained. Therefore, the recombinant NAP-Das2.3 might be an alternative for L-glufosinate biosynthesis.

ADSCs inhibit photoaging- and photocarcinogenesis-related inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix degradation.

BACKGROUND: Skin is a dynamic organ that maintains homeostasis and provides protection against environmental stimuli and pathogens. However, constant solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation can induce photoaging and photocarcinogenesis, thus reducing skin barrier function by altering skin at the cellular and structural levels. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) ameliorate signs of skin photoaging, but their antiphotoaging mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we explored the mechanism by which ADSCs improve skin photoaging. METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice were used as experimental subjects and were randomly divided into three groups. We used Western blot analysis, Real time-polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence to analyze the expression of photoaging- and photocarcinogenesis-related inflammasomes, extracellular matrix components, and related factors. RESULTS: The results showed that ADSCs reduced the UVB irradiation-mediated increase in MMP2, MMP13, phospho-NF-κB p65, Nlrp3, and VCAM-1 mRNA expression. The TGF-ß2 expression trend was opposite that of the above genes. ADSCs ameliorated the downregulation of α6 integrin, CD34, and collagen I by UVB irradiation. Simultaneously, ADSCs reduced the overexpression of COX2 and TNF-α induced by UVB irradiation. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that ADSCs could restore skin barrier function at the cellular and structural levels, enhance hair follicle stem cell (HFSCs) activity by regulating TGF-ß2 and inhibit photoaging- and photocarcinogenesis-related inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix degradation.

Lateral Superficial Muscular Aponeurotic System Stacking/Superficial Muscular Aponeurotic Systemectomy With Orbicularis-Malar Fat Repositioning: A Procedure Tailored for Female Asian Patients.

BACKGROUND: Important differences in facial anatomy and how faces age must be considered when performing facelifts in Asian populations. Few facelift methods are specifically designed for Asian patients. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy of lateral superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS)-stacking/SMAS-ectomy with orbicularis-malar fat repositioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2013 and December 2016, 62 women underwent the evaluated technique and completed the follow-up (15 months, ranging from 3 to 38.5 months). Three blinded, independent observers graded wrinkles, laxity, nasolabial fold depth, malar prominence, and tear trough deformity using quantitative comprehensive grading scales. FACE-Q scale items were assessed, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: The mean postoperative scores for wrinkles, laxity, nasolabial fold depth, malar prominence, and tear trough deformity decreased from 2.64, 2.62, 2.01, 2.06, and 2.40 to 1.48, 1.34, 0.93, 1.21, and 1.27, respectively. The preoperative and postoperative scores differed significantly for all parameters (p < .05). The FACE-Q results showed that the patients were highly satisfied with their appearance, quality of life, adverse effects, and care. CONCLUSION: The authors' technique allows midfacial and periorbital rejuvenation and offers dual benefits by correcting individual facial asymmetries and reshaping the jowls and neck contour in Asian patients.

Efficient degradation of ivermectin by newly isolated Aeromonas taiwanensis ZJB-18,044.

Ivermectin (IVM) is a widely used antiparasitic agent and acaricide. Despite its high efficiency against nematodes and arthropods, IVM may pose a threat to the environment due to its ecotoxcity. In this study, degradation of IVM by a newly isolated bacterium Aeromonas taiwanensis ZJB-18,044 was investigated. Strain ZJB-18,044 can completely degrade 50 mg/L IVM in 5 d with a biodegradation ability of 0.42 mg/L/h. Meanwhile, it exhibited high tolerance (50 mg/L) to doramectin, emamectin, rifampicin, and spiramycin. It can also efficiently degrade doramectin, emamectin, and spiramycin. The IVM degradation of strain ZJB-18,044 can be inhibited by erythromycin, azithromycin, spiramycin or rifampicin. However, supplement of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, can partially recover the IVM degradation. Moreover, strain ZJB-18,044 cells can pump out excess IVM to maintain a low intracellular IVM concentration. Therefore, the IVM tolerance of strain ZJB-18,044 may be due to the regulation of the intracellular IVM concentration by the activated macrolide efflux pump(s). With the high IVM degradation efficiency, A. taiwanensis ZJB-18,044 may serve as a bioremediation agent for IVM and other macrolides in the environment.

Protective Mechanism of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Remodelling of the Skin Stem Cell Niche During Photoaging.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Skin photoaging is primarily caused by the functional attrition of skin stem cells. The skin stem cell niche plays an important role in maintaining stem cell survival and behaviour. In our study, we hypothesized that UVB irradiation induces skin photoaging by changing skin stem cell niches and that transferred adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can remodel the niches by affecting the BMP signalling pathway and transdifferentiating into skin stem cells. METHODS: Sixty-four C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following groups: a control group, the UVB group and the UVB+ADSCs group. Western blot assays, immunofluorescence analysis and real-time PCR were used to measure differences in the expression of niche components among the three groups. Furthermore, we tested whether transplanted ADSCs express skin stem cell markers, such as p63, α6-integrin and CD34. RESULTS: The expression levels of Bmp4, its downstream factors Smad1 and MAPK1 and a regulatory factor of the niche, i.e., NFATc1, were lower in the UVB group than were those in the control group (P< 0.05) but higher in the UVB+ADSCs group than were those in the UVB group (P< 0.05). Compared with Bmp4, Nanog (a downstream factor of Bmp4), and MMP13 (a regulatory factor of the niche), ICAM-1 (a proinflammatory gene), p63 (a basal transcription factor), ß1-integrin, Mtnr1a and Tyr (melanogenesis-related factors) showed the opposite expression trends (P< 0.05). Bmp2 and Collagen IV levels did not significantly change among the three groups (P> 0.05). Skin stem cell markers, such as p63, α6-integrin and CD34, were coexpressed in the ADSCs, which suggested the ADSCs may transdifferentiate into skin stem cells. CONCLUSION: We found that UVB irradiation results in typical photoaging signs by altering skin stem cell niches and that Bmp4 was a key factor in BMP signalling in hair follicles. ADSCs reversed these typical photoaging signs by remodelling skin stem cell niches through BMP4 pathway modulation and transdifferentiation into skin stem cells.

A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.

Assessment and characterization of gut microbiota has become a major research area in human disease, including type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent endocrine disease worldwide. To carry out analysis on gut microbial content in patients with type 2 diabetes, we developed a protocol for a metagenome-wide association study (MGWAS) and undertook a two-stage MGWAS based on deep shotgun sequencing of the gut microbial DNA from 345 Chinese individuals. We identified and validated approximately 60,000 type-2-diabetes-associated markers and established the concept of a metagenomic linkage group, enabling taxonomic species-level analyses. MGWAS analysis showed that patients with type 2 diabetes were characterized by a moderate degree of gut microbial dysbiosis, a decrease in the abundance of some universal butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in various opportunistic pathogens, as well as an enrichment of other microbial functions conferring sulphate reduction and oxidative stress resistance. An analysis of 23 additional individuals demonstrated that these gut microbial markers might be useful for classifying type 2 diabetes.

Rational design of heterointerface between MoO2 and N-doped carbon with tunable electromagnetic interference shielding capacity.

Exploring highly efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding filler is urgently desired for next-generation wireless communication and integrated electronics. In this regard, a series of heterogeneous MoO2/N-doped carbon (MoO2/NC) nanorods with tunable conductivity have been successfully synthesized by regulating the pyrolysis temperature within 600, 700 and 800 °C. Profiting from the rational design of heterointerface and low-dimensional structure, the MoO2/NC powder achieves stronger EMI shielding capacity with the incremental temperature. It is found that the MoO2/NC-800 nanorods exhibit the optimal average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 57.2 dB at a thickness of ∼0.3 mm in the X band. Meanwhile, the corresponding shielding mechanisms of MoO2/NC nanorods are also elaborately explained. More interestingly, the increase of sintering temperature makes an obvious effect on absorption loss but has little influence on reflection loss, demonstrating that adjusting the pyrolysis temperature is an effective strategy to strengthen the electromagnetic energy dissipation.

SHF confers radioresistance in colorectal cancer by the regulation of mitochondrial DNA copy number.

Altered mitochondrial function contributes greatly to pathogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. In this study, we report a functional pool of Src homology 2 domain-containing F (SHF) in mitochondria controlling the response of colorectal cancer cells to radiation therapy. We found that elevated expression of SHF in cancer cells is essential for promoting mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial DNA copy number, thus reducing the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to radiation. Mechanistically, SHF binds to mitochondrial DNA and promotes POLG/SSBP1-mediated mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Importantly, SHF loss-mediated radiosensitization was phenocopied by depletion of mitochondrial DNA. Thus, our data demonstrate that mitochondrial SHF is an important regulator of radioresistance in colorectal cancer cells, identifying SHF as a promising therapeutic target to enhance radiotherapy efficacy in colorectal cancer.

Deep sequencing reveals small RNA characterization of invasive micropapillary carcinomas of the breast.

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is an uncommon histological type of breast cancer. IMPC has a special growth pattern and a more aggressive behavior than invasive ductal carcinomas of no special types (IDC-NSTs). microRNAs are a large class of non-coding RNAs involved in the regulation of various biological processes. Here, we analyzed the small RNA transcriptomes of five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pure IMPC samples and five FFPE IDC-NSTs samples by means of next-generation sequencing, generating a total of >170,000,000 clean reads. In an unsupervised cluster analysis, differently expressed miRNAs generated a tree with clear distinction between IMPC and IDC-NSTs classes. Paired fresh-frozen and FFPE specimens showed very similar miRNA expression profiles. By means of RT-qPCR, we further investigated miRNA expression in more IMPC (n = 22) and IDC-NSTs (n = 24) FFPE samples and found let-7b, miR-30c, miR-148a, miR-181a, miR-181a*, and miR-181b were significantly differently expressed between the two groups. We also elucidated several features of miRNA in these breast cancer tissues including 5' variability, miRNA editing, and 3' untemplated addition. Our findings will lead to further understanding of the invasive potency of IMPC and gain an insight into the diversity and complexity of small RNA molecules in breast cancer tissues.

Construction of one-dimensional MoO2/NC heteronanowires for microwave absorption.

A combination of a special micro-nanostructure and multiple components has been proven as an effective strategy to strengthen the microwave attenuation capacity. In this work, one-dimensional MoO2/N-doped carbon (NC) nanowires with a heterostructure have been successfully prepared by utilizing mild in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and pyrolysis treatment. After compounding them with a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix, the flexible composites exhibit tunable wave absorbing performance by modulating the filler loading of MoO2/NC heteronanowires. Experimental results demonstrate that the minimum reflection loss value of the MoO2/NC-TPU hybrid is up to -35.0 dB at 8.37 GHz under a thickness of only 2.3 mm with 40 wt% filler amounts. Moreover, the effective absorption bandwidth enables 3.26 GHz to be achieved (8.49-11.75 GHz) when the thickness changes to 2.0 mm, covering almost the whole X-band. Meanwhile, when the filler loading becomes 30 wt%, dual-absorption peaks appear. The relevant absorption mechanism is mainly attributed to the dielectric loss including strong dipolar/interfacial polarizations, Debye relaxation loss and multiple reflection and scattering.

A dopamine-methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel as an effective carrier for stem cells in skin regeneration therapy.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) show potential in skin regeneration research. A previous study reported the failure of full-thickness skin self-repair in an injury area exceeding 4 cm in diameter. Stem cell therapies have shown promise in accelerating skin regeneration; however, the low survival rate of transplanted cells due to the lack of protection during and after transplantation leads to low efficacy. Hence, effective biomaterials for the delivery and retention of ADSCs are urgently needed for skin regeneration purposes. Here, we covalently crosslinked hyaluronic acid with methacrylic anhydride and then covalently crosslinked the product with dopamine to engineer dopamine-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (DA-MeHA). Our experiments suggested that the DA-MeHA hydrogel firmly adhered to the skin wound defect and promoted cell proliferation in vitro and skin defect regeneration in vivo. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the beneficial effect of the DA-MeHA hydrogel combined with ADSCs on skin defect repair may be closely related to the Notch signaling pathway. The ADSCs from the DA-MeHA hydrogel secrete high levels of growth factors and are thus highly efficacious for promoting skin wound healing. This DA-MeHA hydrogel may be used as an effective potential carrier for stem cells as it enhances the efficacy of ADSCs in skin regeneration.

Effects of UV Induced-Photoaging on the Hair Follicle Cycle of C57BL6/J Mice.

PURPOSE: To study the changes in the hair follicle cycle and related stem cells induced by photoaging to establish a mouse model of senescence in hair follicles. METHODS: There were 54 C57BL6/J mice randomly divided into three groups. The UVA group and the UVB group underwent photoaging induced by UV lamps for 8 weeks. Changes in skin and the hair follicle cycle were compared by physical signs, dermoscopy, and hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's staining in each group. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR were carried out to test canonical proteins and gene expression of the Wnt signaling pathway in the samples. Immunofluorescence was chosen to show variations in the stem cells related to the hair follicle cycle. RESULTS: There were more gray hairs in the UVA group than the other groups (P<0.05). Both diameter of the hair shaft and depth of hair root were significantly decreased in the UV groups (P<0.05). Stem cells and melanocytes of the hair follicles were reduced in the UVA group. UV, especially UVB, up-regulated the expression of the Wnt signaling pathway and prolonged anagen and telogen phases in the hair follicles, compared with the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: By decreasing the number of stem cells related to hair follicles, UVA induces hair follicle photoaging characterized by hair follicle miniaturization and gray hairs. UV up-regulated the expression of the Wnt signaling pathway, and the hair follicle cycle was significantly prolonged by UVB.

Efficient and stable metabarcoding sequencing data using a DNBSEQ-G400 sequencer validated by comprehensive community analyses.

Metabarcoding is a widely used method for fast characterization of microbial communities in complex environmental samples. However, the selction of sequencing platform can have a noticeable effect on the estimated community composition. Here, we evaluated the metabarcoding performance of a DNBSEQ-G400 sequencer developed by MGI Tech using 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) markers to investigate bacterial and fungal mock communities, as well as the ITS2 marker to investigate the fungal community of 1144 soil samples, with additional technical replicates. We show that highly accurate sequencing of bacterial and fungal communities is achievable using DNBSEQ-G400. Measures of diversity and correlation from soil metabarcoding showed that the results correlated highly with those of different machines of the same model, as well as between different sequencing modes (single-end 400 bp and paired-end 200 bp). Moderate, but significant differences were observed between results produced with different sequencing platforms (DNBSEQ-G400 and MiSeq); however, the highest differences can be caused by selecting different primer pairs for PCR amplification of taxonomic markers. These differences suggested that care is needed while jointly analyzing metabarcoding data from differenet experiments. This study demonstrated the high performance and accuracy of DNBSEQ-G400 for short-read metabarcoding of microbial communities. Our study also produced datasets to allow further investigation of microbial diversity.

[Development and application of in-situ microscopy in on-line monitoring of cell biomass].

With the rapid development of modern biotechnology, fermentation process is increasingly important in industrial production. To guarantee the stability of products, fermentation process should be elaborately monitored and controlled. Biomass is an important parameter for on-line monitoring in bioprocesses because biomass can reflect cell growth in a bioreactor directly. In-situ microscope, a non-invasive and image-analysis based technology, can real-time monitor cells in biological process. This review summarizes the development and application of in-situ microscopy in biomass monitoring.

Nomogram prediction for the 3-year risk of type 2 diabetes in healthy mainland China residents.

AIMS: To develop a precise personalized type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prediction model by cost-effective and readily available parameters in a Central China population. METHODS: A 3-year cohort study was performed on 5557 nondiabetic individuals who underwent annual physical examination as the training cohort, and a subsequent validation cohort of 1870 individuals was conducted using the same procedures. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, and a simple nomogram was constructed via the stepwise method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and decision curve analyses were performed by 500 bootstrap resamplings to assess the determination and clinical value of the nomogram, respectively. We also estimated the optimal cutoff values of each risk factor for T2DM prediction. RESULTS: The 3-year cumulative incidence of T2DM was 10.71%. We developed simple nomograms that predict the risk of T2DM for females and males by using the parameters of age, BMI, fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and triglycerides (TG). In the training cohort, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed statistical accuracy (AUC = 0.863 for female, AUC = 0.751 for male), and similar results were shown in the subsequent validation cohort (AUC = 0.847 for female, AUC = 0.755 for male). Decision curve analysis demonstrated the clinical value of this nomogram. To optimally predict the risk of T2DM, the cutoff values of age, BMI, FBG, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc, and TG were 47.5 and 46.5 years, 22.9 and 23.7 kg/m2, 5.1 and 5.4 mmol/L, 118 and 123 mmHg, 71 and 85 mmHg, 5.06 and 4.94 mmol/L, 2.63 and 2.54 mmol/L, 1.53 and 1.34 mmol/L, and 1.07 and 1.65 mmol/L for females and males, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our nomogram can be used as a simple, plausible, affordable, and widely implementable tool to predict a personalized risk of T2DM for Central Chinese residents. The successful identification of at-risk individuals and intervention at an early stage can provide advanced strategies from a predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine perspective.

The first chromosome-level genome for a marine mammal as a resource to study ecology and evolution.

Marine mammals are important models for studying convergent evolution and aquatic adaption, and thus reference genomes of marine mammals can provide evolutionary insights. Here, we present the first chromosome-level marine mammal genome assembly based on the data generated by the BGISEQ-500 platform, for a stranded female sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Using this reference genome, we performed chromosome evolution analysis of the sperm whale, including constructing ancestral chromosomes, identifying chromosome rearrangement events and comparing with cattle chromosomes, which provides a resource for exploring marine mammal adaptation and speciation. We detected a high proportion of long interspersed nuclear elements and expanded gene families, and contraction of major histocompatibility complex region genes which were specific to sperm whale. Using comparisons with sheep and cattle, we analysed positively selected genes to identify gene pathways that may be related to adaptation to the marine environment. Further, we identified possible convergent evolution in aquatic mammals by testing for positively selected genes across three orders of marine mammals. In addition, we used publicly available resequencing data to confirm a rapid decline in global population size in the Pliocene to Pleistocene transition. This study sheds light on the chromosome evolution and genetic mechanisms underpinning sperm whale adaptations, providing valuable resources for future comparative genomics.